[libribook.com] Traumatic Scar Tissue Management 1st Edition

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DissociationAn abnormal sense of psychological, emotional, or physical detachment,experienced as a sense of unusual separation from the body (depersonalization)and/or unusual separation from the surrounding physical environment(derealization) – generally considered a psychological defense mechanism usedas a means to cope with overwhelming traumatic events.Double-crush injuryTerm used to denote when an axon, compressed in one region, becomessusceptible to injury at another site (e.g. development of a cervical radiculopathyin conjunction with carpal tunnel syndrome. Mechanisms similar to thoseassociated with sensitization are implicated.
Dry needlingA procedure involving insertion of an acupuncture needle into a myofascialtrigger point. Although an acupuncture needle is used, this is not the same asacupuncture treatment of points along an identified meridian.Edema (aka swelling)Accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues or cavities as a result of vesselpermeability and pressure changes and lymphatic flow obstruction.Physiological edema is considered part of the natural response of the body toinjury or insult.
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Traumatic Scar Tissue ManagementMas
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Letter to NKS - from Camp Amigo cam
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Important noticeNeither the publish
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FOREWORDEveryone has scars: visible
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stories about how basic massage the
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to the events that resulted in the
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PREFACEMore people are surviving tr
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Page 19 and 20: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSA thank you to the
Page 21 and 22: Lastly, thank you, the reader; the
Page 23 and 24: GLOSSARY AND KEY CONCEPTSAll the wo
Page 25 and 26: AdhesionsScar-like tissue that form
Page 27 and 28: Alphabet techniquesCs, Js, and Ss -
Page 29 and 30: AngiogenesisGrowth of new blood ves
Page 31 and 32: AponeurosesDense, sheet-like fascia
Page 33 and 34: Autonomic balanceHomeostatic and co
Page 35 and 36: BarrierIs defined as the point wher
Page 37 and 38: Best research evidenceThe best avai
Page 39 and 40: Body AwarenessConscious, attentiona
Page 41 and 42: BradykininInflammatory mediator - a
Page 43 and 44: Capsular contractureEnvelopment of
Page 45 and 46: ChemokinesSmall molecules released
Page 47 and 48: CicatrixAnother term for scar - the
Page 49 and 50: Collagen crimpThe wavy formation se
Page 51 and 52: Compassion fatigueThe profound emot
Page 53 and 54: Compression techniqueA therapeutic
Page 55 and 56: Consolidated edemaChronic stage ede
Page 57 and 58: CortisolHormone released in respons
Page 59 and 60: CreepA time-dependent response of v
Page 61 and 62: DebridementRemoval of foreign mater
Page 63 and 64: Degloving injuryA form of avulsion
Page 65 and 66: DermatomeAreas of skin supplied by
Page 67: Direct release techniqueCommonly us
Page 71 and 72: Empathy strainA healthcare provider
Page 73 and 74: EndoneuriumFascia surrounding indiv
Page 75 and 76: Endothelial cellsSimple squamous ce
Page 77 and 78: EndoscopeAn instrument that is used
Page 79 and 80: EpidermisThe tough, outermost layer
Page 81 and 82: EpineuriumOutermost covering of fas
Page 83 and 84: Epithelial cellsCells that line the
Page 85 and 86: FasciaFibrocollagenous CT, its morp
Page 87 and 88: FibrinFibrous protein involved bloo
Page 89 and 90: FibroblastsSynthesize the component
Page 91 and 92: FibrosisA process culminating in th
Page 93 and 94: Fluid techniquesTechniques employed
Page 95 and 96: Gentle circles techniqueCircular mo
Page 97 and 98: Gross stretch techniqueCombination
Page 99 and 100: HomeostasisState of physiological e
Page 101 and 102: HyperalgesiaHeightened pain sensati
Page 103 and 104: HyperexcitationNeurons firing too e
Page 105 and 106: Hypertrophic scarA thickened, red a
Page 107 and 108: HysteresisA property of systems (ti
Page 109 and 110: Indirect release techniqueMechanica
Page 111 and 112: Informed consentProcess involving t
Page 113 and 114: Intense versus invasiveAn important
Page 115 and 116: InteroceptionIncludes a wide range
Page 117 and 118: KeratinA structural protein that pr
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KininsPeptides (e.g. bradykinin) pr
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Linking fasciaPlays a role in augme
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Lymph nodesFilter and clean the lym
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LymphangiogenesisFormation of new l
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Lymphatic drainageThe movement of f
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Lymphatic returnVolume of lymph ret
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Lymphatic transportThe movement of
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Lymphatic vesselsTri-laminar vessel
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LymphocyteThe main cell type found
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MacrophageA type of phagocytic whit
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MastectomySurgical removal of all b
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MechanotransductionThe mechanism by
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MucopolysaccharidesSee GAGs.Myofasc
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Nerve receptorsNerve terminations t
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NeurofasciaTri-laminar, continuous
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Neuropathic painPain due to damage
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NeuropeptidesSignaling molecules th
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NociceptionThreatening stimuli acti
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Nociceptive painPain that arises fr
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OxytocinHormone that plays role in
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ParesthesiaAltered sensations; e.g.
