Open Access e-Journal Cardiometry No.16 May 2020

More documents

Recommendations

Info

out that the рО2 level and the ΔμН + value or the electricalΔΨ thereof and the ΔрН component are not theleading factors in the ROS generation. The key roleplays a high degree of the reduction of the respirationcarriers in complexes I and III, which are maintainedin the presence of oxygen due to a high ATP/ADP ratioin state 4 according to Chance B.- Williams G.R.Hence it follows that in case of the oxidation of succinate,which is accumulated in excess after ischemia,the situation with generation of ROS is not so simpleas it is reported in many papers including those mentionedby us [57,58]. There is a lot of research works,which demonstrate a direct relationship between theexcess generation of ROS and the oxidation of the succinateexcess and active operation of ADH (succinatedehydrogenase, succinate: ubichinon oxidoreductase)with the reduction during the reverse transfer of electrons(RTE) of complex I as well as a rapid growth ofthe degree of the reduction of components in complexesII and III. However there is little likelihoodthereof [62], for at least one reason: at the moment ofreperfusion, plenty of ATP consumers reproduce activestate 3, i.e. an excess of ADP and even uncouplingof the oxidative phosphorylation. In the circumstances,neither maintenance of a high ratio NAD(P)H/NA-D(P)+ or keeping of a great value of ΔμН + is possible,since de-energization and destroy of intactness of themembranes in mithochondria take place.In the above mentioned experiments on AFS wehave estimated the phosphoryl potential (the ATP/ADP ratio and the pool of adenyl nucleotides) and themaintenance of respiration control (in our experimentit has been shown as dependence of the AFS rate onthe ATP/ADP value in isolated mithochondria). Ithas been evidenced that even in vitro under relativelycomfortable conditions (the closed system), namelyfree of calcium overloading, without external ATPconsumers, in the presence of excessive substrates, ata temperature decreased to 26°С, de-energization ofmithochondria and uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylationinevitably take place that is growing for 9minutes of the incubation with the stopped respiratorychain [23]. This situation has been treated in detail inexperimental works and reviews [60, 61, 62, 63]. In thecells, a heat-associated ischemia, reperfusions againstthe background of not isolated energy consumers,post-ischemic calcium overloading and opening of themitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) hindermaintaining ΔμН + , a high NADH/NAD+ ratio andRTE. In addition, there is a pool of papers, which havedemonstrated that there is protection of mithochondriafrom peroxidation of lipids (POL) of the membranesat the expense of the succinate oxidation [64].Conversely, inhibition of SDH provokes enhancing ofthe pro-oxidant activity of mithochondria [65] and increasesformation of superoxide radicals followed bydeveloping apoptosis [66]. In vitro exogenous succinatehinders inactivation of SDH in case of initiationof lipid peroxidation by entry of Fe2+ [67, 68, 69] andinhibits the lipid peroxidation induced by the Fe2+-adenylatecomplex or potentiated by ageing of mithochondria[70]. It should be noticed that the oxidationof succinate is more resistant to damaging actions bypro-oxidants than the oxidation of the NAD-dependentsubstrates, in particular of α-ketoglutarate (KG)and pyruvate [54]. It follows that in order to identifyin vivo specific conditions, under which oxidation ofthe succinate excess may produce pro- or anti-oxidanteffects, required are further special investigations.Our materials presented herein treat some metabolism-relatedgrounds for the application of succinateand succinate-based compositions in order to maintainthe energy exchange, especially under hypoxia, aswell as an anti-oxidant means. However our analysisof the role and effects produced by succinate cannotcover all the aspects. The offered metabolic interpretationis based on studies on actions and effects madeby sufficiently high concentrations of succinate in vitroand high dosages of succinate in vivo, which arecomparable to those millimolar concentrations, whichare capable of producing a direct effect through theirparticipation in the metabolic