Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Future 123 Cultivar Species Origin Time of bud break Ripening time Gioviasca 4 C. sativa Italy 18–30 Apr 05 Oct–15 Oct Marrone di Chiusa Pesio 4 C. sativa Italy 19–30 Apr 05 Oct–15 Oct Marrone di Val Susa 4 C. sativa Italy 21–30 Apr 05 Oct–15 Oct Marrubia 4 C. sativa Italy 23–30 Apr 05 Oct–15 Oct Neirana 4 C. sativa Italy 24–30 Apr 05 Oct–15 Oct Marrone di Luserna 4 C. sativa Italy 20–30 Apr 15 Oct–25 Oct Marrone di Villar Pellice 4 C. sativa Italy 22–30 Apr 15 Oct–25 Oct Siria 4 C. sativa Italy 26–30 Apr 15 Oct–25 Oct Spinalunga 4 C. sativa Italy 27–30 Apr 15 Oct–25 Oct Frattona 4 C. sativa Italy 02–15 May 15 Oct–25 Oct Gabiana 4 C. sativa Italy 03–15 May 15 Oct–25 Oct Rossastra 4 C. sativa Italy 04–15 May 15 Oct–25 Oct Verdesa 4 C. sativa Italy 05–15 May 15 Oct–25 Oct Amarelal 9 C. sativa Portugal 25 Apr–3 May Sep–Oct Longal5 9 C. sativa Portugal 04–17 May Oct Verdeal 9 C. sativa Portugal 04–10 May Oct Martainha2 9 C. sativa Portugal 25 Aprl–10 May Oct 1 2 Paglietta and Bounous, 1979; Bergougnoux et al., 1978 and Breisch, 1995; 3 Bergougnoux et al., 1978, Chapa, 1987 and Breisch, 1995; 4 FAO (in press); 5 Vossen, 2000; 6 Pereira-Lorenzo and Fernandez-Lopez, 1997c; 7 8 Pereira-Lorenzo and Ramos-Cabrer, 2002; Pereira-Lorenzo et al., 2001b. Table 7. Blooming time of Euro-Asiatic hybrids and European cultivars. Cultivar Species Origin Male Female blossoming blossoming Bouche de Betizac 1 Bouche-Rouge × CA04 (C. Crenata) France 20 May–5 Jun 20 May–10 Jun Précoce Migoule 1 C. crenata × C. sativa France 15–25 May 15–30 May Marigoule 1 C. crenata × C. sativa France 10–25 May 15 May–5 Jun Maravall 1 C. crenata × C. sativa France 15–30 May 15 May–5 Jun Bournette 1 C. crenata × C. sativa France 25 May–10 Jun 20 May–5 Jun Famosaz 2 C. sativa Spain 10–30 Jul 02–30 Jul Longalz 2 C. sativa Spain 16–23 Jul 25 Jun–10 Jul Amarelante 1 2 C. sativa Spain 25 Jun–9 Jul 25 Jun–16 Jul Rapadaz 2 C. sativa Spain 19 Jun–16 Jul 05 Jun–31 Jul Famosaz 2 C. sativa Spain 10–30 Jul 02–30 Jul Inxerta 2 C. sativa Spain 12 Jun–16 Jul 05 Jun–24 Jul Loura 2 C. sativa Spain 25 Jun–16 Jul 05 Jun–16 Jul Luguesa 2 C. sativa Spain 25 Jun–10 Jul 10–31 Jul Negral 2 C. sativa Spain 25 Jun–9 Jul 05 Jul–16 Jul Parede 2 C. sativa Spain 18 Jun–9 Jul 05–26 Jun Presaz 2 C. sativa Spain 05 Jun–17 Jul 05 Jun–17 Jul Raigona 2 C. sativa Spain 19 Jun–30 Jul 14 Jun–30 Jul Venturaz 2 C. sativa Spain 25 Jun–17 Jul Verde 2 C. sativa Spain 25 Jun–16 Jul 14 Jun–30 Jul 1 Bassi and Pellegrino, 1991; Pereira-Lorenzo and Fernandez-Lopez, 1997c.
124 S. Pereira-Lorenzo and A. M. Ramos-Cabrer Figure 7. Grower re-grafting an old tree to change the cultivar without removing the tree. The same tree has been grafted at least four times. including data of productivity. Paglietta and Bounous (1979) made a new classification of Italian cultivars in ‘marron’ or chestnut types, differentiating two types of marroni in Italy: Marrone Fiorentino or Casentinese and Marrone Piemontesi and synonymies. Solignat et al. (1975) and Solignat and Chapa (1975a and b) described the French cultivars, and classified them into main or local interest. Those descriptions are updated by Bergougnoux et al. (1978) but focused in clonal selection of the main cultivars, and including hybrids that were used in the new plantations mixed with European chestnut as in Cevennes (Figure 8). Bergougnoux et al. (1978) clarified the term ‘marron’ and is now internationally accepted that it should be used for those cultivars producing less than 12% of the fruits poly-embryonic, naming those cultivars producing more than 12% as chestnut type. In 1987 the Official inventory of French cultivars was published and to promote some of them (Chapa, 1987) describing 13 recommended cultivars, 29 secondary and 13 in experimental stages. In 1988, UPOV (Unión Internacional para la Protección de las Obtenciones Vegetales) published a guideline to test the distinction, homogeneity and stability of chestnut cultivars so as interspecific hybrids by 39 characteristics. Main characteristics in classification were the male and female flowering, percentage of
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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conditions followed by sudden high
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season. The main environmental fact
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4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
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To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
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on an analysis of the biophysical p
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Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
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Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
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f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
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which depends on climate and irriga
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distributed over the period during
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Page 84 and 85: Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
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Page 88 and 89: Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
Page 90 and 91: Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
Page 92 and 93: Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
Page 94 and 95: SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
Page 96 and 97: Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
Page 98 and 99: With centrifugal energy systems dro
Page 100 and 101: fruit orchards is described as 1000
Page 102 and 103: According to Furness (2000), the nu
Page 104 and 105: sprayers which were developed prima
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Page 108 and 109: Most agricultural chemicals have be
Page 110 and 111: educing dosage rates to one quarter
Page 116 and 117: CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
Page 118 and 119: 2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
Page 120 and 121: Table 2. Chestnut production in the
Page 122 and 123: vineyards and north facing to chest
Page 124 and 125: Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
Page 126 and 127: Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 146 and 147: size. When the trees develop too mu
Page 152 and 153: 6.5. Management of old orchards Che
Page 156 and 157: the disease is already established
Page 158 and 159: where ink disease is rampant, disea
Page 160 and 161: 8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
Page 162 and 163: 9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
Page 174 and 175: IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
Page 176 and 177: Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
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IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
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species show a progressive decline
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
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SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
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1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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(1984) gives the following data: δ
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Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
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Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
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Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
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Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
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and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
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Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
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Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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unpleasant sensory characteristics
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Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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