MBI Annual Report 2003 - Max-Born-Institut Berlin (MBI)
MBI Annual Report 2003 - Max-Born-Institut Berlin (MBI)
MBI Annual Report 2003 - Max-Born-Institut Berlin (MBI)
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<strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2003</strong><br />
<strong>Max</strong> <strong>Born</strong> <strong>Institut</strong>e<br />
for Nonlinear Optics and<br />
Short Pulse Spectroscopy<br />
Forschungsverbund <strong>Berlin</strong> e.V.
<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong><br />
für Nichtlineare Optik<br />
und Kurzzeitspektroskopie<br />
im Forschungsverbund <strong>Berlin</strong> e. V.<br />
<strong>Annual</strong> <strong>Report</strong><br />
Jahresbericht<br />
<strong>2003</strong><br />
1
2<br />
Impressum<br />
Jahresbericht <strong>2003</strong><br />
Herausgegeben vom<br />
<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong> (<strong>MBI</strong>)<br />
für Nichtlineare Optik<br />
und Kurzzeitspektroskopie<br />
im Forschungsverbund <strong>Berlin</strong> e.V.<br />
<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-Straße 2 A<br />
12489 <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
Tel.: (++49 30) 63 92 - 15 05<br />
Fax: (++49 30) 63 92 - 15 19<br />
e-mail: mbi@mbi-berlin.de<br />
http://www.mbi-berlin.de
Preface Vorwort 5<br />
Members of the Scientific Advisory Board Mitglieder des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats 6<br />
Schematic of the <strong>MBI</strong> Research Program Schema des <strong>MBI</strong> Forschungsprogramms 7<br />
Research focus 1:<br />
Laser Research 9<br />
1-01: Ultrafast nonlinear optics and few cycle pulses 11<br />
1-02: Short pulse laser systems 14<br />
Research focus 2:<br />
Ultrafast and Nonlinear Phenomena in Atoms, Molecules, Clusters and Plasmas 17<br />
2-01: Laser Plasma Dynamics 19<br />
2-02: Ionization dynamics in intense laser fields 22<br />
2-03: Free clusters and molecules 25<br />
2-04: Molecular Vibrational and Reaction Dynamics in the Condensed Phase 27<br />
Research focus 3:<br />
Ultrafast and Nonlinear Phenomena in Solids and at Surfaces 31<br />
3-01: Dynamics at surfaces and structuring 33<br />
3-02: Ultrafast and nonlinear processes in solid state and nanostructures 37<br />
3-03: Optoelectronic Devices 40<br />
3-04: Ultrafast x-ray research 42<br />
Focus 4:<br />
Scientific Infrastrucure: Application laboratories and special laser development 45<br />
4-01: Femtosecond Application labs 47<br />
4-02: High-Field-Laser Application Laboratory (HFL) 48<br />
4-03: <strong>MBI</strong>-BESSY Beamline 50<br />
4-04: Special laser development for applications 52<br />
3
4<br />
57<br />
68<br />
75<br />
77<br />
80<br />
93<br />
94<br />
95<br />
96<br />
102<br />
Appendices<br />
Appendix 1: Publications<br />
Appendix 2: External talks, teaching<br />
Appendix 3: Ongoing Diploma- and PhD theses, Habilitations<br />
Appendix 4: Guest lectures at the <strong>MBI</strong><br />
Appendix 5: Staff, extended research visits of <strong>MBI</strong> staff at external institutions, visiting<br />
scientists at the <strong>MBI</strong> and users of the application laboratories<br />
Appendix 6: Grants and contracts <strong>2003</strong><br />
Appendix 7: Activities in scientific organizations<br />
Appendix 8: Honours and awards<br />
Appendix 9: Cooperations<br />
Appendix 10: Current patents and pending applications
Preface<br />
The <strong>Max</strong> <strong>Born</strong> <strong>Institut</strong>e (<strong>MBI</strong>) reports<br />
annually about its scientific work, alternating<br />
from odd to even years in the extent of the<br />
report. Although in this sequence the year <strong>2003</strong><br />
would have been covered by a short review<br />
we have chosen to give a somewhat more<br />
extended report as a consequence to a major<br />
restructuring process of our research<br />
programme.<br />
During the past months the scientists of<br />
the <strong>MBI</strong> have scrutinized in a joint, discursive<br />
effort the research programme of the institute<br />