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Peripheral sensitizationIncreased r
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PerineuriumFascia surrounding/inves
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Pitting edemaAn edematous region wh
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Proprioceptive disinformationRecept
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Provisional matrixDuring the early
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Pumping techniqueA lymphatic techni
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Referred painPain perceived at a lo
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RetinaculaeDense fascial bands that
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ScarMark left in various tissues or
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Secondary lymphedemaOccurs as a res
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Self careThose practices and activi
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Selfcare managementResponse to sens
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SensitizationChanges in the PNS or
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SerotoninNeurotransmitter involved
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Shear techniqueA therapeutic loadin
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Skin graftMedical procedure where a
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SomatizationA tendency to experienc
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State anxietyThe experience of unpl
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Stress response adaptationAny of th
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Stress responseAny cognitive, physi
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Substance PA neuropeptide acting as
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Therapeutic environmentEncompasses
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Therapeutic relationshipEncompasses
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Trait anxietyA more intense degree
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TraumaInsult or injury to the physi
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Traumatic scarPathophysiological sc
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ViscoelasticityThe ability of a med
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Nowadays it is common to see massag
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A Reasonable NexusPrecise etiologic
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integration of art and science are
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Diamond M (2012) Scars and adhesion
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General HistologyExtracellular Matr
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Clinical ConsiderationVitamin C has
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Ground substanceGround substance (G
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationIn
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HyaluronanThis hydrophilic, viscous
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Clinical ConsiderationHA and its fr
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Figure 2.1Layers and components of
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Skin HistologyThe skin comprises:
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Figure 2.2The delicate, well-hydrat
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DermisThe dermis is made up of laye
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Fascia Structure and FunctionsIn th
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fundamental characteristic is its c
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tensional properties co-exist in bo
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HistologyFascia comprises:• ECM (
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Clinical ConsiderationManual therap
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Clinical ConsiderationTransforming
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CollagenCollagen is the most abunda
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Clinical ConsiderationSignificant c
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Fascia Layers and FunctionsFascia t
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Clinical ConsiderationSuperficial a
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Clinical ConsiderationWhen thickene
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LinkingLinking fascia is sub-divide
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FascicularFascicular fascia augment
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Clinical ConsiderationMuscle spindl
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SeparatingSeparating fascia provide
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Clinical ConsiderationFascia suppor
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Andrade C-K (2013) Outcome-based ma
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Ingber D (2008) Tensegrity and mech
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tendons: organisation in vivo and r
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Zorn A, Hodeck K (2011) Walk with e
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Discovery of the Lymphatic SystemTh
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Hematic SystemThe heart, blood vess
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Lymphatic System Structure and Func
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Clinical ConsiderationNerves, blood
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Figure 3.1Lymph tissue structure.In
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Lymphoid OrgansThe lymphoid organs
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ThymusThe thymus is a lymphoid glan
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Lymphatic Drainage and TransportIn
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SuperficialThe superficial layer is
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Primary upper lymphatic structuresT
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Primary lower lymphatic structuresT
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Left side lymphatic drainageThe lef
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Lymphatic System FunctionsA brief o
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Fig 3.5Brain lymphatic vessels.Give
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ImmunityLymph nodes play an importa
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Wound HealingAs with the blood vasc
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Clinical ConsiderationFour continuo
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Lymphatic InadequacyInadequacy in t
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EdemaEdema - the medical term for s
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Lymphatic treatment protocols will
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CHAPTER 4NeurologyEach human nervou
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NS StructureThe human NS comprises
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Figure 4.1B Functional composition
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationWhe
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Figure 4.2Dorsal and ventral compon
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Figure 4.3Neuron anatomy: most neur
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Figure 4.4Classic axon to dendrite
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Figure 4.6PNS efferent (motor) and
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Clinical ConsiderationPSNS afferent
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Clinical ConsiderationSNS activatio
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Figure 4.8Anterior and posterior di
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Figure 4.9Neurofascial envelopes.
