Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Vol. 1

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Spray Technology in Perennial Tree Crops 103 Gunn, E. (1980). Pesticide application in top fruit – a review. Spraying Systems for the 1980s, Monograph No. 24, British Crop Protection Council. Harden, J. (1992). Pesticide application technology. University of Queensland, Gatton College. Course notes for International Pesticide Application Technology Short Course, 5–10 July 1992. Heijne, C. G. (1980). A review of pesticide application systems. Spraying Systems for the 1980s, Monograph No. 24, British Crop Protection Council. Herrera-Aguirre, E. and C. R. Unrath (1980). Chemical thinning response of ‘Delicious’ apples to volume of applied water. HortScience 15: 43–44. Himel, C. M., J. P. Heathley and M. C. Miller (1971). The cause for finely atomized sprays for maximum efficiency insect control. American Society of Agricultural Engineers Paper No. 71-660, St. Joseph, MI. Hislop, E. (1986). Improving the performance of spray delivery systems. In Science sprays and sprayers, Agricultural and Food Research Council, London. Hobson, P. A., P. C. H. Miller, P. J. Walkat, C. R. Tuck and N. M. Western (1993). Spray drift from hydraulic spray nozzles; the use of a computer simulation model to examine factors influencing drift. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 54: 293–305. Hogmire, H. and K. Elliott (1991). Orchard sprayer technology for the 21st century. Fruit Grower March 1991: 34. Jones, K. M., T. B. Koen, S. B. Longley and M. J. Oakford (1988). Thinning Golden Delicious apples with naphthalene acetic acid in relation to spray concentration, volume and time of day. Journal of Horticultural Science 63: 1–4. Jones, K. M., T. B. Koen, S. B. Longley and M. J. Oakford (1991). How volume of spray affects the thinning of Red Delicious with ethephon. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 19: 31–36. Jones, K. M., S. A. Bound, and M. J. Oakford (2000). Spray application technology. Plant Growth Regulation 31: 173–181. Koen, T. B., K. M. Jones and M. J. Oakford (1986). Model building for prediction of ethephon thinning effects. Acta Horticulturae 179: 645–652. Kvale, A. (1977). Ethephon (2 chloroethyl-phosphonic acid) as a fruit thinning agent for apples. Forskning og Forsøk I Landbruket 28: 631–638. Landers, A. (1999). Spray drift management. Fruit Grower 119: 36–38. Lovelidge, B. (1993). A sprayer to suit all plantings. Grower 119: 17, 19–20. Maber, J., P. T. Holland and D. Steven (1984). Evaluation of the controlled droplet application (CDA) spraying technique in Kiwi fruit. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 12: 173–178. Manktelow, D. (2000). Getting pesticide application right: spray volume, deposition and chemical rate requirements for grape canopies. The Australian Grapegrower and Winemaker 442: 46–50. Manktelow, D. and J. P. Praat (1997a). Research looks at apple tree spraying. Horticulture News 19: 8. Manktelow, D. W. L. and J. P. Praat (1997b). The tree-row-volume spraying system and its potential use in New Zealand. Proceedings of the 50th New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, 1997, pp. 119–124. McArtney, S. and J. Hughes (1992). HortResearch evaluates chemical thinning opportunities for apples. The Orchardist of New Zealand 65: 56–57. Moore, J. (1990). Spray drift policy reassessed. Western Fruit Grower 110: 20D. Morgan, N. G. (1992). Tree crop spraying – worldwide. University of Queensland, Gatton College. Course notes for International Pesticide Application Technology Short Course, 5–10 July 1992. Moser, E., K. Schmidt and N. Metz (1984). Electrostatic charging of spray solutions for chemical plant protection in fruit growing. Erwerbsobstbau 25: 200–208. Nir, G. and S. Lavee (1981). Persistence, uptake and translocation of [ 14 C]ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid). in Perlette and Cardinal grapevines. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 8: 57–63. Oakford, M. J., K. M. Jones, S. A. Bound, T. B. Koen and I. R. Cowen (1991). A comparison of high and low volume spay techniques in the thinning of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. Journal of Horticultural Science 66: 769–774. Oakford, M. J., K. M. Jones, S. A. Bound, I. R. Cowen and B. R. Graham (1994a). Comparison of
104 Sally A. Bound the biological effectiveness of controlled droplet application sprayers and high-volume sprayers in thinning apple trees. Journal of Horticultural Science 69: 213–218. Oakford, M. J., K. M. Jones, S. A. Bound and L. O’Reilly (1994b). A comparison of air-shear and electrostatic spray technology with a conventional air-blast sprayer to thin apples. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34: 669–672. Oakford, M. J., S. A. Bound, K. M. Jones and L. O’Rielly (1995). Use of airshear technology to reduce chemical spray rates for thinning apples. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35: 789–794. Pergher, G. and R. Gubiani (1995). The effect of spray application rate and airflow rate on foliar deposition in a hedgerow vineyard. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 61: 205–216. Praat, J. P., J. F. Maber and D. W. L. Manktelow (2000). The effect of canopy development and sprayer position on spray drift from a pipfruit orchard. New Zealand Plant Protection 53: 241–247. Randall, J. M. (1971). The relationships between air volume and pressure on spray distribution in fruit trees. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 16: 1–31. Rigo, A. (1995). Spraying at the speed of sound and light. American Fruit Grower 115: 12–13. Salyani, K. and J. D. Whitney (1990). Ground speed affect on spray deposition inside citrus trees. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 33: 361–366. Smith, D. B., E. C. Burt, and E. P. Lloyd (1975). Selection of optimum spray-droplet sizes for boll weevil and drift control. Journal of Economic Entomology 68: 415–417. Unrath, C. R. (1978). The development of ethephon’s thinning potential for spur ‘Delicious’ apples. Acta Horticulturae 80: 233–243. Unrath, C. R. (1994). Spray application techniques. HortScience 29: 580. Walklate, P. (1991). Stopping spray drift. Grower 115: 35, 37-38. Wilton, J. (1996). Low volume spraying gathers momentum. The Orchardist of New Zealand 69: 14–17.
