[libribook.com] Traumatic Scar Tissue Management 1st Edition

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Merkel cellsType of mechanoreceptor found in superficial skin – responsive to localizedpressure, sustained loading and tissue displacement.Mixed/associated nerve fibersContain both sensory and motor nerve fibers.Motor/efferent nerve fibersConduct motor impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues/organs.Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)MALT works as sentinel, protecting the digestive tract and upper respiratorysystem from the constant barrage of foreign matter that enter these cavities.Peyer’s patches and the tonsils are part of the MALT network.
MucopolysaccharidesSee GAGs.Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS)Chronic pain disorder associated with local or referred pain, limited ROM orpain/discomfort with movement, autonomic phenomena, local twitch responseand muscle weakness without atrophy.Myofascial trigger point (MTrP)Hyperirritable, palpable localized hardening in the myofascia.Myofibroblasts (MFBs)Exhibit both fibroblast and smooth muscle characteristics, including the abilityto contract in a smooth muscle-like manner. MFBs are seen in higherconcentrations in fascia subjected to higher tensional demands (e.g. plantarfascia), perimysium and in injured fascia. MFB contraction plays a major role inwound healing/remodeling, contractures and fibrosis. Biomechanically,interactions between MFBs and the ECM contribute to whole body mobility andbiotensegrity.Myokinetic/myofascial chains or meridiansA grouping or sequence of muscles/motor units – fascially and neurologicallylinked together to support functional (movement) and perceptive continuity.
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Traumatic Scar Tissue ManagementMas
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Letter to NKS - from Camp Amigo cam
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Important noticeNeither the publish
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FOREWORDEveryone has scars: visible
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stories about how basic massage the
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to the events that resulted in the
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PREFACEMore people are surviving tr
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and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSA thank you to the
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Lastly, thank you, the reader; the
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GLOSSARY AND KEY CONCEPTSAll the wo
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AdhesionsScar-like tissue that form
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Alphabet techniquesCs, Js, and Ss -
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AngiogenesisGrowth of new blood ves
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AponeurosesDense, sheet-like fascia
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Autonomic balanceHomeostatic and co
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BarrierIs defined as the point wher
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Best research evidenceThe best avai
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Body AwarenessConscious, attentiona
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BradykininInflammatory mediator - a
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Capsular contractureEnvelopment of
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ChemokinesSmall molecules released
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CicatrixAnother term for scar - the
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Collagen crimpThe wavy formation se
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Compassion fatigueThe profound emot
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Compression techniqueA therapeutic
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Consolidated edemaChronic stage ede
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CortisolHormone released in respons
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CreepA time-dependent response of v
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DebridementRemoval of foreign mater
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Degloving injuryA form of avulsion
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DermatomeAreas of skin supplied by
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Direct release techniqueCommonly us
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Dry needlingA procedure involving i
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Empathy strainA healthcare provider
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EndoneuriumFascia surrounding indiv
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Endothelial cellsSimple squamous ce
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EndoscopeAn instrument that is used
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EpidermisThe tough, outermost layer
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EpineuriumOutermost covering of fas
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Epithelial cellsCells that line the
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FasciaFibrocollagenous CT, its morp
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FibrinFibrous protein involved bloo
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FibroblastsSynthesize the component
Page 91 and 92: FibrosisA process culminating in th
Page 93 and 94: Fluid techniquesTechniques employed
Page 95 and 96: Gentle circles techniqueCircular mo
Page 97 and 98: Gross stretch techniqueCombination
Page 99 and 100: HomeostasisState of physiological e
Page 101 and 102: HyperalgesiaHeightened pain sensati
Page 103 and 104: HyperexcitationNeurons firing too e
Page 105 and 106: Hypertrophic scarA thickened, red a
Page 107 and 108: HysteresisA property of systems (ti
Page 109 and 110: Indirect release techniqueMechanica
Page 111 and 112: Informed consentProcess involving t
Page 113 and 114: Intense versus invasiveAn important
Page 115 and 116: InteroceptionIncludes a wide range
Page 117 and 118: KeratinA structural protein that pr
Page 119 and 120: KininsPeptides (e.g. bradykinin) pr
Page 121 and 122: Linking fasciaPlays a role in augme
Page 123 and 124: Lymph nodesFilter and clean the lym
Page 125 and 126: LymphangiogenesisFormation of new l
Page 127 and 128: Lymphatic drainageThe movement of f
Page 129 and 130: Lymphatic returnVolume of lymph ret
Page 131 and 132: Lymphatic transportThe movement of
Page 133 and 134: Lymphatic vesselsTri-laminar vessel
Page 135 and 136: LymphocyteThe main cell type found
Page 137 and 138: MacrophageA type of phagocytic whit
Page 139 and 140: MastectomySurgical removal of all b
Page 141: MechanotransductionThe mechanism by
Page 145 and 146: Nerve receptorsNerve terminations t
Page 147 and 148: NeurofasciaTri-laminar, continuous
Page 149 and 150: Neuropathic painPain due to damage
Page 151 and 152: NeuropeptidesSignaling molecules th
Page 153 and 154: NociceptionThreatening stimuli acti
Page 155 and 156: Nociceptive painPain that arises fr
Page 157 and 158: OxytocinHormone that plays role in
Page 159 and 160: ParesthesiaAltered sensations; e.g.
