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[libribook.com] Traumatic Scar Tissue Management 1st Edition
Stress Response and Stress HormonesStress response encompasses the hormonal and metabolic changes that areactivated by real or perceived danger, injury or trauma (Desborough 2000).Human stress response is innately intended to enhance coping, adaptation andchancesof survival. Stress response is rooted in the capacity for rapidrecognition of potentially harmful stimuli and the ability to mobilize adefense/stress response. Mobilization of stress response is adaptive and resilientand normally terminates as soon as the danger has passed (Friedman 2015).
Stress Adaptation ResponseA vast array of potential stress responses exist. In any given circumstance onemay run like crazy, fight when cornered, stand perfectly still so as not to be seenor gather with others; commonly referred to as fight, flight or freeze andtend/befriend.The phrase fight or flight was coined by Cannon in the 1920s to describe thetypical behaviors that occur in the context of perceived threat. A freeze response,or tonic immobility, may occur in some threatening situations (Gallup 1977,Barlow 2002). Tend and befriend refers to coping with stress through social orgroup support (i.e. befriending) and providing or receiving protection, nurturingor emotional support (i.e. tending to others or being tended to). Social isolationsignificantly enhances risk of mortality, whereas securing social support resultsin beneficial health outcomes, including reduced risk of illness and death (Cohen& Willis 1985).Fight, flight or freeze are recognized as the initial stage of stress responseadaptation. Fight may manifest not only as a physical exchange but also asvocally aggressive or argumentative behavior. Flight can occur as escaping ineither a sensory way (e.g. social withdrawal, substance abuse or televisionviewing – Friedman & Silver 2007) or a physical way (e.g. running away fromsomething perceived as threatening or toward something that is needed or feelssafe).Freeze response may occur when fleeing or aggressive responses are perceivedto likely be ineffective (Barlow 2002). For example, tonic immobility may beuseful when attack is further provoked by movement or when immobility mayincrease the chance of escaping, such as when a predator believes its prey to bedead and releases it. Tonic immobility is hypothesized to be an inherentbiological response to extreme stress and shows some correlation with theexperience of extreme fear. High basal cortisol levels, which are related toheightened stress responses, are predictive of freeze responses in the presence ofthreat (Kalin et al. 1998; Schmidt et al. 2008).Schmidt and colleagues suggest that freeze response is more highly associatedwith certain cognitive symptoms of anxiety (e.g., confusion, unreality,
- Page 518 and 519: ThermoregulationThermoregulation (t
- Page 520 and 521: from the tissues and taken up by th
- Page 522 and 523: treatment strategies are difficult
- Page 524 and 525: Clinical ConsiderationSkin rolling
- Page 526 and 527: Sequelae and ComplicationsAdvances
- Page 528 and 529: • Paresthesia - 47%• Arm/should
- Page 530 and 531: breast or around the edge of the ar
- Page 532 and 533: Radiation scarringScar tissue as a
- Page 534 and 535: Implants and painPain of fluctuatin
- Page 536 and 537: LymphedemaBreast cancer treatment o
- Page 538 and 539: volume of fluid that accumulates or
- Page 540 and 541: OneTwoThreeCommonly referred to as
- Page 542 and 543: myokinetic chain/myofascial meridia
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- Page 548 and 549: Figure 6.3Distribution of nerves in
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- Page 552 and 553: complication is present there is de
- Page 554 and 555: Clinical ConsiderationScar complica
- Page 556 and 557: BreastCancer.org (2015c) Side Effec
- Page 558 and 559: 323-9.Kania A (2012) Scars. In: Dry
- Page 560 and 561: Slemp AE, Kirschner RE (2006) Keloi
- Page 562 and 563: scar tissue, while being mindful of
- Page 564 and 565: Physiological ResponseAs discussed
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- Page 570 and 571: dissociation and inner shakiness) (
- Page 572: Figure 7.1(A) Summary of the HPA me
- Page 575 and 576: Chronic Stress ResponseChronic stre
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- Page 579 and 580: Clinical ConsiderationProlonged str
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Stress Response and Stress Hormones
Stress response encompasses the hormonal and metabolic changes that are
activated by real or perceived danger, injury or trauma (Desborough 2000).
Human stress response is innately intended to enhance coping, adaptation andchances
of survival. Stress response is rooted in the capacity for rapid
recognition of potentially harmful stimuli and the ability to mobilize a
defense/stress response. Mobilization of stress response is adaptive and resilient
and normally terminates as soon as the danger has passed (Friedman 2015).
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