[libribook.com] Traumatic Scar Tissue Management 1st Edition

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Clinical ConsiderationsPain-instigated fear of movement leads to a cycle of decreased movement,pathophysiological CT remodeling, inflammation and nervous systemsensitization, all of which result in a further decrease in mobility. Themechanisms of a variety of treatments, including MT, may reverse theseabnormalities by applying mechanical forces to soft tissues (Langevin &Sherman 2007, Fritz 2013).
Clinical ConsiderationsAs the remodeling stage of wound healing is in great part driven by MFBmediatedmechanical tension, an important treatment focus is to shift tissuefrom a high-tension state, to a low-tension state, hypothetically, to induceMFB apoptosis, or to halt the transformation of fibroblasts to MFB.Manually applied techniques that can shift the ECM to a low-tension statemight be able to inhibit excess pathological cross-links, which distortmobility between the fascial interfaces and, ultimately, would lead topathophysiological scars (Hinz 2007, Rodríguez & del Río 2013).
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Traumatic Scar Tissue ManagementMas
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Letter to NKS - from Camp Amigo cam
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Important noticeNeither the publish
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FOREWORDEveryone has scars: visible
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stories about how basic massage the
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to the events that resulted in the
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PREFACEMore people are surviving tr
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and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSA thank you to the
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Lastly, thank you, the reader; the
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GLOSSARY AND KEY CONCEPTSAll the wo
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AdhesionsScar-like tissue that form
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Alphabet techniquesCs, Js, and Ss -
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AngiogenesisGrowth of new blood ves
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AponeurosesDense, sheet-like fascia
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Autonomic balanceHomeostatic and co
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BarrierIs defined as the point wher
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Best research evidenceThe best avai
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Body AwarenessConscious, attentiona
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BradykininInflammatory mediator - a
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Capsular contractureEnvelopment of
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ChemokinesSmall molecules released
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CicatrixAnother term for scar - the
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Collagen crimpThe wavy formation se
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Compassion fatigueThe profound emot
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Compression techniqueA therapeutic
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Consolidated edemaChronic stage ede
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CortisolHormone released in respons
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CreepA time-dependent response of v
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DebridementRemoval of foreign mater
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Degloving injuryA form of avulsion
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DermatomeAreas of skin supplied by
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Direct release techniqueCommonly us
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Dry needlingA procedure involving i
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Empathy strainA healthcare provider
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EndoneuriumFascia surrounding indiv
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Endothelial cellsSimple squamous ce
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EndoscopeAn instrument that is used
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EpidermisThe tough, outermost layer
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EpineuriumOutermost covering of fas
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Epithelial cellsCells that line the
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FasciaFibrocollagenous CT, its morp
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FibrinFibrous protein involved bloo
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FibroblastsSynthesize the component
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FibrosisA process culminating in th
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Fluid techniquesTechniques employed
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Gentle circles techniqueCircular mo
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Gross stretch techniqueCombination
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HomeostasisState of physiological e
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HyperalgesiaHeightened pain sensati
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HyperexcitationNeurons firing too e
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Hypertrophic scarA thickened, red a
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HysteresisA property of systems (ti
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Indirect release techniqueMechanica
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Informed consentProcess involving t
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Intense versus invasiveAn important
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InteroceptionIncludes a wide range
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KeratinA structural protein that pr
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KininsPeptides (e.g. bradykinin) pr
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Linking fasciaPlays a role in augme
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Lymph nodesFilter and clean the lym
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LymphangiogenesisFormation of new l
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Lymphatic drainageThe movement of f
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Lymphatic returnVolume of lymph ret
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Lymphatic transportThe movement of
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Lymphatic vesselsTri-laminar vessel
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LymphocyteThe main cell type found
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MacrophageA type of phagocytic whit
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MastectomySurgical removal of all b
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MechanotransductionThe mechanism by
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MucopolysaccharidesSee GAGs.Myofasc
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Nerve receptorsNerve terminations t
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NeurofasciaTri-laminar, continuous
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Neuropathic painPain due to damage
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NeuropeptidesSignaling molecules th
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NociceptionThreatening stimuli acti
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Nociceptive painPain that arises fr
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OxytocinHormone that plays role in
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ParesthesiaAltered sensations; e.g.