as it has developed over the past years, aiming<br />
at an even more focussed and concentrated<br />
strategy for our future research. Two key<br />
aspects have guided the discussion: what are<br />
currently the worldwide most important and<br />
promising directions of research in ultrafast<br />
dynamics and nonlinear optics and what are<br />
the particular strengths of the <strong>MBI</strong> and its<br />
scientists? The result of this intense internal<br />
reviewing and restructuring process is a<br />
significantly reduced number of research<br />
projects with a corresponding concentration<br />
of resources. We are convinced that the new<br />
program is focussed on some of the most<br />
promising areas of research in our field and at<br />
the same time enables us to make most<br />
efficient use of the scientific potential of the<br />
institute.<br />
The main part of this annual report thus<br />
describes the three new focal areas of<br />
research, each with a relatively detailed<br />
description of the 10 newly formed research<br />
projects and the 4 projects which constitute<br />
the scientific infrastructure of the institute. The<br />
Appendices give – as usual – a complete<br />
documentation of publications, invited talks<br />
and academic teaching, Diploma and PhD<br />
theses, guests scientists and guest lectures at<br />
the <strong>MBI</strong>, research co-operations, grants, patents<br />
and other activities in research together with<br />
a statistics on the <strong>MBI</strong> staff and their visits to<br />
other institutions. Further information about the<br />
ongoing work is available at the World Wide<br />
Web-Site of the <strong>MBI</strong> (http://www.mbi-berlin.de).<br />
This site has also been redesigned by the end<br />
of <strong>2003</strong>. We hope the web visitor finds it more<br />
transparent, easy to access and providing up<br />
to date information.<br />
Research of the <strong>MBI</strong> continues to be<br />
productive and successful as this report and<br />
in particular the Appendices clearly document.<br />
We refrain from commenting on particular new<br />
results but mention just one highlight among<br />
our successful efforts to acquire external<br />
funding: Laserlab-Europe, coordinated by the<br />
<strong>MBI</strong> (W. Sandner) is now funded by the EU<br />
within the 6 th framework programme as an<br />
Integrated Infrastructure Initiative. It provides<br />
an excellent basis for intense European<br />
collaboration using facilities provided by a<br />
consortium of 17 laser infrastructures from 9<br />
European countries. This success supports the<br />
declared strategy of co-operation with guest<br />
Vorwort<br />
Das <strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong> (<strong>MBI</strong>) berichtet<br />
jährlich über seine wissenschaftliche Arbeit,<br />
wobei die Berichte sich alternierend zwischen<br />
geraden und ungeraden Jahren im Umfang<br />
unterscheiden. So wäre über das Jahr <strong>2003</strong><br />
wieder in Kurzfassung zu berichten. Wir haben<br />
uns jedoch entschlossen, eine etwas ausführlichere<br />
Darstellung zu wählen, um die<br />
inzwischen erfolgte, umfassende Umstellung<br />
unseres Forschungsprogramms vorstellen zu<br />
können.<br />
In den vergangenen Monaten haben die<br />
Wissenschaftler des <strong>MBI</strong> in gemeinsamer, intensiver<br />
Diskussion das Forschungsprogramm<br />
des <strong>MBI</strong>, wie es sich in den letzten Jahren<br />
entwickelt hatte, im Detail analysiert und neu<br />
strukturiert, mit dem Ziel einer künftig noch<br />
stärkeren Fokussierung und Konzentration.<br />
Zwei Schlüsselfragen haben dabei die<br />
Diskussion geleitet: was sind gegenwärtig die<br />
weltweit wichtigsten und vielversprechendsten<br />
Forschungsthemen im Bereich der Ultrakurzzeitdynamik<br />
und Nichtlinearen Optik und was<br />
sind die spezifischen Stärken des <strong>MBI</strong> und<br />
seiner Wissenschaftler? Das Ergebnis dieses<br />
intensiven internen Evaluierungs- und Restrukturierungsprozesses<br />
ist eine signifikante<br />
