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Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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144 S. Pereira-Lorenzo <strong>and</strong> A. M. Ramos-Cabrer<br />

old way to prepare nuts for a better conservation. Nuts are soaked in water long<br />

enough to kill weevils <strong>and</strong> washes the spores in the pericarp. In industry, nuts are<br />

soaked in water for 45 minutes at 50 °C (Breisch, 1995).<br />

7.1. Ink disease<br />

Figure 21. Recovered orchard in Switzerl<strong>and</strong>.<br />

This disease produces root <strong>and</strong> collar rot on seedlings <strong>and</strong> adult chestnuts plant.<br />

Seedlings producing chlorosis in leaves that do not fall <strong>and</strong> are killed rapidly. In<br />

adult trees, chlorosis in leaves <strong>and</strong> burs remaining in the crown, dark necrosis in<br />

the collar under the bark, which gave the name <strong>of</strong> this disease (Figure 22).<br />

Phytophthora species were reported in Europe since 1726 in Spain <strong>and</strong> in 1838<br />

in Portugal (Vannini <strong>and</strong> Vettraino, 2001). Two species have been reported to cause<br />

ink disease: P. cinnamomi <strong>and</strong> P. cambivora <strong>and</strong> they are considered the most<br />

pathogenic to C. sativa, followed by P. citricola <strong>and</strong> P. cactorum, both are also<br />

present in chestnut st<strong>and</strong>s.<br />

Some authors showed a higher incidence <strong>of</strong> ink disease in orchards <strong>of</strong> South facing<br />

slopes with poor soils (Martins et al., 1999) <strong>and</strong> the applications <strong>of</strong> lime <strong>and</strong><br />

manure can reduce the activity <strong>of</strong> this disease (Portela et al., 1999).<br />

Hardy et al. (2001) pointed out that it is unlikely to eradicate P. cinnamomi where

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