processes. There are notso many physiology grounds for the interpretation ofthe above matters, at least due to the fact that succinatedelivered via the the stomach and the gastro-intestinalsystem is intensively used by the epithelium of thestomach and the bowel, the microbiome, the liver etc.As a result, only very small quantities of exogenoussuccinate can reach mithochondria in other tissuesin the organism. Studies conducted for last decadeshave considerably extended the conceptual scopes ofpossible succinate application effects on the humanorganism. In this connection, we should mentionthat discovered and widely studied is the role of exomithochondrialsuccinate as stabilizer of the cytosoltranscriptional adaptational hypoxia-inducing factorHIF1α [71]. It has been established that extracellularsuccinate is a specific ligand of the cell succinate22 | Cardiometry | Issue 16. May 2020
receptor SUCNR1 [72], which is called by some researchersa stress-receptor. The special role played bysuccinate in metabolism of mithochondria has beenjustified and preserved by evolution at the regulatorylevel in the systems of higher hierarchical levels. Thisscientific field requires further particular treatmentand a thorough analysis.Statement on ethical issuesResearch involving people and/or animals is in fullcompliance with current national and internationalethical standards.Conflict of interestNone declared.Author contributionsThe authors read the ICMJE criteria for authorship andapproved the final manuscript.References1. Moshkov NN. Unknown about the known. Healingwarmth of amber. Beauty, Health and Longevity fromnature. Kaliningrad, 2009, 148 p. [in Russian]2. Hager, Hermann Praxis für Apotheker, Ärzte, Drogisten,und Medizinalbeamte. 1816-1897. (Fischer,Bernhard, Hartwich, Carl. Publisher Berlin: J. Springer.1856-1905)3. Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis.Folgeband 5: Stoffe L-Z. Herausgeber: Bruchhausen,F., Ebel, S., Hackenthal, E., Holzgrabe, U. (Hrsg.).Springer, Berlin. 1999.4. Battelli F, et al. Chapter VI p.149-223. In: Respiratoryenzymes, ed. by Lardy HA. 1949.5. Gozsy B, Szent-Gyorgyi A. On the mechanism ofprimary respiration in pigeon breast muscle. Hoppe.Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 1934, 224:1-10.6. Krebs HA, Johnson WA. The role of citric acid inintermediate metabolism in animal tissues. Enzymologia.1937; 4:148-156;]7. Saratikov AS, Khazanov VA Kondrashova MN, GoldbergJM. A medicament for the treatment of cerebral ischemiaRF patent No.2 108 095 C1. 10.04.1998. [in Russian]8. Isakov VA, Sologub TV, Kovalenko AL, RomantsovMG. Reamberin in therapy of critical states, NTFF"Polysan" St. Petersburg the. 2002. [in Russian]9. Kondrashova MN, et al. The agent for preventingand treating human meteopaticheskih reactions methodfor prophylaxis and treatment of these reactionsand dosage forms means. RF Patent No. 2175228.2001.10 [in Russian]10. Maevsky EI, Uchitel ML. Tool and a set for the normalizationof functional disorders that occur in perimenopauseand menopause. RF Patent No. 222071210.01 2004 [in Russian]11. Kaminsky YG, et al. Agent with actoprotective activity.RF Patent No. 2121836. 29.11.1998; [in Russian]12. Maevsky EI, Kozhurin MV, Maevskaya ME. Formulationsand dosage forms for enhancing performanceor recovery from stress. No.WO/2019/099731.Posted: 23.05.2019].13. Kashlinskiy А, et al. RF Patent No. 2 160 589. Бюл.№ 35. 20.12.2000 [in Russian]14. Komissarova IA, et al. RF Patent No. 2 039 556,Posted:20.07.1995. [in Russian]15. Yevglevsky AA, et al. The drug for metabolic correctionand enhance the natural resistance of animals.RF Patent No. 2447886 Posted: 20.04.2012 [in Russian]16. Therapeutic action of succinic acid. [Collection ofarticles], ed. by Kondrashova MN. - Pushchino: Sci.Center biol. Research USSR, 1976. 234 p. [in Russian]17. Mitochondrial processes in the time of life organization,material-Union seminar "regulation of energymetabolism and physiological state" [Collection of articles].NCBI USSR. Pushchino, 1978. 182 p; [in Russian]18. Succinic acid in medicine, food industry, agriculture[Collection of articles], ed. by Kondrashova MN, KaminskyYG, Maevsky EI. Pushchino. Institute of Theor.and Experimental. Biophysics, 1996. 299 p. [in Russian]19. Chance B, Hollunger G. The interaction of energyand electron transfer reaction in mitochondria. 