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Peripheral sensitizationIncreased r
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PerineuriumFascia surrounding/inves
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Pitting edemaAn edematous region wh
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Proprioceptive disinformationRecept
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Provisional matrixDuring the early
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Pumping techniqueA lymphatic techni
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Referred painPain perceived at a lo
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RetinaculaeDense fascial bands that
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ScarMark left in various tissues or
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Secondary lymphedemaOccurs as a res
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Self careThose practices and activi
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Selfcare managementResponse to sens
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SensitizationChanges in the PNS or
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SerotoninNeurotransmitter involved
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Shear techniqueA therapeutic loadin
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Skin graftMedical procedure where a
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SomatizationA tendency to experienc
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State anxietyThe experience of unpl
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Stress response adaptationAny of th
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Stress responseAny cognitive, physi
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Substance PA neuropeptide acting as
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Therapeutic environmentEncompasses
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Therapeutic relationshipEncompasses
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Trait anxietyA more intense degree
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TraumaInsult or injury to the physi
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Traumatic scarPathophysiological sc
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ViscoelasticityThe ability of a med
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Nowadays it is common to see massag
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A Reasonable NexusPrecise etiologic
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integration of art and science are
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Diamond M (2012) Scars and adhesion
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General HistologyExtracellular Matr
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Clinical ConsiderationVitamin C has
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Ground substanceGround substance (G
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationIn
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HyaluronanThis hydrophilic, viscous
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Clinical ConsiderationHA and its fr
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Figure 2.1Layers and components of
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Skin HistologyThe skin comprises:
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Figure 2.2The delicate, well-hydrat
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DermisThe dermis is made up of laye
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Fascia Structure and FunctionsIn th
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fundamental characteristic is its c
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tensional properties co-exist in bo
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HistologyFascia comprises:• ECM (
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Clinical ConsiderationManual therap
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Clinical ConsiderationTransforming
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CollagenCollagen is the most abunda
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Clinical ConsiderationSignificant c
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Fascia Layers and FunctionsFascia t
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Clinical ConsiderationSuperficial a
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Clinical ConsiderationWhen thickene
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LinkingLinking fascia is sub-divide
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FascicularFascicular fascia augment
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Clinical ConsiderationMuscle spindl
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SeparatingSeparating fascia provide
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Clinical ConsiderationFascia suppor
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Andrade C-K (2013) Outcome-based ma
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Ingber D (2008) Tensegrity and mech
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tendons: organisation in vivo and r
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Zorn A, Hodeck K (2011) Walk with e
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Discovery of the Lymphatic SystemTh
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Hematic SystemThe heart, blood vess
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Lymphatic System Structure and Func
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Clinical ConsiderationNerves, blood
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Figure 3.1Lymph tissue structure.In
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Lymphoid OrgansThe lymphoid organs
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ThymusThe thymus is a lymphoid glan
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Lymphatic Drainage and TransportIn
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SuperficialThe superficial layer is
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Primary upper lymphatic structuresT
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Primary lower lymphatic structuresT
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Left side lymphatic drainageThe lef
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Lymphatic System FunctionsA brief o
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Fig 3.5Brain lymphatic vessels.Give
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ImmunityLymph nodes play an importa
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Wound HealingAs with the blood vasc
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Clinical ConsiderationFour continuo
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Lymphatic InadequacyInadequacy in t
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EdemaEdema - the medical term for s
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Lymphatic treatment protocols will
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CHAPTER 4NeurologyEach human nervou
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NS StructureThe human NS comprises
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Figure 4.1B Functional composition
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationWhe
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Figure 4.2Dorsal and ventral compon
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Figure 4.3Neuron anatomy: most neur
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Figure 4.4Classic axon to dendrite
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Figure 4.6PNS efferent (motor) and
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Clinical ConsiderationPSNS afferent
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Clinical ConsiderationSNS activatio
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Figure 4.8Anterior and posterior di
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Figure 4.9Neurofascial envelopes.
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationA n
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Clinical ConsiderationThere is an e
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Clinical ConsiderationDiane Jacobs
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Clinical ConsiderationIt appears th
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Clinical ConsiderationAlthough musc
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Clinical ConsiderationThe form of s
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Example 2Ruffini stimulation result
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Table 4.1Summary of receptor typolo
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• Therapeutic outcome include enh
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NS FunctionThe primary functions of
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Clinical ConsiderationMechanorecept
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Clinical ConsiderationIn addition t
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Clinical ConsiderationManual techni
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large enough, a voltage spike is pr
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PathophysiologicalconsiderationUnde
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Table 4.2Important pain terms. Vari
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Clinical ConsiderationAccording to
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disorders (diabetes mellitus), drug
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forms of negative plasticity includ
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Central and peripheral sensitizatio
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Clinical ConsiderationFollowing per
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ExampleHypersensitive nerves (assoc
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Example 1Hypersensitized nerve fibe
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Clinical ConsiderationIt is suggest
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Clinical ConsiderationNeuropathic p
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Wound HealingThe NS plays an import
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Clinical ConsiderationNeural and ci
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Compression SyndromesAlthough perip
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationIf
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationUni
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Clinical ConsiderationAs is the cas
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationFas
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Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A
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Magee DJ (2008) Orthopedic physical
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Stecco C, Porzionato A, Macchi V et
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CHAPTER 5Wound healing and scarsNev
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Wound HealingWound healing, a compl
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Table 5.1Stages of wound healing
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Clinical ConsiderationBecause thera
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fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epi
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Clinical ConsiderationDuring wound
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Clinical ConsiderationAlthough the
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Pathophysiological ScarsPathophysio
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Figure 5.3Adapted from Huang et al.