Page 161 and 162: Peripheral sensitizationIncreased r
Page 163 and 164: PerineuriumFascia surrounding/inves
Page 165 and 166: Pitting edemaAn edematous region wh
Page 167 and 168: Proprioceptive disinformationRecept
Page 169 and 170: Provisional matrixDuring the early
Page 171 and 172: Pumping techniqueA lymphatic techni
Page 173 and 174: Referred painPain perceived at a lo
Page 175 and 176: RetinaculaeDense fascial bands that
Page 177 and 178: ScarMark left in various tissues or
Page 179 and 180: Secondary lymphedemaOccurs as a res
Page 181 and 182: Self careThose practices and activi
Page 183 and 184: Selfcare managementResponse to sens
Page 185 and 186: SensitizationChanges in the PNS or
Page 187 and 188: SerotoninNeurotransmitter involved
Page 189 and 190: Shear techniqueA therapeutic loadin
Page 191 and 192: Skin graftMedical procedure where a
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SomatizationA tendency to experienc
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State anxietyThe experience of unpl
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Stress response adaptationAny of th
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Stress responseAny cognitive, physi
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Substance PA neuropeptide acting as
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Therapeutic environmentEncompasses
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Therapeutic relationshipEncompasses
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Trait anxietyA more intense degree
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TraumaInsult or injury to the physi
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Traumatic scarPathophysiological sc
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ViscoelasticityThe ability of a med
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Nowadays it is common to see massag
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A Reasonable NexusPrecise etiologic
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integration of art and science are
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Diamond M (2012) Scars and adhesion
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General HistologyExtracellular Matr
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Clinical ConsiderationVitamin C has
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Ground substanceGround substance (G
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationIn
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HyaluronanThis hydrophilic, viscous
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Clinical ConsiderationHA and its fr
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Figure 2.1Layers and components of
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Skin HistologyThe skin comprises:
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Figure 2.2The delicate, well-hydrat
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DermisThe dermis is made up of laye
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Fascia Structure and FunctionsIn th
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fundamental characteristic is its c
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tensional properties co-exist in bo
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HistologyFascia comprises:• ECM (
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Clinical ConsiderationManual therap
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Clinical ConsiderationTransforming
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CollagenCollagen is the most abunda
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Clinical ConsiderationSignificant c
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Fascia Layers and FunctionsFascia t
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Clinical ConsiderationSuperficial a
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Clinical ConsiderationWhen thickene
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LinkingLinking fascia is sub-divide
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FascicularFascicular fascia augment
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Clinical ConsiderationMuscle spindl
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SeparatingSeparating fascia provide
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Clinical ConsiderationFascia suppor
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Andrade C-K (2013) Outcome-based ma
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Ingber D (2008) Tensegrity and mech
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tendons: organisation in vivo and r
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Zorn A, Hodeck K (2011) Walk with e
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Discovery of the Lymphatic SystemTh
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Hematic SystemThe heart, blood vess
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Lymphatic System Structure and Func
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Clinical ConsiderationNerves, blood
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Figure 3.1Lymph tissue structure.In
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Lymphoid OrgansThe lymphoid organs
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ThymusThe thymus is a lymphoid glan
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Lymphatic Drainage and TransportIn
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SuperficialThe superficial layer is
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Primary upper lymphatic structuresT
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Primary lower lymphatic structuresT
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Left side lymphatic drainageThe lef
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Lymphatic System FunctionsA brief o
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Fig 3.5Brain lymphatic vessels.Give
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ImmunityLymph nodes play an importa
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Wound HealingAs with the blood vasc
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Clinical ConsiderationFour continuo
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Lymphatic InadequacyInadequacy in t
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EdemaEdema - the medical term for s
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Lymphatic treatment protocols will
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CHAPTER 4NeurologyEach human nervou
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NS StructureThe human NS comprises
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Figure 4.1B Functional composition
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationWhe
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Figure 4.2Dorsal and ventral compon
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Figure 4.3Neuron anatomy: most neur
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Figure 4.4Classic axon to dendrite
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Figure 4.6PNS efferent (motor) and
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Clinical ConsiderationPSNS afferent
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Clinical ConsiderationSNS activatio
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Figure 4.8Anterior and posterior di
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Figure 4.9Neurofascial envelopes.