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Production Practices and Quality As
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Production Practices and Quality As
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CONTENTS Preface List of Authors Ef
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PREFACE Today, in a world with abun
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LIST OF AUTHORS Rufaro M. Madakadze
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EFFECT OF PREHARVEST FACTORS ON THE
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2.1. Temperature Effect of Preharve
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e beneficial to the water economy a
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Other responses that can also be ca
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06. Failure of fruits to ripen in t
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of more than 13 hours of night temp
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temperatures. Some show serious int
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 15 bet
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1) High rainfall conditions where B
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increase in the release of P i from
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however, more severe when foliage i
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temperatures and luxuriant growth a
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development of chilling injury symp
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conditions followed by sudden high
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season. The main environmental fact
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4.4.5.2. Water blisters Storage roo
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 33 REF
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Effect of Preharvest Factors 35 men
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EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 39 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 41 6
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 43 F
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Effects of Agronomic Practices 45 R
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MODELLING FRUIT QUALITY: ECOPHYSIOL
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Modelling Fruit Quality 49 the dens
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Is it the only level to be consider
Page 64 and 65: To calculate the hydrostatic pressu
Page 66 and 67: on an analysis of the biophysical p
Page 68 and 69: Modelling Fruit Quality 57 fructose
Page 70 and 71: Modelling Fruit Quality 59 Figure 4
Page 72 and 73: f(dd) = dd max - dd dd max - dd min
Page 76 and 77: which depends on climate and irriga
Page 80 and 81: distributed over the period during
Page 84 and 85: Modelling Fruit Quality 73 Pruning
Page 86 and 87: with Fo, Pe and Pr being local ‘d
Page 88 and 89: Modelling Fruit Quality 77 than in
Page 90 and 91: Modelling Fruit Quality 79 Dann, I.
Page 92 and 93: Modelling Fruit Quality 81 Huguet,
Page 94 and 95: SPRAY TECHNOLOGY IN PERENNIAL TREE
Page 96 and 97: Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
Page 98 and 99: With centrifugal energy systems dro
Page 100 and 101: fruit orchards is described as 1000
Page 102 and 103: According to Furness (2000), the nu
Page 104 and 105: sprayers which were developed prima
Page 106 and 107: air-blast sprayers in an attempt to
Page 108 and 109: Most agricultural chemicals have be
Page 110 and 111: educing dosage rates to one quarter
Page 112 and 113: Spray Technology in Perennial Tree
Page 116 and 117: CHESTNUT, AN ANCIENT CROP WITH FUTU
Page 118 and 119: 2. WORLD AREA OF CHESTNUT AND PRODU
Page 120 and 121: Table 2. Chestnut production in the
Page 122 and 123: vineyards and north facing to chest
Page 124 and 125: Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
Page 126 and 127: Table 5. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 134 and 135: Table 6. Continued. Chestnut, an An
Page 146 and 147: size. When the trees develop too mu
Page 152 and 153: 6.5. Management of old orchards Che
Page 156 and 157: the disease is already established
Page 158 and 159: where ink disease is rampant, disea
Page 160 and 161: 8.4. Micropropagation Several in vi
Page 162 and 163: 9.3. Hybrids Chestnut breeding in E
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Chestnut, an Ancient Crop with Futu
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IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCT
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Improvement of Grain Legume Product
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2.8. Field experiments The greenhou
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IMPACT OF OZONE ON CROPS S. DEL VAL
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 191 observ
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 193 1996).
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 195 Figure
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 197 al., 1
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 199 techni
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species show a progressive decline
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 203 Chaime
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 205 Junge,
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Impact of Ozone on Crops 207 Polle,
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SAFFRON QUALITY: EFFECT OF AGRICULT
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1.2. Commercial interest Saffron Qu
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1.3. Uses Saffron Quality 213 There
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oriental-type perfumes (Sampathu et
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Saffron Quality 217 Figure 5. Chemi
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Straubinger et al., 1997; Straubing
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and Micheli, 1979; Curro et al., 19
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Saffron Quality 223 Figure 9. Chemi
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(1984) gives the following data: δ
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Saffron Quality 227 Table 3. HPLC a
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Saffron Quality 229 464/2001, OJ L6
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Saffron Quality 231 Saffron in fila
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Saffron Quality 233 sium were the q
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Saffron Quality 235 Figure 11. The
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Saffron Quality 237 Figure 12. Harv
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Morocco. Ait-Oubahou and El-Otmani
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and Micheli, 1979a; Sampathu et al.
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Saffron Quality 243 Table 8. Drying
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Saffron Quality 245 space for sorti
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unpleasant sensory characteristics
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Saffron Quality 249 The effect of
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Saffron Quality 251 Table 10. Effec
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Saffron Quality 253 Alonso, G. L.,
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Saffron Quality 255 Escribano, J.,
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Saffron Quality 257 tion combined w
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Saffron Quality 259 Selim, K., M. T
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FRUIT AND VEGETABLES HARVESTING SYS
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3. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES FOR THE D
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exert a vertical pulling force to t
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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting Sys
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- fingers or spikes; - oscillatory
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- frequency and - amplitude of vibr
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To calculate the number of directio
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For the cleaning and separation of
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