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationA n
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Clinical ConsiderationThere is an e
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Clinical ConsiderationDiane Jacobs
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Clinical ConsiderationIt appears th
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Clinical ConsiderationAlthough musc
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Clinical ConsiderationThe form of s
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Example 2Ruffini stimulation result
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Table 4.1Summary of receptor typolo
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• Therapeutic outcome include enh
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NS FunctionThe primary functions of
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Clinical ConsiderationMechanorecept
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Clinical ConsiderationIn addition t
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Clinical ConsiderationManual techni
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large enough, a voltage spike is pr
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PathophysiologicalconsiderationUnde
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Table 4.2Important pain terms. Vari
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Clinical ConsiderationAccording to
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disorders (diabetes mellitus), drug
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forms of negative plasticity includ
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Central and peripheral sensitizatio
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Clinical ConsiderationFollowing per
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ExampleHypersensitive nerves (assoc
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Example 1Hypersensitized nerve fibe
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Clinical ConsiderationIt is suggest
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Clinical ConsiderationNeuropathic p
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Wound HealingThe NS plays an import
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Clinical ConsiderationNeural and ci
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Compression SyndromesAlthough perip
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationIf
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationUni
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Clinical ConsiderationAs is the cas
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationFas
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Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A
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Magee DJ (2008) Orthopedic physical
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Stecco C, Porzionato A, Macchi V et
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CHAPTER 5Wound healing and scarsNev
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Wound HealingWound healing, a compl
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Table 5.1Stages of wound healing
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Clinical ConsiderationBecause thera
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fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epi
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Clinical ConsiderationDuring wound
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Clinical ConsiderationAlthough the
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Pathophysiological ScarsPathophysio
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Figure 5.3Adapted from Huang et al.
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Pathophysiological considerationFib
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Table 5.2Important pathophysiologic
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According to Klingler (2012):… pa
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Table 5.3Scar types and related ter
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unyielding or pliable and mobile. R
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Prolonged InflammationInflammation
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ImmobilizationThe impact of immobil
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Figure 5.4The fall-out associated w
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Clinical ConsiderationHere we see t
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationAcc
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationNeu
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The diverse biological effects of N
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Clinical ConsiderationCareful appli
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Clinical ConsiderationSome patholog
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationSom
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compressive effect in the keloidal
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alterations in the mechanical envir
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Clinical ConsiderationMechanical fo
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Table 5.4Role of neuropeptides (NP)
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Fitch P (2005) Scars of life. Journ
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Langevin HM (2006) Connective tissu
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active scars. Journal of Bodywork a
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trauma.
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Clinical ConsiderationPostsurgical
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following burn injury,bacterial col
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Table 6.1Comparison of scars (Ogawa
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BurnsA burn injury to the skin or o
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Figure 6.1Depth of burn trauma and
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• Stimulate ECM formation• Regu
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Clinical ConsiderationIt has been i
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Clinical ConsiderationMT may be a v
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ThermoregulationThermoregulation (t
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from the tissues and taken up by th
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treatment strategies are difficult
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Clinical ConsiderationSkin rolling
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Sequelae and ComplicationsAdvances
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• Paresthesia - 47%• Arm/should
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breast or around the edge of the ar
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Radiation scarringScar tissue as a
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Implants and painPain of fluctuatin
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LymphedemaBreast cancer treatment o
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volume of fluid that accumulates or
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OneTwoThreeCommonly referred to as
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myokinetic chain/myofascial meridia
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• Loss of touch sensation• Clum
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Figure 6.3Distribution of nerves in
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include preservation of as much of
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complication is present there is de
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Clinical ConsiderationScar complica
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BreastCancer.org (2015c) Side Effec
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323-9.Kania A (2012) Scars. In: Dry
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Slemp AE, Kirschner RE (2006) Keloi
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scar tissue, while being mindful of
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Physiological ResponseAs discussed
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• The realization that one is abo
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Stress Response and Stress Hormones
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dissociation and inner shakiness) (
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Figure 7.1(A) Summary of the HPA me
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Chronic Stress ResponseChronic stre
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationChr
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Clinical ConsiderationProlonged str
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Psychological Stress and Wound Heal
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationNor
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationStr
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Clinical ConsiderationEvidence sugg
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Clinical ConsiderationThe effects o
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Stress DisordersFollowing a traumat
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Clinical ConsiderationThe Task Forc
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Clinical ConsiderationCertainly it
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ASD symptoms include (DSM-V 2013):
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Box 7.1Why do medical events potent
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Rehabilitation and reintegrationThi
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DissociationDissociation is describ
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not only does the brain carry memor
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Page 619 and 620:
Somatoemotional ResponseDuring trea
Page 621 and 622:
• If the client asks what happene
Page 623 and 624:
Clinical ConsiderationWorking with
Page 625 and 626:
Given the impact of trauma on the b
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630:
The Massage Therapist and TraumaThe
Page 631 and 632:
Bordoni B, Zanier E (2014) Skin, fa
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Foex (2013) Surgical Tutor UK Avail
Page 635 and 636:
Kutner JS, Smith MC, Corbin L et al
Page 637 and 638:
Schmidt NB, Richey JA, Zvolensky MJ
Page 639 and 640:
CHAPTER 8Communication and the ther
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The Therapeutic RelationshipThe the
Page 643 and 644:
Needs assessment, treatment plannin
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Clinical ConsiderationIt is importa
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Therapeutic Closeness and Vulnerabi
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BoundariesOver the course of our li
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Box 8.1Aside from obvious sexually
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Box 8.2Eight principles that guide
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Effective Listening and Empathetic
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Clinical ConsiderationNever underst
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Clinical ConsiderationAs manual the
Page 661 and 662:
Interview exampleMary is a client w
Page 663 and 664:
SummarySeveral pieces of informatio
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with traumatic scar tissue clients.
