Open Access e-Journal Cardiometry No.16 May 2020
We should mention that Cardiometry is a fine diagnostics tool to assess heart life expectancy. Our experts, using Cardiocode in “red zones” in intensive care units, have confirmed effectiveness of noninvasive measuring of the hemodynamics data on the cardiovascular system performance in critical patients with different severity degrees. The medical staff involved had a possibility not only to monitor the state in each critical patient, but also to predict and control the progression of a disease. We are going to publish some results of this pilot study in our next issues. We should mention that Cardiometry is a fine diagnostics tool to assess heart life expectancy. Our experts, using Cardiocode in “red zones” in intensive care units, have confirmed effectiveness of noninvasive measuring of the hemodynamics data on the cardiovascular system performance in critical patients with different severity degrees. The medical staff involved had a possibility not only to monitor the state in each critical patient, but also to predict and control the progression of a disease. We are going to publish some results of this pilot study in our next issues.
References1. Ringh M, Herlitz J, Hollenberg J, Rosenqvist M,Svensson L. Out of hospital cardiac arrest outsidehome in Sweden, change in characteristics, outcomeand availability for public access defibrillation. Scandinavianjournal of trauma, resuscitation and emergencymedicine 2009; 17: 18.2. Hulleman M, Berdowski J, de Groot JR, et al. Implantablecardioverter defibrillators have reduced theincidence of resuscitation for out of hospital cardiacarrest caused by lethal arrhythmias. Circulation 2012;126: 815–21.3. Blom MT, Beesems SG, Homma PC, et al. Improvedsurvival after outofhospital car diac arrest and use ofautomated external defibrillators. Circulation 2014;130: 1868–75.4. Weisfeldt ML, Sitlani CM, Ornato JP, et al. Survivalafter application of automatic external defibrillatorsbefore arrival of the emergency medical system: evaluationin the resuscitation outcomes consortium populationof 21 million. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 1713–20.5. Berdowski J, Blom MT, Bardai A, Tan HL, Tijssen JG,Koster RW. Impact of onsite or dispatched automatedexternal defibrillator use on survival after out_of_hospitalcardiac arrest. Circulation 2011; 124: 2225–32.6. Ringh M, Rosenqvist M, Hollenberg J, et al. Mobile_phone dispatch of laypersons for CPR in out_of_hospitalcardiac arrest. The New England journal of medicine2015; 372: 2316–25.7. Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Sunde K, Koster RW. EuropeanResuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation2010 Section 3. Electrical therapies: automated externaldefibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion andpacing. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 1293–304.8. Koster RW, Walker RG, Chapman FW. Recurrentventricular fibrillation during advanced life supportcare of patients with prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation2008; 78: 252–7.9. Morrison LJ, Henry RM, Ku V, Nolan JP, MorleyP, Deakin CD. Single_shock defibrillation success inadult cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation2013; 84: 1480–610. Gurnett CA, Atkins DL. Successful use of a biphasicwaveform automated external defibrillator in a high_riskchild. The American journal of cardiology 2000; 86: 1051–3.11. Rossano J, Quan L, Schiff M, MA K, DL A. Survivalis not correlated with defibrillation dosing in pediatricout of hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation2003; 108: IV–320–1.12. Samson R, Berg R, Bingham R, Pediatric AdvancedLife Support Task Force ILCoR. Use of automated externaldefibrillators for children: an update. An advisorystatement from the Pediatric Advanced Life SupportTask Force, International Liaison Committee onResuscitation. Resuscitation 2003; 57: 237–43.13. Berg RA, Samson RA, Berg MD, et al. Better outcomeafter pediatric defibrillation dosage than adultdosage in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation.J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 786–9.14. Bett GCL, Rasmusson RL: Computer Models ofIon Channels. In Quantitative Cardiac ElectrophysiologyEdited by: Cabo C, Rosenbaum DS. New York:Marcel Dekker, Inc; 2002:1-60.15. Priebe L, Beuckelmann DI: Simulation Study ofCellular Electric Properties in Heart Failure. Circ Res1998, 82:1206-1223.16. Carpenter J, Rea T, Murray JA, Kudenchuk PJ,Eisenberg MS: Deflbrillation waveform and postshockrhythm in out-ofhospital ventricular fibrillationcardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2003, 59:189-96.17. Ferreira M, Ferreira C, de Abreu LC, et al. Myocardiumtissue changes caused by electrical transthoracicdischarges in rats. Int Arch Med. 2009;2(1):31. Published2009 Oct 23. doi:10.1186/1755-7682-2-3118. J. Malmivuo and R. Plonsey, Bioelectromagnetism.Oxfort University Press, 1995.19. A. Valance, «La défibrillation semi-automatiquepar les Sapeurs-Pompiers de Meurthe-et-Moselle».Master's thesis, Nancy, (F), 2002.20. R. Sweeney, R. Gill, J. Jones, and P. Reid, «Defibrillationusing a high-frequency series of monophasicrectangular pulses: observations and model predictions»,Journal of cardiovascular Electrophysiology,vol. 7, pp. 134-143, 1996.21. J. E. Brewer, K. F. Olson, B. L. Gilman, and R. E.Bosler, «Continual waveform shape reforming methodand apparatus for transchest resistance dynamics».US 6,198,967 B1, 06. März 2001.22. Brewer JE, Stendahl GB, and Olson KF. “Methodand Apparatus for delivering a Defibrillation Pulsewith variable Energy”. WO 02/28479 A1, 11. April2002.23. A. Cansell and I. Daskalov, “Defibrillation Signal,Method and Device for adjusting Defibrillation Energyrelative to a Patientt's transthoracic Resistence".WO 03/055557 A1, 10.07.2003.24. S. Ayati and M. L. Lopin, “Electrotherapy CurrentWaveform". WO 98/26841, 25.06.1998.84 | Cardiometry | Issue 16. May 2020