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationA n
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Clinical ConsiderationThere is an e
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Clinical ConsiderationDiane Jacobs
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Clinical ConsiderationIt appears th
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Clinical ConsiderationAlthough musc
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Clinical ConsiderationThe form of s
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Example 2Ruffini stimulation result
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Table 4.1Summary of receptor typolo
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• Therapeutic outcome include enh
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NS FunctionThe primary functions of
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Clinical ConsiderationMechanorecept
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Clinical ConsiderationIn addition t
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Clinical ConsiderationManual techni
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large enough, a voltage spike is pr
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PathophysiologicalconsiderationUnde
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Table 4.2Important pain terms. Vari
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Clinical ConsiderationAccording to
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disorders (diabetes mellitus), drug
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forms of negative plasticity includ
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Central and peripheral sensitizatio
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Clinical ConsiderationFollowing per
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ExampleHypersensitive nerves (assoc
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Example 1Hypersensitized nerve fibe
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Clinical ConsiderationIt is suggest
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Clinical ConsiderationNeuropathic p
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Wound HealingThe NS plays an import
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Clinical ConsiderationNeural and ci
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Compression SyndromesAlthough perip
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationIf
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationUni
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Clinical ConsiderationAs is the cas
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationFas
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Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A
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Magee DJ (2008) Orthopedic physical
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Stecco C, Porzionato A, Macchi V et
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CHAPTER 5Wound healing and scarsNev
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Wound HealingWound healing, a compl
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Table 5.1Stages of wound healing
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Clinical ConsiderationBecause thera
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fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epi
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Clinical ConsiderationDuring wound
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Clinical ConsiderationAlthough the
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Pathophysiological ScarsPathophysio
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Figure 5.3Adapted from Huang et al.
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Pathophysiological considerationFib
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Table 5.2Important pathophysiologic
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According to Klingler (2012):… pa
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Table 5.3Scar types and related ter
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unyielding or pliable and mobile. R
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Prolonged InflammationInflammation
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ImmobilizationThe impact of immobil
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Figure 5.4The fall-out associated w
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Clinical ConsiderationHere we see t
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationAcc
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationNeu
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The diverse biological effects of N
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Clinical ConsiderationCareful appli
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Clinical ConsiderationSome patholog
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationSom
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compressive effect in the keloidal
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alterations in the mechanical envir
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Clinical ConsiderationMechanical fo
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Table 5.4Role of neuropeptides (NP)
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Fitch P (2005) Scars of life. Journ
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Langevin HM (2006) Connective tissu
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active scars. Journal of Bodywork a
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trauma.