Reduktion der Anzahl von Forschungsprojekten<br />
mit einer entsprechenden Konzentration der<br />
Ressourcen. Wir sind überzeugt, dass das<br />
Programm auf einige der vielversprechendsten<br />
Themen unseres Forschungsgebietes<br />
fokussiert ist und uns gleichzeitig erlaubt, das<br />
vorhandene wissenschaftliche Potenzial des<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>s besonders effizient zu nutzen.<br />
Der Hauptteil dieses Jahresberichts <strong>2003</strong><br />
beschreibt daher die drei neuen Forschungsschwerpunkte<br />
und gibt eine relativ detaillierte<br />
Beschreibung der 10 neu formierten Forschungsprojekte<br />
und der 4 Vorhaben, welche<br />
die wissenschaftliche Infrastruktur des <strong>MBI</strong><br />
definieren. Die Anhänge geben wieder eine<br />
vollständige Dokumentation über Publikationen,<br />
eingeladene Vorträge und akademische<br />
Lehrveranstaltungen, Gastwissenschaftler<br />
und Gastvorträge am <strong>MBI</strong>, Kooperationen,<br />
Drittmitteleinwerbung, Patente und andere<br />
Aktivitäten sowie eine Statistik der Mitarbeiter<br />
und deren auswärtige Gastaufenthalte. Weitere<br />
Einzelheiten sind unter http://www.mbiberlin.de<br />
abrufbar. Die <strong>MBI</strong> Website zeigt sich<br />
seit Ende <strong>2003</strong> in neuem, und wie wir hoffen<br />
besonders übersichtlichem, aktuellen und<br />
informativen Design.<br />
Die Forschung am <strong>MBI</strong> ist auch weiterhin<br />
produktiv und erfolgreich, wie dies der vorliegende<br />
Bericht und insbesondere die<br />
Anhänge dokumentieren. Wir verzichten hier<br />
darauf, einzelne neue Ergebnisse zu<br />
kommentieren und erwähnen lediglich ein<br />
besonderes Glanzlicht unserer erfolgreichen<br />
Drittmitteleinwerbung: das Laserlab-Europe,<br />
koordiniert vom <strong>MBI</strong> (W. Sandner) wird ab<br />
Ende <strong>2003</strong> von der EU im 6. Rahmenprogramm<br />
gefördert. Es bietet eine exzellente<br />
5
6<br />
scientists which the <strong>MBI</strong> continues to pursue.<br />
More than 80 guest scientists worked at the<br />
institute in <strong>2003</strong> in the research projects or<br />
made use of the application laboratories.<br />
We are confident that this creative exchange<br />
of scientific potential will continue to be productive.<br />
We trust that the present annual report<br />
will again provide a good first orientation not<br />
only for future collaborators and guests of the<br />
<strong>MBI</strong> but for all those who are interested in the<br />
progress of our work.<br />
We wish you an enjoyable and informative<br />
reading.<br />
<strong>Berlin</strong>, March 2004<br />
Basis für eine intensive Europäische Zusammenarbeit<br />
durch Nutzung der Ressourcen<br />
von 17 Laser-Infrastruktureinrichtungen aus<br />
9 Europäischen Ländern. Dieser Erfolg unterstützt<br />
die erklärte Strategie der Kooperation,<br />
welche das <strong>MBI</strong> seit Jahren konsequent<br />
verfolgt. Über 80 Gastwissenschaftler haben<br />
im Jahr <strong>2003</strong> am <strong>Institut</strong> gearbeitet und waren<br />
dabei in den Forschungsprojekten integriert<br />
oder haben die Möglichkeiten der Applikationslabore<br />
genutzt.<br />
Wir sind zuversichtlich, dass dieser kreative<br />
Austausch von wissenschaftlichem Potenzial<br />
sich auch weiterhin fruchtbar entwickeln wird.<br />
Der hier vorgelegte Jahresbericht möge aber<br />
nicht nur als gute erste Orientierung für<br />
potenzielle künftige Kooperationspartner und<br />
Gäste des <strong>MBI</strong> dienen, sondern allen, die sich<br />
für den Forschritt unserer Arbeit interessieren<br />
nützlich sein.<br />
Wir wünschen Ihnen eine erfreuliche und<br />
informative Lektüre.<br />
<strong>Berlin</strong>, im März 2004<br />
Ingolf Hertel Wolfgang Sandner Thomas Elsaesser<br />
Members of the Scientific Advisory Board / Mitglieder des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats<br />
Prof. Dr. Wolfgang. Domcke (Vice Chairman)<br />
<strong>Institut</strong> für Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München<br />