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‘Physicians’ perspective of mas
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Referral exampleTonya, a 21-year-ol
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Referral exampleJane experienced me
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CHAPTER 9Assessment and treatmentHe
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MT. Additionally, sometimes people
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Traumatic Scars and Associated Impa
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Clinical ConsiderationReduction of
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Clinical ConsiderationMT has been f
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Clinical ConsiderationMassage can h
Page 685 and 686:
Health History and InterviewA stand
Page 687 and 688:
surrounding muscle structures that
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we are gathering information about
Page 691 and 692:
Keep in mind that the therapist’s
Page 693 and 694:
Continuous evaluation during the se
Page 695 and 696:
Pre-treatment assessment/evaluation
Page 697 and 698:
Scar scalesScar scales can be used
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response to negative pressure. It h
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• Client self-management strategi
Page 703 and 704:
BindOnce barrier is reached or surp
Page 705 and 706:
Table 9.1Comparative of normal and
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2-3 times a year effectively addres
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Myofascial meridian exampleSuperfic
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Clinical ConsiderationKnee and back
Page 715 and 716:
Clinical ConsiderationApplication t
Page 717 and 718:
Pathophysiological ConsiderationMec
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Clinical ConsiderationStecco and co
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Safety FirstMT appears to have few
Page 723 and 724:
Deep workThe deep techniques noted
Page 725 and 726:
Psychological considerationsIt is w
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Clinical ConsiderationMT dosage and
Page 729 and 730:
Developing a sound treatment strate
Page 731 and 732:
Treatment outcomesEssentially, earl
Page 733 and 734:
Dosage considerationsThe presence o
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Clinical ConsiderationNumerous syst
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Clinical ConsiderationHeat in the t
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Clinical ConsiderationBest and co-w
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Pathophysiological considerationCom
Page 743 and 744:
Clinical ConsiderationTiming is eve
Page 745 and 746:
Clinical ConsiderationEvidence sugg
Page 747 and 748:
Clinical ConsiderationSeveral studi
Page 749 and 750:
Clinical ConsiderationPreventive me
Page 751 and 752:
Pathophysiological ConsiderationWit
Page 753 and 754:
TechniquesCommonly employed techniq
Page 755 and 756:
Treatment outcomesThe later stages
Page 757 and 758:
Clinical ConsiderationsNon-threaten
Page 759 and 760:
Clinical ConsiderationsIt has been
Page 761 and 762:
Clinical ConsiderationsMT may be a
Page 763 and 764:
Pathophysiological ConsiderationUnd
Page 765 and 766:
Clinical ConsiderationsIn the early
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Clinical ConsiderationsAs the remod
Page 769 and 770:
Treatment outcomesEssentially, the
Page 771 and 772:
Dosage considerationsThe presence o
Page 773 and 774:
TechniquesAny carpenter will tell y
Page 775 and 776:
Pressure Level 4 - Strong pressure/
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Grade 7 and 8• Firm, deep• Trig
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Neutralize pHFacilitate healing pro
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Manual Lymphatic TechniquesEarly ma
Page 783 and 784:
Table 9.4Treatment guideline summar
Page 785 and 786:
Clinical ConsiderationEdema, excess