1General properties and nature of the products of succinate-linkedreduction and of pyridine nucleotide. J.Biol. Chem. 1961;236(5):1534-43.20. Kondrashova MN. Biochemical excitation cycle.Proc. Mitochondria. Enzymatic processes and their regulation.Moscow: Nauka. 1968. С. 121-131. [in Russian]21. Kondrashova MN. Role of succinic acid in thephysiological state of tissue regulation. Doctor. diss.Pushchino, 1970. [in Russian]22. Kondrashova MN. The regulation of energy metabolismand the body's resistance. [Collection of articles]NCBI USSR. Pushchino. 1975. [in Russian]23. Maevsky EI, et al. Correction of metabolic acidosisby maintaining mitochondrial function. Pushchino.ITEB RAS 2001. 155 p. [in Russian]24. Caro CG, et al. Seed The mechanics of the circulation.Oxford. Oxford University. Press. NY, Toronto.Issue 16. May 2020 | Cardiometry | 23
Page 1 and 2: 124 | Cardiometry | Issue 16. May 2
Page 3 and 4: Dear Reader!Our life dictates what
Page 5 and 6: Prof. Mohammad AleemCairo Universit
Page 7 and 8: 74808597The study of hemodynamics i
Page 9 and 10: We commemorate great Russian scient
Page 11 and 12: and, in particular, activated is th
Page 13 and 14: decline in the rate of those who fo
Page 15 and 16: Table 1.Mass parameters of some org
Page 17 and 18: REVIEW Submitted: 20.02.2020; Accep
Page 19 and 20: teides. As a rule, under the hypoxi
Page 21 and 22: Table 1Changes in ratios between th
Page 23: Consequences of anaerobic formation
Page 27 and 28: acid and oxalacetic acid. J. Biol.
Page 29 and 30: Issue 16. May 2020 | Cardiometry |
Page 31 and 32: 12], we may assume that PC-assisted
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2. Demonstration of the para
Page 35 and 36: of doubts has been expressed by tho
Page 37 and 38: ORIGINAL RESEARCH Submitted: 2.04.2
Page 39 and 40: Table 2. Dependence of SHD profile
Page 41 and 42: Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6 Figure 7Ta
Page 43 and 44: The mapping between the SHD profile
Page 45 and 46: Issue 16. May 2020 | Cardiometry |
Page 47 and 48: measurement thereof cannot detect a
Page 49 and 50: AimsThe aim of this study is to ass
Page 51 and 52: vascular system condition, using an
Page 53 and 54: 4. Papers devoted to the AH treatme
Page 55 and 56: 2019;2(12):18-23. https://doi.org/1
Page 57 and 58: ORIGINAL RESEARCH Submitted: 17.01.
Page 59 and 60: The statistical analysis of the obt
Page 61 and 62: Table 7Eigenvalues and percentage o
Page 63 and 64: but also as a means for active mode
Page 65 and 66: values [6]. Both groups are homogen
Page 67 and 68: Table 2No. of ind.BMIAge, yearsHb,
Page 69 and 70: ORIGINAL RESEARCH Submitted: 18.03.
Page 71 and 72: а) b)Figure 1. Fragments of the bl
Page 73 and 74: а)b)cd)Figure 3. Fragments of seru
Page 75 and 76:
zation of the facias and add to the
Page 77 and 78:
PV5 - blood volume (part of SV), pu
Page 79 and 80:
Conflict of interestNone declared.A
Page 81 and 82:
Issue 16. May 2020 | Cardiometry |
Page 83 and 84:
the action of high level energy. Ac
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 5. Diagram of “a multipuls
Page 87 and 88:
REPORT Submitted: 25.02.2020; Accep
Page 89 and 90:
used to suppress this sort of noise
Page 91 and 92:
tion v[n] using HFF, then the final
Page 93 and 94:
jω jω jωZe ( ) = Xe ( ) H1( e )
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 4. Filtering of the ECG sign
Page 97 and 98:
Significant data have been obtained
Page 99 and 100:
REVIEW Submitted: 5.03.2020; Accept
Page 101 and 102:
companies have even made the implem
Page 103 and 104:
the evaluation of the item occurs.
Page 105 and 106:
XFig.1. Medical recommender system
Page 107 and 108:
System Using Collaborative Filterin
Page 109 and 110:
processing analysis, in particular
Page 111 and 112:
Statement on ethical issuesResearch
Page 113 and 114:
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Submitted: 12.01.
Page 115 and 116:
Table 1Descriptive statistics of pa
Page 117 and 118:
ison to non-diabetic patients but s
Page 119 and 120:
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Submitted: 4.12.2
Page 121 and 122:
The data have been collected and th
Page 123 and 124:
It is known that the main mechanism
show all

Open Access e-Journal Cardiometry No.16 May 2020

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?