Prof. Dr. Theodor W. Hänsch<br />
<strong>Max</strong>-Planck-<strong>Institut</strong> für Quantenoptik, Garching<br />
Prof. Dr. Ferenc Krausz (Chairman)<br />
<strong>Max</strong>-Planck-<strong>Institut</strong> für Quantenoptik, Garching<br />
Prof. Dr. Karl Leo<br />
<strong>Institut</strong> für angewandte Photophysik, Technische Universität Dresden<br />
Prof. Dr. Stephen R. Leone<br />
Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, USA<br />
Frau Prof. Dr. Irène Nenner<br />
C.E.A. - Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, Frankreich<br />
Prof. Dr. Sune Svanberg<br />
Division of Atomic Physics, Lund <strong>Institut</strong>e of Technology, Schweden<br />
Prof. Dr. Ian A. Walmsley<br />
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK<br />
Representatives of the cooperating universities / Vertreter der kooperierenden Universitäten<br />
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Rabe<br />
<strong>Institut</strong> für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
Prof. Dr. Dietmar Stehlik<br />
Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
Prof. Dr. Christian Thomsen<br />
<strong>Institut</strong> für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
Representatives of the Federal Republic and the State of <strong>Berlin</strong> /<br />
Vertreter der Zuwendungsgeber aus Bund und Land<br />
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Richter<br />
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Ref. 411, Bonn<br />
Dr. Rainer Schuchardt<br />
Senatsverwaltung für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur, Referat III C 3, <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
Honorary member:<br />
Prof. Sir Harry Kroto<br />
The School of Chemistry and Molecular Science, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton, UK
Schematic of the <strong>MBI</strong> Research Program<br />
The new research program of the <strong>MBI</strong> is concentrated on three major focal areas of research<br />
which are supported by the scientific infrastructure. The research in each focus is organized in<br />
several projects. This is illustrated schematically in the following diagram. The diagram displays<br />
the project titles and the names of the project coordinators (underlined are the present speakers).<br />
Schema des <strong>MBI</strong> Forschungsprogramms<br />
Das neue Forschungsprogramm des <strong>MBI</strong> konzentriert sich auf drei große Schwerpunkte der<br />
Forschung und wird durch die wissenschaftliche Infrastruktur unterstützt. Die Forschung in jedem<br />
Schwerpunkt ist wiederum gegliedert in mehrere, in der Regel interdisziplinäre Forschungsprojekte.<br />
Das wird im nachstehenden Diagramm schematisch illustriert. Das Diagramm zeigt die Themen<br />
der Forschungsprojekte und die Namen der Projektkoordinatoren (unterstrichen sind die derzeitigen,<br />
jeweiligen Sprecher).<br />
7
Research focus 1<br />
Laser Research<br />
The generation of extremely short laser<br />
pulses with cutting edge parameters has<br />
always attracted significant attention,<br />
extending far beyond laser physics. For the<br />
<strong>MBI</strong> as a research institute devoted to short<br />
pulse spectroscopy and nonlinear optics the<br />
development of novel laser sources is of paramount<br />
importance. Laser sources developed<br />
in-house can offer parameters that are<br />
unavailable from commercial lasers. It is this<br />
availability of unique sources that enables<br />
unique experiments.<br />
Consequently, one of the focal points of<br />
the research strategy of the <strong>MBI</strong> is the<br />
generation of extremely short pulses in a<br />
broad wavelength region. Often, applications<br />
in spectroscopy demand a specific wavelength<br />
range, and it is far from trivial to produce fewcycle<br />
pulses outside the visible/near-infrared<br />
range accessible by Ti:sapphire lasers. Therefore,<br />
we pursue Raman pulse compression<br />
as one favorable method to generate pulses<br />
outside this range, in particular in the vacuum<br />