REPORT Submitted: 25.02.2020; Accepted: 23.03.2020; Published online: 21.05.2020Polynomial filtering of low- andhigh- frequency noise forimproving the accuracy of ECGsignal processing:new advancementsYeldos A. Altay 1 *, Artem S. Kremlev 11St Petersburg National Research University ofInformation Technologies, Mechanics and OpticsRussia, 197101, St. Petersburg, Kronverksky av. 49*Corresponding author:e-mail: aeldos@inbox.ruphone: +7 (952) 278-52-53AbstractThe article describes a solution of the ECG signal processingproblem in the presence of low- and high- frequency noises,which reduce the accuracy of selection of the signal informativeparameters during their processing. To increase the accuracyof the signal informative parameters selection, developed is anew method for noise filtering based on a polynomial approximationof high frequency filters and wide-band reject filtersusing Newton polynomials. Applying the developed method ofprocessing, analyzed is its functionality and efficiency with theuse of full-scale reference ECG signal samples, and on the basisof quantitative indices, the comparison of the efficiency of theoffered method in relation to the known approaches is carriedout. To evaluate the noise characteristics by means of the presentmethod some fragments of low- and high- frequency noisesare selected from noise-laden ECG signal recording. It hasbeen found that the application of the Newton polynomials toapproximations of the transfer characteristics in high frequencyfilters and wide-band reject filters greatly increases the accuracyof the ECG signal processing analysis and attenuates noises.KeywordsECG signal processing, Filtering, High-frequency filter, Reject filter,Cascade of filters, Low-frequency noise, High-frequency noise,Newton polynomial, Noise attenuation, Measuring electrodesImprintYeldos A. Altay, Artem S. Kremlev. Polynomial filtering of low- andhigh- frequency noise for improving the accuracy of ECG signalprocessing: new advancements. Cardiometry; Issue 16; May2020; р.85-96; DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2020.16.8596; Availablefrom: http://www.cardiometry.net/issues/no16-may-2020/accuracy-of-ecg-signal-processingIntroductionNowadays, in solving the electrocardiographic dataprocessing issues widely used are processing methodsbased on polynomial ECG signal filtering methods [1-9]. The topicality of the polynomial filtering methodsconsists in the fact that they allow us to largely adjusttheir parameters according to the processed ECG signalparameters, as well as improve the efficiency ofprocessing and selecting informative ECG signal componentsfrom an additive mixture of noises.To improve the efficiency of processing of the electrocardiographicdata, at present there is a necessity tojointly consider the measuring electrodes to evaluatetheir quality, which determines the efficiency and reliabilityof the ECG signal processing analysis, in particularthe means of noise filtering [10,11]. The needfor such consideration is as follows. First, characteristicsof contact conductive agents make their effect onthe accuracy of reproduction (formation) of the signalparameters, i.e. the minimization of losses of theobtained ECG signal informative segments during thesignal recording. Second, it is required to increase accuracyof the ECG signal processing means against thebackground of affecting noises. In case of low qualityof the ECG signal recording due to the characteristicsof the electrodes themselves, errors may occur,which are associated with the formation of the ECGsignal informative parameters and which may be recognizedin the process of noise filtering as distortionsintroduced by filter algorithms. All this is particularlyimportant in the development of methods for noisefiltering, as well as in the analysis and processing oflong-term monitograms.Noises, appearing in recording an ECG signal,namely the low- and high-frequency ones, are amongthe main factors that reduce the accuracy of ECG signalprocessing. When recording ECG signals, the lowfrequency noises occur due to a poor physical contactbetween a measuring electrode conductive agent anda bioobject, due to human breathing, etc. [1-3,5-8,12].High-frequency electrical noises are generated mainlyby networked external electrical devices, includingsuch as physiotherapy and surgical equipment [1-Issue 16. May 2020 | Cardiometry | 85
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References
1. Ringh M, Herlitz J, Hollenberg J, Rosenqvist M,
Svensson L. Out of hospital cardiac arrest outside
home in Sweden, change in characteristics, outcome
and availability for public access defibrillation. Scandinavian
journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency
medicine 2009; 17: 18.
