Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Future 119 Figure 6. Variation in nut colours found in North-western Spain: CL1, Raigona 3 of Carballeda; CL2, Parede of Fonsagrada; CL3, Raigona 4 of Carballeda; CL4, Amarelante 11 of Manzaneda; CL5, Abarcá 12 of Parada; CL6, Negral 5 of Rubiá; CL7, Verdeá 11 of Folgoso (Pereira-Lorenzo et al., 1996c). total of 712 accessions corresponding to 159 cultivars studied in Spain showed that only 8% were astaminate, 12% brachystaminate, 35% mesostaminate and 45 longistaminate. Some longistaminate cultivars produce the largest nuts as Pilonga and Temprana from Andalucía. In France, amongst the most important cultivars of C. sativa (Breisch, 1995), male sterile cultivars are predominant with 37% of astaminate, 26% of brachystaminate, and 5% of mesostaminate, and 32% of longistaminate cultivars are recommended.
120 S. Pereira-Lorenzo and A. M. Ramos-Cabrer This means there is no close correlation between male sterility and quality of the fruit but perhaps between male sterility and productivity as suggested by Liu and Zhou (1999). Meiosis in pollen mother cells occurs in the first week of June in Italian cultivars, 10 to 15 days before anthesis (Botta et al., 1995). Pollen viability varied from 81.3 ± 6.1% based on fluorochromatic reaction to 58.2 ± 7.0% on hanging drops and 50.1 ± 4.5% germination on agar media. Pistillate flowers have six to eight styles whose tips present a hollow at full bloom. The ovary presents seven (rarely six or eight) carpels. Each flower has 10 to 16 anatropous ovules. Bearing mono-embryonic seeds (marron type) has been related to the high occurrence of anomalies, such as delayed of embryo sac differentiation and the presence of supernumerary nuclei in the embryo sac (Botta et al., 1995). 3.3. Phenology Chestnut is a deciduous tree as corresponding to the temperate area where it is cultivated. Castanea species are generally cold hardy. Castanea dentata and C. mollissima have been reported to survive down to –30 °C (Andersen, 1994). After chilling requirement, bud break begins at the end of March for Asiatic cultivars, and interspecific hybrids (Table 6), being the most precocious, followed by the European cultivars. Interspecific hybrids maintain their precocity contribution origin from the Asiatic. However, some hybrid cultivars of C. sativa are as precocious as C. crenata (Table 6) such as Garone Negro. New shoots are very sensitive to spring frost, and this limits the use of Asiatic cultivars to orchards located at altitudes lower than 500 m. However, European cultivars can avoid spring frost because of their late bud break. Flowering time is highly variable with the local climatic condition (Breisch, 1995). Asiatic cultivars and hybrids produce the male flowering between the end of May and the end June, while European cultivars are between mid-June to mid-July. Table 7 show that the time of flowering for Euro-Asiatic hybrids is more precocious than European cultivars. Precocity is also maintained at harvest time, on the 1st September for C. crenata and C. mollissima. Most of the cultivars of C. sativa produces in October and 1st November, but some cultivars are as precocious as Asiatic species such as Temprana and Pilonga which when cultivated in South Spain (Pereira-Lorenzo and Ramos- Cabrer, 2002). 4.1. Origin of the cultivars 4. CULTIVARS As Vavilov (1951) described; growers realised a first domestication selecting the best nut from wild populations. With the knowledge of vegetative propagation as grafting, a second domestication began which resulted in fixing the best genotypes.
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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conditions followed by sudden high
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season. The main environmental fact
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4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
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To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
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on an analysis of the biophysical p
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Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
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Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
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f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
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which depends on climate and irriga
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Page 80 and 81: distributed over the period during
Page 82 and 83: Modelling Fruit Quality 71 Figure 1
Page 84 and 85: Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
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Page 88 and 89: Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
Page 90 and 91: Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
Page 92 and 93: Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
Page 94 and 95: SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
Page 96 and 97: Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
Page 98 and 99: With centrifugal energy systems dro
Page 100 and 101: fruit orchards is described as 1000
Page 102 and 103: According to Furness (2000), the nu
Page 104 and 105: sprayers which were developed prima
Page 106 and 107: air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
Page 108 and 109: Most agricultural chemicals have be
Page 110 and 111: educing dosage rates to one quarter
Page 116 and 117: CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
Page 118 and 119: 2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
Page 120 and 121: Table 2. Chestnut production in the
Page 122 and 123: vineyards and north facing to chest
Page 124 and 125: Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
Page 126 and 127: Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 134 and 135: Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 146 and 147: size. When the trees develop too mu
Page 152 and 153: 6.5. Management of old orchards Che
Page 156 and 157: the disease is already established
Page 158 and 159: where ink disease is rampant, disea
Page 160 and 161: 8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
Page 162 and 163: 9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
Page 174 and 175: IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
Page 176 and 177: Improvement of Grain Legume Product
Page 178 and 179: Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
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IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
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species show a progressive decline
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
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SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
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1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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(1984) gives the following data: δ
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Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
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Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
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Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
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Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
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and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
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Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
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Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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unpleasant sensory characteristics
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Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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