Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Future 133 Figure 10. Perfect compatibility between C. sativa cultivar and interspecific hybrid rootstock HS (Pereira-Lorenzo et al., 2000). production (Pereira-Lorenzo and Fernandez-Lopez, 1995). It is clear that steep slopes should be dedicated solely to timber production. To produce nuts, minimum conditions are essential to facilitate the crop. The differences between an orchard to produce nuts only from others to produce nuts and timber are: (1) For nut production, mechanisation is essential, which limits the crop to the best fields. (2) Stands for
134 S. Pereira-Lorenzo and A. M. Ramos-Cabrer timber production should be established in areas where rainfall does not limit the growth, more than 1000 mm in Spain. When it is under 1000 mmm, growth is normally reduced. Between 800 and 1000 mm we recommend nut production exclusively. (3) When the growers have limited labour time due to other activities, perhaps nut and timber production should be the alternative. These kind of orchards can also provide pasture. Some considerations must be taken in establishing new orchards: (1) Plants must be protected during the first years. Normally, chestnut orchards are established in open fields, where wild animals and livestock can enter. Damages from wild animals and livestock can be a problem. Protection with local shrubs like genista or whin can also help avoid sun damage and early frost. (2) Irrigation must be provided to each plant regularly during the first two years in summer when it is necessary. 6.1.1. Orchards for nuts In medium to fertile soil, chestnut trees develop a big crown and pruning becomes necessary to increase accessibility of sunlight. In this situation, 10 × 10 m to 12 × 12 m is recommended (Figure 11). In Southern Spain, to increase the production during the first years, plantations at 5 × 5 m are established (Figure 12). But that compels to intensive pruning, which reduces production, but maintains a very high quality of nuts in terms of Figure 11. Orchard established to 10 × 10 m in Galicia.
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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conditions followed by sudden high
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season. The main environmental fact
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4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
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To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
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on an analysis of the biophysical p
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Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
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Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
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f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
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which depends on climate and irriga
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distributed over the period during
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Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
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with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
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Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
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Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
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Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
Page 94 and 95: SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
Page 96 and 97: Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
Page 98 and 99: With centrifugal energy systems dro
Page 100 and 101: fruit orchards is described as 1000
Page 102 and 103: According to Furness (2000), the nu
Page 104 and 105: sprayers which were developed prima
Page 106 and 107: air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
Page 108 and 109: Most agricultural chemicals have be
Page 110 and 111: educing dosage rates to one quarter
Page 116 and 117: CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
Page 118 and 119: 2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
Page 120 and 121: Table 2. Chestnut production in the
Page 122 and 123: vineyards and north facing to chest
Page 124 and 125: Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
Page 126 and 127: Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 134 and 135: Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 146 and 147: size. When the trees develop too mu
Page 152 and 153: 6.5. Management of old orchards Che
Page 156 and 157: the disease is already established
Page 158 and 159: where ink disease is rampant, disea
Page 160 and 161: 8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
Page 162 and 163: 9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
Page 174 and 175: IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
Page 176 and 177: Improvement of Grain Legume Product
Page 188 and 189: 2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
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Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
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species show a progressive decline
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
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SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
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1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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(1984) gives the following data: δ
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Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
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Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
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Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
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Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
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and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
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Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
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Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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unpleasant sensory characteristics
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Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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