2. Hulleman M, Berdowski J, de Groot JR, et al. Implantable
cardioverter defibrillators have reduced the
incidence of resuscitation for out of hospital cardiac
arrest caused by lethal arrhythmias. Circulation 2012;
126: 815–21.
3. Blom MT, Beesems SG, Homma PC, et al. Improved
survival after outofhospital car diac arrest and use of
automated external defibrillators. Circulation 2014;
130: 1868–75.
4. Weisfeldt ML, Sitlani CM, Ornato JP, et al. Survival
after application of automatic external defibrillators
before arrival of the emergency medical system: evaluation
in the resuscitation outcomes consortium population
of 21 million. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 1713–20.
5. Berdowski J, Blom MT, Bardai A, Tan HL, Tijssen JG,
Koster RW. Impact of onsite or dispatched automated
external defibrillator use on survival after out_of_hospital
cardiac arrest. Circulation 2011; 124: 2225–32.
6. Ringh M, Rosenqvist M, Hollenberg J, et al. Mobile_
phone dispatch of laypersons for CPR in out_of_hospital
cardiac arrest. The New England journal of medicine
2015; 372: 2316–25.
7. Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Sunde K, Koster RW. European
Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation
2010 Section 3. Electrical therapies: automated external
defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion and
pacing. Resuscitation 2010; 81: 1293–304.
8. Koster RW, Walker RG, Chapman FW. Recurrent
ventricular fibrillation during advanced life support
care of patients with prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation
2008; 78: 252–7.
9. Morrison LJ, Henry RM, Ku V, Nolan JP, Morley
P, Deakin CD. Single_shock defibrillation success in
adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation
2013; 84: 1480–6
10. Gurnett CA, Atkins DL. Successful use of a biphasic
waveform automated external defibrillator in a high_risk
child. The American journal of cardiology 2000; 86: 1051–3.
11. Rossano J, Quan L, Schiff M, MA K, DL A. Survival
is not correlated with defibrillation dosing in pediatric
out of hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation
2003; 108: IV–320–1.
12. Samson R, Berg R, Bingham R, Pediatric Advanced
Life Support Task Force ILCoR. Use of automated external
defibrillators for children: an update. An advisory
statement from the Pediatric Advanced Life Support
Task Force, International Liaison Committee on
Resuscitation. Resuscitation 2003; 57: 237–43.
13. Berg RA, Samson RA, Berg MD, et al. Better outcome
after pediatric defibrillation dosage than adult
dosage in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 786–9.
14. Bett GCL, Rasmusson RL: Computer Models of
Ion Channels. In Quantitative Cardiac Electrophysiology
Edited by: Cabo C, Rosenbaum DS. New York:
Marcel Dekker, Inc; 2002:1-60.
15. Priebe L, Beuckelmann DI: Simulation Study of
Cellular Electric Properties in Heart Failure. Circ Res
1998, 82:1206-1223.
16. Carpenter J, Rea T, Murray JA, Kudenchuk PJ,
Eisenberg MS: Deflbrillation waveform and postshock
rhythm in out-ofhospital ventricular fibrillation
cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2003, 59:189-96.
17. Ferreira M, Ferreira C, de Abreu LC, et al. Myocardium
tissue changes caused by electrical transthoracic
discharges in rats. Int Arch Med. 2009;2(1):31. Published
2009 Oct 23. doi:10.1186/1755-7682-2-31
18. J. Malmivuo and R. Plonsey, Bioelectromagnetism.
Oxfort University Press, 1995.
19. A. Valance, «La défibrillation semi-automatique
par les Sapeurs-Pompiers de Meurthe-et-Moselle».
Master's thesis, Nancy, (F), 2002.
20. R. Sweeney, R. Gill, J. Jones, and P. Reid, «Defibrillation
using a high-frequency series of monophasic
rectangular pulses: observations and model predictions»,
Journal of cardiovascular Electrophysiology,
vol. 7, pp. 134-143, 1996.
21. J. E. Brewer, K. F. Olson, B. L. Gilman, and R. E.
Bosler, «Continual waveform shape reforming method
and apparatus for transchest resistance dynamics».
US 6,198,967 B1, 06. März 2001.
22. Brewer JE, Stendahl GB, and Olson KF. “Method
and Apparatus for delivering a Defibrillation Pulse
with variable Energy”. WO 02/28479 A1, 11. April
2002.
23. A. Cansell and I. Daskalov, “Defibrillation Signal,
Method and Device for adjusting Defibrillation Energy
relative to a Patientt's transthoracic Resistence".
WO 03/055557 A1, 10.07.2003.
24. S. Ayati and M. L. Lopin, “Electrotherapy Current
Waveform". WO 98/26841, 25.06.1998.
84 | Cardiometry | Issue 16. May 2020
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