ultraviolet range. Further efforts concentrate<br />
on the identification of novel materials and<br />
methods, both for building mode-locked laser<br />
oscillators and for frequency conversion by<br />
harmonic and parametric nonlinear processes.<br />
One of the key missions of the <strong>MBI</strong> is the<br />
amplification of ultra-short pulses to extremely<br />
high intensities of the order of 10 20 W/cm 2 , or<br />
to high average powers for dedicated<br />
applications. The synchronisation of two<br />
separate ultra-high intensity lasers with pulse<br />
energies in the Joule (Ti:Sa) and 10 Joule<br />
range (Nd:Glass) at <strong>MBI</strong> opens a new and<br />
exclusive route towards particle acceleration<br />
and proton imaging experiments in plasma<br />
physics. The development of novel highaverage-power<br />
ps-lasers over the last<br />
decade has made <strong>MBI</strong> an indispensible<br />
partner for cooperation with the national and<br />
international high-energy physics and Free-<br />
Electron-Laser community.<br />
The overall goal of the laser research at<br />
<strong>MBI</strong> is to generate of light pulses with recordbreaking<br />
parameters over a wide range of<br />
wavelengths and energies, and to directly<br />
enable their use for applications in<br />
spectroscopy and related studies of ultrafast<br />
and nonlinear phenomena in the key<br />
fields of interest at the <strong>MBI</strong> (see research<br />
focus 2 and 3). Laser research at <strong>MBI</strong> is<br />
strongly interconnected, both, among the<br />
different research themes within the laser<br />
research as well as to direct applications in<br />
the other research areas. Many of these<br />
activities are embedded into international<br />
collaborations and are made accessible to<br />
external users, most notably through the<br />
Transnational Access Activity within the EU<br />
laser infrastructure network “LASERLAB-<br />
EUROPE”.<br />
9
10<br />
Ultrafast nonlinear optics and fewcycle<br />
pulses:<br />
The efforts in generating few-cycle pulses<br />
encompass the relatively widespread method<br />
of pulse compression in hollow gas-filled fibers<br />
where pulses with as few as 1.6 optical cycles<br />
have already been generated – corresponding<br />
to a duration of 4.3 fs. Similarly, we explore<br />
white-light continuum generation processes<br />
in microstructured fibers. Our efforts include<br />
generation of very short pulses in the vacuum<br />
ultraviolet, where Raman based compression<br />
methods, also in a hollow-fiber geometry, are<br />
investigated for pulses of a few femtoseconds<br />
pulse duration. These activities are backed up<br />
by theoretical work, paving the way for novel<br />
methods for the generation of extremely short<br />
pulses over the entire laser-accessible wavelength<br />
region, ranging from the deep ultraviolet,<br />
the visible and near-infrared up to midinfrared<br />
pulse generation.<br />
As a prerequisite for further pulse<br />
shortening in most of these spectral ranges,<br />
the ultrashort pulses have to be up- or downconverted<br />
from the near infrared, where the<br />
majority of the femtosecond laser systems<br />
operate. To improve such nonlinear optical<br />
conversion with respect to efficiency and<br />
control the bandwidth of the pulses novel<br />
materials and conversion schemes are<br />
examined.<br />
It is very challenging to characterize and<br />
actively shape such extremely short laser<br />
pulses. The efforts of generating short pulses<br />
therefore have to be augmented by means to<br />
measure their complex spatio-temporal<br />
structure and, one step further, also to control<br />
spatial or temporal parameters of the few-cycle<br />
wave packets.<br />
Short pulse laser systems:<br />
Different concepts for advanced shortpulse<br />
lasers based on Ti:sapphire, rare-earth<br />
doped crystals and microstructure fibers for<br />
femtosecond and picosecond oscillator and<br />
amplifier systems are under investigation.<br />
The potential of novel ytterbium and<br />
