Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Future 155 ‘Marron glace’ being the most expensive product based on chestnut but not the most important by quantity. Intermediate sized nuts can be transformed in natural ‘marron’ or ‘marron’ in different liqueurs. 11. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Knowledge about chestnut has increased in recent years and it will encourage its use as an economical and social alternative in orchards and forest. 2. Complementary studies are necessary in pollination compatibility, agronomic evaluation of the best cultivars, studies about compatibility groups in Chryphonectria parasitica and genetic heredibility of main agronomic characters. 3. Selected material should be accessible to growers. Only in France selected material are propagated, and Spain is trying to establish such procedure. 4. The lack of essays in different locations of the best cultivars of Europe is limiting their recommendation in new orchards, though it improved the Origin Denominations. 5. Most of cultivars grown in Europe and North America are based on C. sativa and interespecific hybrids with C. crenata. Cultivars of C. mollissima are mainly cultivated in China and less frequently in France. 6. Propagation by cuttings or in vitro micropropagation can substitute layering when costs are reduced. Quality of the plants is better than that obtained by layering. REFERENCES Allemann, C., P. Hoegger, U. Heiniger and D. Rigling (1999). Genetic variation of Cryphonectria hypovirosis (CHV1) in Europe, assessed using RFLP markers. Mol. Ecol. 8: 843–854. Anagnostakis, S. L. (1987). Chestnut blight: The classical problem of an introduced pathogen. Mycologia 29: 23–37. Anagnostakis, S. L. (1992). Chestnut breeding in the United States. World Chestnut Industry Conference. Proceedings of the World Chestnut Industry Conference July 8–10 1992, Morgantown, 19–21. Andersen, P. C. (1994). Temperate nut species. In B. Schaffer and P. C. Andersen (eds.), Handbook of environmental physiology of fruit crops, vol. I., Temperate Crops. CRC Press, Inc., Florida, pp. 299–338. Antonaroli, R., U. Bagnaresi and D. Bassi (1984). Indagini sulla variazione di alcuni caratteri morfologici in popolazioni di castagno da frutto nella provincia di Bologna. Monti e Boschi 2: 47–50. Aravanopoulos, F. A., A. D. Drouzas and P. G. Alizoti (2002). Electrophoretic and quantitative variation in chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) in Hellenic populations in old-growth natural and coppice stands. For. Snow Landsc. Res. 76(3): 429–434. Ballester, A., L. Bourrain, E. Corredoira, J. C. Gonçalves, C. Lê, M. E. Miranda-Fontaíña, M. C. San-José, U. Sauer, A. M. Viéitez and E. Wilhelm (2002). Improving chestnut micropropagation through axillary shoot development and somatic embryogenesis. For. Snow Landsc. Res. 76(3): 460–467. Bassi, R. and S. Pellegrino (1991). Comportamento agronomico di alcune cultivar di castagno europee ed eurogiapponesi in provincia di Cuneo. Rivista di Frutticoltura 12: 33–40. Bassi, D. and E. Sbaragli (1984). Indagine pomologica su alcuni cloni di castagno da frutto (C. sativa Mill.). Rivista di Frutticoltura 6/7: 47–55.
156 S. Pereira-Lorenzo and A. M. Ramos-Cabrer Bergougnoux, F., A. Verlhac, H. Breisch and J. Chapa (1978). Le châtaignier. INVUFLEC, Paris, 192 pp. Bonnefoi, C. (1984). Etude du polymorphism enzymatique des populations forestières de chataignier, Castanea sativa Miller. Thèse de Doctorat, Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Académie de Montpellier, 142 pp. Borghetti, M., R. Giannini and C. Nocentini (1983). Indagini preliminari sulla variazione di alcuni caratteri del frutto in popolazioni di ‘Marrone Fiorentino’. Estratto da ‘Monti e Boschi’ 1: 49–52. Botta, R., G. Vergano, G. Me and R. Vallania (1995). Floral biology and embryo development in chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). HortScience 30(6): 1283–1286. Bounous, G., N. Agnisetta, M. C. Baldizzone, D. Gioffre, R. Paglietta and R. Zappia (1988). Indagine sulle caratteristiche bioagronomiche di 10 cultivar di castagno piemontesi. L’Informatore Agrario 49: 51–77. Bourgeois, C. (1992). Le chataignier, un arbre, un bois. Institut pour le Développment Forestier, 367 pp. Breisch, H. (1995). Châtaignes et marrons. CTIFL, 239 pp. Breviglieri, N. (1955). Indagini ed osservazioni sulle migliori varietà italiane di Castagno. Centro di Studio Sul Castagno, Pubblicazione N. 2, Supplemento a la Ricerca Scientifica, pp. 27–164. Bruneton, A. (1984). Le pain de bois. Ethnohistoire de la châtaigne et du châtaignier. ECHE, Toulouse, 533 pp. Cacciola, S. O., N. A. Williams, D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan (2001). Molecular identification and detection of Phytophthora species on some important Mediterranean plants including sweet chestnut. For. Snow Landsc. Res. 76(3): 351–356. Camus A. (1929). Les chataigniers. Encyclopédie économique de sylviculture. P. Lechevalier, 3, 600 pp. Carraway, D. T. and S. A. Merkle (1997). Plantlet regeneration from somatic embryos of American chestnut. Can. J. For. Res. 27: 18056–1815. Casabianca, F. and D. Vincensini (1981). Les varietes corses de châtaignes et marrons. INRA, 71 pp. Casasoli, M., C. Mattioni, M. Cherubini and F. Villani (2001). A genetic linkage map of European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) based on RAPD, ISSR and isozyme markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 102: 1190–1199. Castroviejo, S., M. Lainz, G. Lopez, P. Montserrat, F. Muñoz, J. Paiva, J. and L. Villar (1990). Flora Ibérica. Plantas Vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Real Jardín Botánico, C.S.I.C. 2: 10–15 Chapa, J. (1987). Châtaignes et Marrons, variétés inscrites au Catalogue officiel. L’Arboriculture fruitiére 399: 21–30. Chapa, J., P. Chazerans and J. Coulie (1990). Multiplication végétative du châtaignier, amelioration par greffage de printemps et bouturage semi-légneux. L’Arboriculture Fruitierè 431: 41–48. Chevre, A. M., S. S. Gill, A. Mouras and G. Salesses (1983). In vitro vegetative multiplication of chestnut. Journal of Horticultural Science 58(1): 23–29. Conedera, M., G. Muller-Starck and S. Fineschi (1993). Genetic characterization of cultivated varieties of european chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) in Sourthen Switzerland. (I) Inventory of chestnut varieties: history and perspectives. Abstract, International Congress on Chestnut, Spoleto, Italia. Craddock, J. H. and G. Bassi (1999). Effect of clonally propagated interspecific hybrid chestnut rootstocks on short-term graft incompatibility with four cultivars of Itaalian ‘Marrone’. Acta Horticulture 494: 207–212. Dane, F., L. K. Hawkins and H. Huang (1999). Genetic variation and population structure of Castanea pumila var. ozarkensis. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 124(6): 666–670. Elorrieta y Artaza, J. (1949). El castaño en España. Instituto Forestal de Investigaciones y Experiencias. Ministerio de Agricultura. Dirección General de Montes, Caza y Pesca Fluvial. Ediciones Ares, Madrid, 303 pp. Fenaroli, L. (1945). Il Castagno. ‘Ramo Editoriale degli Agricoltori’, Roma. Fernandez, J. (1990). Primeros resultados de portainjertos clonales de castaño seleccionados por resistencia a Phytophtora. ITEA 86(3): 167–177. Fernandez, J. and S. Pereira (1993). Inventario y distribución de los cultivares tradicionales de castaño.
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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conditions followed by sudden high
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season. The main environmental fact
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4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
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To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
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on an analysis of the biophysical p
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Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
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Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
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f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
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which depends on climate and irriga
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distributed over the period during
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Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
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with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
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Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
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Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
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Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
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SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
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Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
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With centrifugal energy systems dro
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fruit orchards is described as 1000
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According to Furness (2000), the nu
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sprayers which were developed prima
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air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
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Most agricultural chemicals have be
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educing dosage rates to one quarter
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Page 116 and 117: CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
Page 118 and 119: 2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
Page 120 and 121: Table 2. Chestnut production in the
Page 122 and 123: vineyards and north facing to chest
Page 124 and 125: Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
Page 126 and 127: Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 134 and 135: Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 146 and 147: size. When the trees develop too mu
Page 152 and 153: 6.5. Management of old orchards Che
Page 156 and 157: the disease is already established
Page 158 and 159: where ink disease is rampant, disea
Page 160 and 161: 8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
Page 162 and 163: 9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
Page 174 and 175: IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
Page 176 and 177: Improvement of Grain Legume Product
Page 188 and 189: 2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
Page 200 and 201: IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
Page 202 and 203: Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
Page 204 and 205: Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
Page 206 and 207: Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
Page 208 and 209: Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
Page 210 and 211: Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
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Page 214 and 215: Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
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SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
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1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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(1984) gives the following data: δ
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Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
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Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
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Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
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Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
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and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
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Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
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Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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unpleasant sensory characteristics
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Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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