Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Future 127 Table 8. Recommended French cultivars for new orchards (Breisch, 1995). Cultivar Origin Poly- Weight Use embryonic (g) nuts (%) Bouche de Betizac Bouche-Rouge >08–25 15 → 18 Fresh (C. sativa) × CA04 (C. crenata) Maridonne Sardonne (C. sativa) × >05 15–18 Experimentation CA04 (C. crenata) Marigoule C. crenata × C. sativa 0>5 15 → 18 Fresh Precoce migoule C. crenata × C. sativa 0>20–40 15–18 Fresh Bournette C. crenata × C. sativa >05 12–18 Fresh Iphara C. crenata >05 15 → 18 Fresh CA75 C. mollissima 0>5 10–12 Pollinizator Merle C. sativa >12 12–18 Fresh, intermediate rootstock Aguyane C. sativa >12 12–15 Fresh Dorée de Lyon C. sativa >20 12–18 Fresh Laguépie C. sativa >20 15–18 Fresh Précoce Ronde des Vans C. sativa >12 10–15 Fresh Sardonne C. sativa >12 15–18 Fresh Arizinca C. sativa >05 12–15 Fresh and industry Bouche rouge C. sativa >05 15–18 Fresh and industry Comballe C. sativa >20 15–18 Fresh and industry Insidina C. sativa 0>5 12–15 Fresh and industry Marron Comballe C. sativa >20 15–18 Fresh and industry Belle Epine C. sativa >05 12–18 Fresh and transformation, pollinizator Marron de Goujounac C. sativa >05 15–18 Fresh, pollinizator Montagne C. sativa >05 15–18 Fresh, pollinizator Tricciuda C. sativa >05 15–18 Industry Verdale (Delsol) C. sativa >05 12–15 Industry, pollinizator Marron de Chevanceaux C. sativa >05 12–15 Natural ‘marron’ Pellegrine C. sativa >05 10–15 Natural ‘marron’ Imperiale C. sativa >20 15–18 Pollinizator cultivars are coincident in North Spain and Portugal as Longal, Amarelal and Verdeal, no studies have been conducted to establish the genetic relationship between them. In California, the principal cultivar is Colossal (C. sativa × C. crenata) grown with Silverleaf (C. sativa), Nevada (C. sativa × C. crenata), Eurobella (C. sativa × C. crenata, or Colossal seddlings as pollinator) (Vossen, 2000). Colossal produces very large and sweet nuts (40 nuts/kg) but some are poly-embryonic. Sylverleaf produces also large and sweet nuts but the shell tends to be cracked. Nevada and Eurobella produce smaller nuts than Colossal. Italian cultivars have been well described by Breviglieri (1955). Since then, clones have been selected from the most important cultivars. Some of them include
128 S. Pereira-Lorenzo and A. M. Ramos-Cabrer Table 9. Main quality characteristics of the most important Spanish chestnut cultivars of C. sativa (Pereira-Lorenzo and Fernandez-Lopez, 1997c; Pereira-Lorenzo and Ramos-Cabrer 2002; and Pereira- Lorenzo et al., 2001b). Region Cultivar Nuts/kg Poly- Central Lateral Use embryonic nut nut nuts (%) weight weight (g) Andalucía Dieguina 087 08 10 14 Marron Andalucía Helechal 080 07 12 14 ‘Marron glace’ Andalucía Pilonga 063 08 15 18 ‘Marron glace’ Andalucía Planta Alajar 071 11 12 16 ‘Marron glace’ Andalucía Temprana 061 12 15 19 ‘Marron glace’ Andalucía Tomasa 044 14 22 25 Fresh Andalucía Vazqueña 073 04 11 16 ‘Marron glace’ Galicia Amarelante 083 00 11 13 ‘Marron’ Galicia Famosa 088 00 13 13 ‘Marron’ Galicia Garrida 074 02 14 15 ‘Marron glace’ Galicia Inxerta 082 00 12 13 ‘Marron’ Galicia Loura 085 01 14 14 ‘Marron’ Galicia Longal 119 00 09 10 Marmalades, purées Galicia Luguesa 084 01 11 14 ‘Marron’ Galicia Negral 106 01 09 11 Marmalades, purées Galicia Parede 133 00 08 09 Marmalades, purées Galicia Presa 095 01 10 13 Fresh Galicia Raigona 128 13 08 09 Marmalades, purées Galicia Rapada 098 03 10 11 Fresh Galicia Ventura 085 00 12 13 ‘Marron’ Canary Islands Arafero 072 05 15 15 ‘Marron glace’ Canary Islands Castagrande 099 06 13 14 Fresh Canary Islands Picudo 089 05 13 13 ‘Marron’ Canary Islands Polegre 080 03 14 13 ‘Marron glace’ Table 10. Most important Portuguese cultivars of C. sativa recommended for new orchards, Pinto de Abreu et al. (1990) and Valdiviesso (1999). Cultivar Nuts/kg Poly-embryonic nuts (%) Use Martainha1 63 02 Industry Martainha2 88 80 Fresh Longal5 63 01 Industry Longal6 58 04 Industry Amarelal 73 20 Fresh Verdeal1 68 06 Industry Judia 55 14 Fresh
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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conditions followed by sudden high
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season. The main environmental fact
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4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
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To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
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on an analysis of the biophysical p
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Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
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Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
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f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
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which depends on climate and irriga
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distributed over the period during
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Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
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with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
Page 88 and 89: Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
Page 90 and 91: Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
Page 92 and 93: Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
Page 94 and 95: SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
Page 96 and 97: Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
Page 98 and 99: With centrifugal energy systems dro
Page 100 and 101: fruit orchards is described as 1000
Page 102 and 103: According to Furness (2000), the nu
Page 104 and 105: sprayers which were developed prima
Page 106 and 107: air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
Page 108 and 109: Most agricultural chemicals have be
Page 110 and 111: educing dosage rates to one quarter
Page 116 and 117: CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
Page 118 and 119: 2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
Page 120 and 121: Table 2. Chestnut production in the
Page 122 and 123: vineyards and north facing to chest
Page 124 and 125: Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
Page 126 and 127: Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 134 and 135: Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 146 and 147: size. When the trees develop too mu
Page 152 and 153: 6.5. Management of old orchards Che
Page 156 and 157: the disease is already established
Page 158 and 159: where ink disease is rampant, disea
Page 160 and 161: 8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
Page 162 and 163: 9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
Page 174 and 175: IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
Page 176 and 177: Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
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Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
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species show a progressive decline
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
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SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
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1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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(1984) gives the following data: δ
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Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
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Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
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Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
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Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
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and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
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Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
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Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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unpleasant sensory characteristics
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Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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