neodymium doped active materials are<br />
studied in the 1-µm spectral range. In particular,<br />
Yb-doped laser crystals are well-suited for<br />
building conceptually simple and highly<br />
efficient diode-pumped femtosecond lasers<br />
with high output power. Among those<br />
materials, the monoclinic double tungstates<br />
Yb:KY(WO 4 ) 2 and Yb:KGd(WO 4 ) 2 stand out<br />
because of their large absorption and emission<br />
cross sections, which was demonstrated using<br />
diode-pumped oscillators with 100 fs pulse<br />
duration. The isotropic sesquioxides Sc 2 O 3 ,<br />
Y 2 O 3 and Lu 2 O 3 are, however, more attractive<br />
for high-power applications because of their<br />
excellent thermo-mechanical properties. We<br />
have proven the excellent potential of these<br />
materials by demonstrating a 54% efficiency<br />
for Yb:Sc 2 O 3 in mode-locked operation, which<br />
is the highest optical efficiency ever reported<br />
from a mode-locked laser.<br />
Compared to conventional fiber designs,<br />
microstructure fibers have considerably enhanced<br />
the possibilities of tailoring linear and<br />
nonlinear fiber properties. For mode-locked fiber<br />
lasers, dispersion engineering is of particular<br />
interest, as it enables intrinsic dispersion compensation<br />
or soliton propagation at virtually<br />
arbitrary wavelengths. Recently, we<br />
demonstrated mode-locking of Nd-doped<br />
microstructure fiber laser, which is the first<br />
demonstration of mode-locked microstructure<br />
fiber lasers in the 1-μm region.<br />
Besides these conceptual investigations<br />
this project also contains two main research<br />
efforts aiming at oscillator-amplifier systems<br />
with either high peak power or high average<br />
power. The <strong>MBI</strong> ultra-high intensity Ti:Sa laser,<br />
providing intensities in excess of 10 19 W/cm 2 ,<br />
is with 35fs pulse duration among the shortestpulse<br />
multi-10-TW systems world-wide. New<br />
research developments focus on contrast and<br />
beam quality improvement within the European<br />
SHARP collaboration. A series of novel<br />
concepts for high-average-power lasers has<br />
rendered <strong>MBI</strong> as one of the leading<br />
laboratories for burst-mode (with up to 5kW<br />
average power during ms-bursts) and quasicw<br />
ps-lasers. The most recent developments<br />
employ fully diode-pumped and OPCPA<br />
systems, but also high-average power Ti:Sa<br />
fs-lasers. Applications include driver lasers for<br />
incoherent x-ray sources and, to a large extent,<br />
unique photocathode drivers and pump-probe<br />
user endstations for newly established Free<br />
Electron Lasers at collaborating laboratories.<br />
All these activities are bundled in project<br />
1-02.
1-01: Ultrafast nonlinear optics and few cycle pulses<br />
J. Herrmann, F. Noack, G. Steinmeyer (Project coordinators)<br />
and P. Glas, R. Grunwald, V. Petrov, O. Steinkellner, P. Tzankov, N. Zhavoronkov<br />
1. Overview<br />
The generation of ultrashort laser pulses<br />
down to few optical cycles in a very broad<br />
spectral region (from 100 nm up to the THz<br />
range) by nonlinear optical processes is the<br />
common goal of all ongoing activities within<br />
the framework of this project. Besides the<br />
further improvement of known techniques for<br />
pulse shortening we also pursue new<br />
strategies such as nonlinear processes in<br />
holey fibers. In order to either generate new<br />
wavelengths or enhance the conversion<br />
efficiency, stability, spectral and spatial quality,<br />
and to simplify already existing concepts we<br />
investigate new solid-state nonlinear optical<br />
materials with 2-nd and 3-rd order nonlinear<br />
susceptibility and apply them in novel<br />
interaction schemes for frequency conversion<br />
of femtosecond pulses, e.g. chirped pulse<br />
optical parametric amplification (CPOPA). For<br />
tunable and efficient generation of sub-100 fs<br />
pulses in the wavelength range 100-160 nm<br />
we investigate, both experimentally and<br />