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Clinical ConsiderationPostsurgical
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following burn injury,bacterial col
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Table 6.1Comparison of scars (Ogawa
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BurnsA burn injury to the skin or o
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Figure 6.1Depth of burn trauma and
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• Stimulate ECM formation• Regu
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Clinical ConsiderationIt has been i
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Clinical ConsiderationMT may be a v
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ThermoregulationThermoregulation (t
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from the tissues and taken up by th
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treatment strategies are difficult
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Clinical ConsiderationSkin rolling
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Sequelae and ComplicationsAdvances
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• Paresthesia - 47%• Arm/should
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breast or around the edge of the ar
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Radiation scarringScar tissue as a
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Implants and painPain of fluctuatin
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LymphedemaBreast cancer treatment o
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volume of fluid that accumulates or
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OneTwoThreeCommonly referred to as
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myokinetic chain/myofascial meridia
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• Loss of touch sensation• Clum
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Figure 6.3Distribution of nerves in
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include preservation of as much of
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complication is present there is de
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Clinical ConsiderationScar complica
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BreastCancer.org (2015c) Side Effec
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323-9.Kania A (2012) Scars. In: Dry
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Slemp AE, Kirschner RE (2006) Keloi
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scar tissue, while being mindful of
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Physiological ResponseAs discussed
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• The realization that one is abo
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Stress Response and Stress Hormones
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dissociation and inner shakiness) (
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Figure 7.1(A) Summary of the HPA me
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Chronic Stress ResponseChronic stre
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationChr
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Clinical ConsiderationProlonged str
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Psychological Stress and Wound Heal
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationNor
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationStr
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Clinical ConsiderationEvidence sugg
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Clinical ConsiderationThe effects o
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Stress DisordersFollowing a traumat
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Clinical ConsiderationThe Task Forc
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Clinical ConsiderationCertainly it
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ASD symptoms include (DSM-V 2013):
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Box 7.1Why do medical events potent
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Rehabilitation and reintegrationThi
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DissociationDissociation is describ
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not only does the brain carry memor
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Somatoemotional ResponseDuring trea
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• If the client asks what happene
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Clinical ConsiderationWorking with
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Given the impact of trauma on the b
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The Massage Therapist and TraumaThe
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Bordoni B, Zanier E (2014) Skin, fa
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Foex (2013) Surgical Tutor UK Avail
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Kutner JS, Smith MC, Corbin L et al
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Schmidt NB, Richey JA, Zvolensky MJ
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CHAPTER 8Communication and the ther
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The Therapeutic RelationshipThe the
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Needs assessment, treatment plannin
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Clinical ConsiderationIt is importa
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Therapeutic Closeness and Vulnerabi
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BoundariesOver the course of our li
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Box 8.1Aside from obvious sexually
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Box 8.2Eight principles that guide
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Effective Listening and Empathetic
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Clinical ConsiderationNever underst
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Clinical ConsiderationAs manual the
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Interview exampleMary is a client w
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SummarySeveral pieces of informatio
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with traumatic scar tissue clients.
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‘Physicians’ perspective of mas
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Referral exampleTonya, a 21-year-ol
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Referral exampleJane experienced me
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CHAPTER 9Assessment and treatmentHe
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MT. Additionally, sometimes people
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Traumatic Scars and Associated Impa
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Clinical ConsiderationReduction of
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Clinical ConsiderationMT has been f
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Clinical ConsiderationMassage can h
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Health History and InterviewA stand
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surrounding muscle structures that
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we are gathering information about
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Keep in mind that the therapist’s
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Continuous evaluation during the se
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Pre-treatment assessment/evaluation
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Scar scalesScar scales can be used
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response to negative pressure. It h
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• Client self-management strategi
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BindOnce barrier is reached or surp
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Table 9.1Comparative of normal and
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2-3 times a year effectively addres
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Myofascial meridian exampleSuperfic
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Clinical ConsiderationKnee and back
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Clinical ConsiderationApplication t
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationMec
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Clinical ConsiderationStecco and co