Page 788 and 789:
Figure 9.2Half-moon/circles: cleari
Page 791 and 792:
Figure 9.3Pumping: clearing the ext
Page 793:
RotaryThe rotary technique is commo
Page 797:
Figure 9.5Rotary (thorax). Half-moo
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One of the most obvious differences
Page 802 and 803:
Clinical ConsiderationVarious forms
Page 804:
Box 9.10Sensory amnesia and proprio
Page 808 and 809:
Clinical ConsiderationAs all of the
Page 810 and 811:
Compression techniqueCompression te
Page 812 and 813:
Figure 9.8Tension. The lower leg is
Page 814:
Figure 9.9Approximation-compression
Page 818 and 819:
Figure 9.11(A) Shear: begin by enga
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Clinical ConsiderationIt is common
Page 823 and 824:
Figure 9.12Torsion/rotation. Begin
Page 826 and 827:
Figure 9.13Lifting. Begin by graspi
Page 828 and 829:
Gross stretchGross stretch techniqu
Page 830 and 831:
Figure 9.15‘Cs’. Begin as noted
Page 833 and 834:
Figure 9.17J-stroke. Begin at one e
Page 835 and 836:
Clinical ConsiderationIrritated ner
Page 837 and 838:
Pathophysiological ConsiderationCha
Page 839 and 840:
Clinical ConsiderationAs the mechan
Page 841 and 842:
Clinical ConsiderationIn various st
Page 843 and 844:
Chaudhry H, Schleip R, Ji Z et al (
Page 845 and 846:
principles and methods. Philadelphi
Page 847 and 848:
Pilat A (2003) Myofascial therapies
Page 849 and 850:
Yang G, Im HJ, Wang JHC (2005) Repe
Page 851 and 852:
Medial thigh 4th degree skin grafts
Page 853:
Figure B.2 Post-treatmentSurgical s
Page 857 and 858:
Figure C.2 Post-treatment2 December
Page 859 and 860:
and to be consistent with any selfc
Page 861 and 862:
ability to resume social responsibi
Page 863 and 864:
Clinical ConsiderationTrauma can be
Page 865 and 866:
MaintenanceSelfcare maintenance is
Page 867 and 868:
ManagementSelfcare management is de
Page 869 and 870:
Client and Therapist PartnershipTo
Page 871 and 872:
Box 10.1Factors affecting, effectiv
Page 873 and 874:
Strategies to Facilitate Engagement
Page 875 and 876:
Clinical ConsiderationThe authors u
Page 877 and 878:
instances. Make your clients aware
Page 879 and 880:
Relaxation MeasuresVarious relaxati
Page 881 and 882:
scope of practice, such as relaxati
Page 883 and 884:
Silicone gel and silicone sheetingS
Page 885 and 886:
Medicinal honeyThe use of honey for
Page 887 and 888:
Wise Use of Your BodyIt is not esse
Page 889 and 890:
Empathy Strain and BurnoutEmpathy,
Page 891 and 892:
Box 10.3A reflection on reasons for
Page 893 and 894:
Clinical ConsiderationIn the author
Page 895 and 896:
trauma are the therapist’s person
Page 897 and 898:
Care for the care providerIt is imp
Page 899 and 900:
body. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingst
Page 901 and 902:
Salvo SG (2015) Body mechanics, cli
Page 903 and 904:
Research databases and repositories
Page 905 and 906:
Funding for massage therapy researc
Page 907 and 908:
Journals and magazinesInternational
Page 909 and 910:
INDEX
Page 911 and 912:
see also parasympathetic nervous sy
Page 913 and 914:
breathing exercises 245burning sens
Page 915 and 916:
CGRP (calcitonin gene-related pepti
Page 917 and 918:
Ddanger (perceived) 135, 150fight-o
Page 919 and 920:
Eedema 40-1, 69burns-related 112-13
Page 921 and 922:
Ffascia 11-22assessment 186client-r
Page 923 and 924:
Gglia 48glucocorticoids 137, 138, 1
Page 925 and 926:
see also dehydrationhyperalgesia 63
Page 927 and 928:
JJ-stroke 221joint instability 190
Page 929 and 930:
Llarge Pacini and paciniform corpus
Page 931 and 932:
Mmacrophages 13, 63, 80, 81, 89lymp
Page 933 and 934:
Nnecrosisbreast implant-related 119
Page 935 and 936:
Oobservation 180-2occupational inju
Page 937 and 938:
peripheral nervous system 45, 49-50
Page 939 and 940:
Rradiation therapy 193breast cancer
Page 941 and 942:
interviewing 169-71skin 5-11fascia
Page 943 and 944:
TT cells 37technology 2, 242-3tempe
Page 945 and 946:
safety see safetysee also post-trea
Page 947 and 948:
Vvagus nerve 124polyvagal theory 14
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