theoretically, four-wave-mixing in special<br />
hollow waveguides as one of the most<br />
promising techniques and compression of<br />
vacuum UV pulses by Raman-active molecular<br />
modulation (see Fig. 1). Simultaneously to these<br />
activities devoted to the generation of ultrashort<br />
pulses with one or more extreme parameters<br />
we concentrate on the characterization of their<br />
temporal and spatial structure as well as on<br />
active control by shaping mechanisms.<br />
2. Subprojects and Collaborations<br />
At present the project is organized in three<br />
subprojects, with research activities focused<br />
on the following topics:<br />
UP1: Few-cycle pulse generation and<br />
nonlinear optical processes in hollow<br />
waveguides, photonic crystal fibers and<br />
microstructured materials<br />
• generation of few-cycle pulses by pulse<br />
compression employing the nonlinearity of<br />
noble gases and the Raman-polarizability<br />
of molecules in hollow fibers, their diagnostics,<br />
and their application for spectroscopy<br />
• supercontinuum generation in microstructured<br />
(holey) and gas-filled hollow fibers<br />
• spatio-temporal shaping of localized wavepackets<br />
in the sub-10-fs range with advanced<br />
types of thin-film microoptics.<br />
UP2: high energy vacuum UV femtosecond<br />
pulses (100-160 nm) at 1-kHz repetition rate<br />
• efficient generation of ultrashort vacuum UV<br />
pulses by four wave mixing in hollow waveguides<br />
(theory and experiment)<br />
• investigation of deep UV pumped parametric<br />
processes and continuum generation<br />
• Raman compression of vacuum UV pulses.<br />
UP3: novel nonlinear materials and interaction<br />
schemes for frequency conversion<br />
of ultrashort laser pulses<br />
• femtosecond pulse generation below 200 nm<br />
by nonlinear crystals with bandgaps up to<br />
10 eV<br />
• wide band semiconductors like some Licontaining<br />
ternary compounds with transparency<br />
extending from the UV up to the<br />
deep mid-IR<br />
• mid-IR crystals for the 3-15 µm spectral<br />
range including such with engineerable<br />
material properties, like the so called solid<br />
solutions where the transparency, effective<br />
nonlinearity, phase- and group-matching<br />
can be tailored by composition.<br />
Collaboration Partners: M. Piché (University<br />
Quebec), U. Keller and F. W. Helbing (ETH<br />
Zürich), R. Iliev and Ch. Etrich (FSU Jena),<br />
G. Sansone and M. Nisoli (Milano), Laserlabor<br />
Göttingen, BIAS (Bremen), L. Isaenko (DTIM<br />
Novosibirsk), J.-J. Zondy (Observatoire Paris),<br />
F. Rotermund (Ajou University), R. Komatsu<br />
(Yamaguchi University), V. Pasiskevicius (KTH<br />
Stockholm), V. Badikov (HTL Krasnodar),<br />
D. Shen (Tsinghua University), Quarterwave<br />
and Fibertec (<strong>Berlin</strong>).<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Evolution of temporal<br />
shape (a)<br />
and spectrum (b)<br />
of 100-fs input-probe<br />
pulse at 175 nm for<br />
pumping by four 20-fs<br />
pulses, each of intensity<br />
50 TW/cm 2 at 790 nm.<br />
11
12<br />
Fig. 2:<br />
Computed penetration<br />
of the electric field into<br />
an octave-spanning<br />
chirped-mirror. This<br />
mirror provides<br />
dispersion compensation<br />
from about<br />
500 to 1000 nm. Several<br />
of these mirrors were<br />
used for compression<br />
of white-light continuum<br />
pulses from a hollow<br />
fiber to a measured<br />
pulse duration of 4.3 fs<br />
(inset).<br />
Fig. 3:<br />
AC-trace at 250 nm with<br />
a temporal resolution of<br />
10 fs. The inset shows<br />
the spectrum of the<br />
femtosecond pulses at<br />
125 nm produced by<br />
noncollinear SHG.<br />
Experimental points<br />
(squares) and<br />
Gaussian fits (lines).<br />
The full control over all parameters of ultrashort<br />
and few cycle light pulses (wavelength,<br />
temporal shape, phase, energy, etc.) is a long<br />
term objective for the whole project.<br />
3. Results in <strong>2003</strong><br />
We developed new concepts for<br />