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Safety FirstMT appears to have few
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Deep workThe deep techniques noted
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Psychological considerationsIt is w
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Clinical ConsiderationMT dosage and
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Developing a sound treatment strate
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Treatment outcomesEssentially, earl
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Dosage considerationsThe presence o
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Clinical ConsiderationNumerous syst
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Clinical ConsiderationHeat in the t
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Clinical ConsiderationBest and co-w
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Pathophysiological considerationCom
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Clinical ConsiderationTiming is eve
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Clinical ConsiderationEvidence sugg
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Clinical ConsiderationSeveral studi
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Clinical ConsiderationPreventive me
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationWit
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TechniquesCommonly employed techniq
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Treatment outcomesThe later stages
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Clinical ConsiderationsNon-threaten
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Clinical ConsiderationsIt has been
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Clinical ConsiderationsMT may be a
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationUnd
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Clinical ConsiderationsIn the early
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Clinical ConsiderationsAs the remod
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Treatment outcomesEssentially, the
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Dosage considerationsThe presence o
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TechniquesAny carpenter will tell y
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Pressure Level 4 - Strong pressure/
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Grade 7 and 8• Firm, deep• Trig
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Neutralize pHFacilitate healing pro
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Manual Lymphatic TechniquesEarly ma
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Table 9.4Treatment guideline summar
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Clinical ConsiderationEdema, excess
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Figure 9.2Half-moon/circles: cleari
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Figure 9.3Pumping: clearing the ext
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RotaryThe rotary technique is commo
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Figure 9.5Rotary (thorax). Half-moo
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One of the most obvious differences
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Clinical ConsiderationVarious forms
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Box 9.10Sensory amnesia and proprio
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Clinical ConsiderationAs all of the
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Compression techniqueCompression te
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Figure 9.8Tension. The lower leg is
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Figure 9.9Approximation-compression
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Figure 9.11(A) Shear: begin by enga
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Clinical ConsiderationIt is common
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Figure 9.12Torsion/rotation. Begin
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Figure 9.13Lifting. Begin by graspi
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Gross stretchGross stretch techniqu
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Figure 9.15‘Cs’. Begin as noted
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Figure 9.17J-stroke. Begin at one e
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Clinical ConsiderationIrritated ner
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Pathophysiological ConsiderationCha
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Clinical ConsiderationAs the mechan
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Clinical ConsiderationIn various st
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Chaudhry H, Schleip R, Ji Z et al (
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principles and methods. Philadelphi
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Pilat A (2003) Myofascial therapies
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Yang G, Im HJ, Wang JHC (2005) Repe
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Medial thigh 4th degree skin grafts
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Figure B.2 Post-treatmentSurgical s
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Figure C.2 Post-treatment2 December
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and to be consistent with any selfc
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ability to resume social responsibi
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Clinical ConsiderationTrauma can be
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MaintenanceSelfcare maintenance is
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ManagementSelfcare management is de
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Client and Therapist PartnershipTo
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Box 10.1Factors affecting, effectiv
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Strategies to Facilitate Engagement
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Clinical ConsiderationThe authors u
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instances. Make your clients aware
Page 879 and 880:
Relaxation MeasuresVarious relaxati
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scope of practice, such as relaxati
Page 883 and 884:
Silicone gel and silicone sheetingS
Page 885 and 886:
Medicinal honeyThe use of honey for
Page 887 and 888:
Wise Use of Your BodyIt is not esse
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Empathy Strain and BurnoutEmpathy,
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Box 10.3A reflection on reasons for
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Clinical ConsiderationIn the author
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trauma are the therapist’s person
Page 897 and 898:
Care for the care providerIt is imp
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body. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingst
Page 901 and 902:
Salvo SG (2015) Body mechanics, cli
Page 903 and 904:
Research databases and repositories
Page 905 and 906:
Funding for massage therapy researc
Page 907 and 908:
Journals and magazinesInternational
Page 909 and 910:
INDEX
Page 911 and 912:
see also parasympathetic nervous sy
Page 913 and 914:
breathing exercises 245burning sens
Page 915 and 916:
CGRP (calcitonin gene-related pepti
Page 917 and 918:
Ddanger (perceived) 135, 150fight-o
Page 919 and 920:
Eedema 40-1, 69burns-related 112-13
Page 921 and 922:
Ffascia 11-22assessment 186client-r
Page 923 and 924:
Gglia 48glucocorticoids 137, 138, 1
Page 925 and 926:
see also dehydrationhyperalgesia 63
Page 927 and 928:
JJ-stroke 221joint instability 190
Page 929 and 930:
Llarge Pacini and paciniform corpus
Page 931 and 932:
Mmacrophages 13, 63, 80, 81, 89lymp
Page 933 and 934:
Nnecrosisbreast implant-related 119
Page 935 and 936:
Oobservation 180-2occupational inju
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peripheral nervous system 45, 49-50
Page 939 and 940:
Rradiation therapy 193breast cancer
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interviewing 169-71skin 5-11fascia
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TT cells 37technology 2, 242-3tempe
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safety see safetysee also post-trea
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Vvagus nerve 124polyvagal theory 14
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[libribook.com] Traumatic Scar Tissue Management 1st Edition

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