Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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Table 2. Chestnut production in the world (FAO, 2002, www.fao.org). Chestnuts (t) Year Average 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 China 257000 285000 286000 315000 300000 285000 375000 450000 534631 598185 615000 390983 North Korea 8200 8000 6500 7000 6.500 7.500 7.500 8.500 8.400 8.500 8.500 7.736 South Korea 89.747 101.742 80.994 100.163 93.655 108.346 129.673 109.956 95.768 92.844 90.000 99.353 Japan 32.400 33.600 27.100 32.900 34.400 30.100 32.900 26.200 30.000 27.000 27.000 30.327 Asia 387.347 428.342 400.594 455.063 434.555 430.946 545.073 594.656 668.799 726.529 740.500 528.400 Bulgaria 15 30 50 100 100 350 250 250 300 300 300 186 Slovenia 464 550 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 456 Spain 18942 21698 23847 19441 10075 15000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 14455 France 12394 14000 13136 12896 11016 10798 9592 11411 12563 13224 13000 12185 Greece 12968 11416 10600 11500 12053 12536 13548 12820 12000 12000 12000 12131 Hungary 1094 756 1130 900 1100 1040 991 973 1029 1015 1100 1012 Italy 66579 69089 67722 69852 71971 68653 72782 78425 52158 70000 50000 67021 Portugal 15713 15102 12825 18682 19194 20423 20643 22022 30811 33359 27000 21434 Romania 0 0 850 900 1000 1000 900 800 900 1000 1000 759 Switzerland 200 200 200 200 0 0 0 0 200 200 200 127 Turkey 81000 85000 80000 76000 77000 65000 61000 55000 60000 60000 60000 69091 Ex-Yugoslavia 2800 1536 1600 1500 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1567 Europe 211705 219291 212510 212471 205409 196700 191606 193601 181861 202998 176500 200423 World 1198104 1295266 1226208 1335068 1279928 1255292 1473358 1576514 1701320 1859054 1834000 1457647 Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Future 109
Table 3. Number of sampled trees and chestnut denominations in Spain and some characteristics of chestnut producing area in Spain (Pereira-Lorenzo et al., 2001c). Region No. No. No. of Range Average Harvesting period Average Sampled Denominations differents of altitude altitude date for trees denomination (m) (m) harvesting Andalucía 019 013 010 470–850 0643 19 Oct–5 Nov (Huelva) 25 Oct (Huelva) 15 Sep–29 Oct (Málaga) 01 Oct (Málaga) Asturias Canary Islands 301 066 059 010–900 0383 03 Oct–23 Nov 27 Oct (Tenerife) 035 018 016 800–1100 0894 09 Oct–11 Nov 01 Nov Canary Islands (La Palma) 025 014 011 400–1150 0628 20 Oct–10 Nov 01 Nov Canary Islands (El Hierro) 003 003 003 400–1100 0850 Castilla-León 025 008 002 440–950 0770 13 Oct–5 Nov 17 Oct Extremadura 019 004 002 800–1300 1039 29 Oct 29 Oct Galicia 378 086 086 140–1300 1039 11 Oct–11 Nov 25 Oct. Total 805 212 189 010–1300 110 S. Pereira-Lorenzo and A. M. Ramos-Cabrer
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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conditions followed by sudden high
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season. The main environmental fact
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4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
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To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
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on an analysis of the biophysical p
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Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
Page 70 and 71: Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
Page 72 and 73: f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
Page 76 and 77: which depends on climate and irriga
Page 80 and 81: distributed over the period during
Page 84 and 85: Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
Page 86 and 87: with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
Page 88 and 89: Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
Page 90 and 91: Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
Page 92 and 93: Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
Page 94 and 95: SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
Page 96 and 97: Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
Page 98 and 99: With centrifugal energy systems dro
Page 100 and 101: fruit orchards is described as 1000
Page 102 and 103: According to Furness (2000), the nu
Page 104 and 105: sprayers which were developed prima
Page 106 and 107: air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
Page 108 and 109: Most agricultural chemicals have be
Page 110 and 111: educing dosage rates to one quarter
Page 116 and 117: CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
Page 118 and 119: 2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
Page 122 and 123: vineyards and north facing to chest
Page 124 and 125: Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
Page 126 and 127: Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 134 and 135: Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 146 and 147: size. When the trees develop too mu
Page 152 and 153: 6.5. Management of old orchards Che
Page 156 and 157: the disease is already established
Page 158 and 159: where ink disease is rampant, disea
Page 160 and 161: 8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
Page 162 and 163: 9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
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IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
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Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
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IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
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species show a progressive decline
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
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SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
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1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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(1984) gives the following data: δ
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Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
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Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
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Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
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Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
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and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
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Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
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Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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unpleasant sensory characteristics
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Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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