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Pathophysiological considerationFib
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Table 5.2Important pathophysiologic
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According to Klingler (2012):… pa
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Table 5.3Scar types and related ter
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unyielding or pliable and mobile. R
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Prolonged InflammationInflammation
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ImmobilizationThe impact of immobil
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Figure 5.4The fall-out associated w
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Clinical ConsiderationHere we see t
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationAcc
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationNeu
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The diverse biological effects of N
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Clinical ConsiderationCareful appli
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Clinical ConsiderationSome patholog
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationSom
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compressive effect in the keloidal
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alterations in the mechanical envir
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Clinical ConsiderationMechanical fo
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Table 5.4Role of neuropeptides (NP)
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Fitch P (2005) Scars of life. Journ
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Langevin HM (2006) Connective tissu
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active scars. Journal of Bodywork a
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trauma.
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Clinical ConsiderationPostsurgical
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following burn injury,bacterial col
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Table 6.1Comparison of scars (Ogawa
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BurnsA burn injury to the skin or o
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Figure 6.1Depth of burn trauma and
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• Stimulate ECM formation• Regu
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Clinical ConsiderationIt has been i
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Clinical ConsiderationMT may be a v
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ThermoregulationThermoregulation (t
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from the tissues and taken up by th
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treatment strategies are difficult
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Clinical ConsiderationSkin rolling
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Sequelae and ComplicationsAdvances
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• Paresthesia - 47%• Arm/should
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breast or around the edge of the ar
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Radiation scarringScar tissue as a
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Implants and painPain of fluctuatin
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LymphedemaBreast cancer treatment o
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volume of fluid that accumulates or
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OneTwoThreeCommonly referred to as
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myokinetic chain/myofascial meridia
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• Loss of touch sensation• Clum
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Figure 6.3Distribution of nerves in
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include preservation of as much of
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complication is present there is de
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Clinical ConsiderationScar complica
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BreastCancer.org (2015c) Side Effec
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323-9.Kania A (2012) Scars. In: Dry
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Slemp AE, Kirschner RE (2006) Keloi
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scar tissue, while being mindful of
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Physiological ResponseAs discussed
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• The realization that one is abo
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Stress Response and Stress Hormones
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dissociation and inner shakiness) (
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Figure 7.1(A) Summary of the HPA me
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Chronic Stress ResponseChronic stre
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationChr
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Clinical ConsiderationProlonged str
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Psychological Stress and Wound Heal
Page 583 and 584:
Pathophysiological ConsiderationNor
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationStr
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Page 589 and 590:
Clinical ConsiderationEvidence sugg
Page 591 and 592:
Page 593 and 594:
Clinical ConsiderationThe effects o
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Stress DisordersFollowing a traumat
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Clinical ConsiderationThe Task Forc
Page 599 and 600:
Clinical ConsiderationCertainly it
Page 601 and 602:
ASD symptoms include (DSM-V 2013):
Page 603 and 604:
Box 7.1Why do medical events potent
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Rehabilitation and reintegrationThi
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Page 609 and 610:
Page 611 and 612:
DissociationDissociation is describ
Page 613 and 614:
Page 615 and 616:
not only does the brain carry memor
Page 617 and 618:
Page 619 and 620:
Somatoemotional ResponseDuring trea
Page 621 and 622:
• If the client asks what happene
Page 623 and 624:
Clinical ConsiderationWorking with
Page 625 and 626:
Given the impact of trauma on the b
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630:
The Massage Therapist and TraumaThe
Page 631 and 632:
Bordoni B, Zanier E (2014) Skin, fa
Page 633 and 634:
Foex (2013) Surgical Tutor UK Avail
Page 635 and 636:
Kutner JS, Smith MC, Corbin L et al
Page 637 and 638:
Schmidt NB, Richey JA, Zvolensky MJ
Page 639 and 640:
CHAPTER 8Communication and the ther
Page 641 and 642:
The Therapeutic RelationshipThe the
Page 643 and 644:
Needs assessment, treatment plannin
Page 645 and 646:
Clinical ConsiderationIt is importa
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Therapeutic Closeness and Vulnerabi
Page 649 and 650:
BoundariesOver the course of our li
Page 651 and 652:
Box 8.1Aside from obvious sexually
Page 653 and 654:
Box 8.2Eight principles that guide
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Effective Listening and Empathetic
Page 657 and 658:
Clinical ConsiderationNever underst
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Clinical ConsiderationAs manual the
Page 661 and 662:
Interview exampleMary is a client w
Page 663 and 664:
SummarySeveral pieces of informatio
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with traumatic scar tissue clients.
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‘Physicians’ perspective of mas
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Referral exampleTonya, a 21-year-ol
Page 671 and 672:
Referral exampleJane experienced me
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CHAPTER 9Assessment and treatmentHe
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MT. Additionally, sometimes people
Page 677 and 678:
Traumatic Scars and Associated Impa
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Clinical ConsiderationReduction of
Page 681 and 682:
Clinical ConsiderationMT has been f
Page 683 and 684:
Clinical ConsiderationMassage can h
Page 685 and 686:
Health History and InterviewA stand
Page 687 and 688:
surrounding muscle structures that
Page 689 and 690:
we are gathering information about
Page 691 and 692:
Keep in mind that the therapist’s
Page 693 and 694:
Continuous evaluation during the se
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Pre-treatment assessment/evaluation
Page 697 and 698:
Scar scalesScar scales can be used
Page 699 and 700:
response to negative pressure. It h
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• Client self-management strategi
Page 703 and 704:
BindOnce barrier is reached or surp
Page 705 and 706:
Table 9.1Comparative of normal and
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2-3 times a year effectively addres
Page 709 and 710:
Myofascial meridian exampleSuperfic
Page 711:
Clinical ConsiderationKnee and back
Page 715 and 716: Clinical ConsiderationApplication t
Page 717 and 718: Pathophysiological ConsiderationMec
Page 719 and 720: Clinical ConsiderationStecco and co
Page 721 and 722: Safety FirstMT appears to have few
Page 723 and 724: Deep workThe deep techniques noted
Page 725 and 726: Psychological considerationsIt is w
Page 727 and 728: Clinical ConsiderationMT dosage and
Page 729 and 730: Developing a sound treatment strate
Page 731 and 732: Treatment outcomesEssentially, earl
Page 733 and 734: Dosage considerationsThe presence o
Page 735 and 736: Clinical ConsiderationNumerous syst
Page 737 and 738: Clinical ConsiderationHeat in the t
Page 739 and 740: Clinical ConsiderationBest and co-w
Page 741 and 742: Pathophysiological considerationCom
Page 743 and 744: Clinical ConsiderationTiming is eve
Page 745 and 746: Clinical ConsiderationEvidence sugg
Page 747 and 748: Clinical ConsiderationSeveral studi
Page 749 and 750: Clinical ConsiderationPreventive me
Page 751 and 752: Pathophysiological ConsiderationWit
Page 753 and 754: TechniquesCommonly employed techniq
Page 755 and 756: Treatment outcomesThe later stages
Page 757 and 758: Clinical ConsiderationsNon-threaten
Page 759 and 760: Clinical ConsiderationsIt has been
Page 761 and 762: Clinical ConsiderationsMT may be a
Page 763 and 764: Pathophysiological ConsiderationUnd
Page 765: Clinical ConsiderationsIn the early
Page 769 and 770: Treatment outcomesEssentially, the
Page 771 and 772: Dosage considerationsThe presence o
Page 773 and 774: TechniquesAny carpenter will tell y
Page 775 and 776: Pressure Level 4 - Strong pressure/
Page 777 and 778: Grade 7 and 8• Firm, deep• Trig
Page 779 and 780: Neutralize pHFacilitate healing pro
Page 781 and 782: Manual Lymphatic TechniquesEarly ma
Page 783 and 784: Table 9.4Treatment guideline summar
Page 785 and 786: Clinical ConsiderationEdema, excess
Page 788 and 789: Figure 9.2Half-moon/circles: cleari
Page 791 and 792: Figure 9.3Pumping: clearing the ext
Page 793: RotaryThe rotary technique is commo
Page 797: Figure 9.5Rotary (thorax). Half-moo
Page 800 and 801: One of the most obvious differences
Page 802 and 803: Clinical ConsiderationVarious forms
Page 804: Box 9.10Sensory amnesia and proprio
Page 808 and 809: Clinical ConsiderationAs all of the
Page 810 and 811: Compression techniqueCompression te
Page 812 and 813: Figure 9.8Tension. The lower leg is
Page 814: Figure 9.9Approximation-compression
Page 818 and 819:
Figure 9.11(A) Shear: begin by enga
Page 820 and 821:
Clinical ConsiderationIt is common
Page 823 and 824:
Figure 9.12Torsion/rotation. Begin
Page 826 and 827:
Figure 9.13Lifting. Begin by graspi
Page 828 and 829:
Gross stretchGross stretch techniqu
Page 830 and 831:
Figure 9.15‘Cs’. Begin as noted
Page 833 and 834:
Figure 9.17J-stroke. Begin at one e
Page 835 and 836:
Clinical ConsiderationIrritated ner
Page 837 and 838:
Pathophysiological ConsiderationCha
Page 839 and 840:
Clinical ConsiderationAs the mechan
Page 841 and 842:
Clinical ConsiderationIn various st
Page 843 and 844:
Chaudhry H, Schleip R, Ji Z et al (
Page 845 and 846:
principles and methods. Philadelphi
Page 847 and 848:
Pilat A (2003) Myofascial therapies
Page 849 and 850:
Yang G, Im HJ, Wang JHC (2005) Repe
Page 851 and 852:
Medial thigh 4th degree skin grafts
Page 853:
Figure B.2 Post-treatmentSurgical s
Page 857 and 858:
Figure C.2 Post-treatment2 December
Page 859 and 860:
and to be consistent with any selfc
Page 861 and 862:
ability to resume social responsibi
Page 863 and 864:
Clinical ConsiderationTrauma can be
Page 865 and 866:
MaintenanceSelfcare maintenance is
Page 867 and 868:
ManagementSelfcare management is de
Page 869 and 870:
Client and Therapist PartnershipTo
Page 871 and 872:
Box 10.1Factors affecting, effectiv
Page 873 and 874:
Strategies to Facilitate Engagement
Page 875 and 876:
Clinical ConsiderationThe authors u
Page 877 and 878:
instances. Make your clients aware
Page 879 and 880:
Relaxation MeasuresVarious relaxati
Page 881 and 882:
scope of practice, such as relaxati
Page 883 and 884:
Silicone gel and silicone sheetingS
Page 885 and 886:
Medicinal honeyThe use of honey for
Page 887 and 888:
Wise Use of Your BodyIt is not esse
Page 889 and 890:
Empathy Strain and BurnoutEmpathy,
Page 891 and 892:
Box 10.3A reflection on reasons for
Page 893 and 894:
Clinical ConsiderationIn the author
Page 895 and 896:
trauma are the therapist’s person
Page 897 and 898:
Care for the care providerIt is imp
Page 899 and 900:
body. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingst
Page 901 and 902:
Salvo SG (2015) Body mechanics, cli
Page 903 and 904:
Research databases and repositories
Page 905 and 906:
Funding for massage therapy researc
Page 907 and 908:
Journals and magazinesInternational
Page 909 and 910:
INDEX
Page 911 and 912:
see also parasympathetic nervous sy
Page 913 and 914:
breathing exercises 245burning sens
Page 915 and 916:
CGRP (calcitonin gene-related pepti
Page 917 and 918:
Ddanger (perceived) 135, 150fight-o
Page 919 and 920:
Eedema 40-1, 69burns-related 112-13
Page 921 and 922:
Ffascia 11-22assessment 186client-r
Page 923 and 924:
Gglia 48glucocorticoids 137, 138, 1
Page 925 and 926:
see also dehydrationhyperalgesia 63
Page 927 and 928:
JJ-stroke 221joint instability 190
Page 929 and 930:
Llarge Pacini and paciniform corpus
Page 931 and 932:
Mmacrophages 13, 63, 80, 81, 89lymp
Page 933 and 934:
Nnecrosisbreast implant-related 119
Page 935 and 936:
Oobservation 180-2occupational inju
Page 937 and 938:
peripheral nervous system 45, 49-50
Page 939 and 940:
Rradiation therapy 193breast cancer
Page 941 and 942:
interviewing 169-71skin 5-11fascia
Page 943 and 944:
TT cells 37technology 2, 242-3tempe
Page 945 and 946:
safety see safetysee also post-trea
Page 947 and 948:
Vvagus nerve 124polyvagal theory 14
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