compression of short pulses with chirped<br />
mirrors [Ste03a, Ste03d, SSV, Stec] which<br />
permit an extension of the chirped mirror<br />
technique to above one octave (see Fig. 2).<br />
First experiments with a mirror-only dispersion<br />
compensation of hollow-fiber continua already<br />
yielded a pulse duration of 4.3 fs, currently the<br />
shortest pulse generated from such a source<br />
without adaptive compression. A new idea for<br />
the compression of mid-IR pulses to singleand<br />
sub-cycles using high-order stimulated<br />
Raman scattering in hollow waveguides in the<br />
pump-probe regime was proposed and<br />
theoretically studied [KHe03b, KHe03c], the<br />
experimental realization is planned for the<br />
near future.<br />
Using a non-standard holey fiber a three<br />
octave broad supercontinuum (200 nm-<br />
1600 nm) was generated with a pump<br />
wavelength in the normal dispersion region.<br />
This is the broadest spectrum observed in<br />
holey fibers. A careful analysis indicates a<br />
significant deviation from the already<br />
established soliton fission model. Supercontinuum<br />
generation in holey fibers made of<br />
highly nonlinear glasses as SF57 was studied<br />
theoretically [HHe03b]. It has been shown that,<br />
in contrast to holey fibers made of fused silica,<br />
non-solitonic radiation is emitted both in the<br />
IR and UV, as determined by the specific<br />
phase-matching curves. In addition, we<br />
demonstrated that a frequency comb in the<br />
telecommunication region around 1550 nm<br />
can be generated by four-wave mixing in a<br />
doped multi-core photonic fiber made of a<br />
highly nonlinear glass, which could be used<br />
as a wavelength-division multiplexing source<br />
[HHe03b].<br />
We extended in <strong>2003</strong> our CPOPA scheme<br />
(see annual report 2002) based on periodically<br />
poled KTiOPO 4 (PPKTP) with a second stage<br />
which resulted in a 4-fold increase of the output<br />
energy: femtosecond pulses at 1570 nm are<br />
amplified now to energies as high as 85 µJ at<br />
1 kHz with this all-diode pumped and compact<br />
system providing a total gain of 1.4x10 6<br />
(>60 dB) [PNR03]. The further progress is<br />
related to the up-grading the pump source to<br />
1.5 mJ, the use of novel nonlinear materials<br />
and compression and characterization of the<br />
idler pulse at 3.3 µJ.<br />
The progress in the study of the Licontaining<br />
chalcogenides, LiInS(e) 2 and<br />
LiGaS(e) 2 , [IYL03] allowed us to achieve<br />
down-conversion of amplified femtosecond<br />
pulses near 800 nm to the mid-IR up to 12 µm<br />
in a single step [PYI]. The same could be<br />
realized for the first time by the solid solution<br />
Cd x Hg 1-x Ga 2 S 4 [PBP] in which case the<br />
bandgap was modified by the Cd-content. We<br />
also initiated the study of a new class of<br />
quaternary semiconductors Ag x Ga x Ge 1-x S(e) 2<br />
where substantial increase of the birefringence<br />
can be achieved by the composition [PBS].<br />
Using SrB 4 O 7 , a highly nonlinear borate crystal<br />
with the largest known band-gap, we<br />
demonstrated that femtosecond pulses can be<br />
generated by SHG down to wavelengths of<br />
125 nm which turned out to be very useful for<br />
diagnostic purposes [Fig. 3 and PNS04]. This<br />
is the shortest wavelength ever achieved by a<br />
nonlinear crystal with conversion efficiency<br />
much higher than in surface SHG.<br />
By using improved ZnO nanolayers for<br />
SHG [NGG, NGG03], second order autocorrelation<br />
traces were recorded with high<br />
spatial and temporal resolution. Layer<br />
structures with nanocrystallites of different<br />
orientation and size were compared with<br />
respect to the conversion efficiency.<br />
Spatio-temporal shaping and characterization<br />
of lasers exhibiting unique features<br />
(ultrashort pulse duration, ultrabroad spectra,<br />
vacuum ultraviolet) with novel types of optical<br />
multichannel processors based on thin-film<br />
microstructures was performed [GNGa,<br />
GNGb, GKN, 1]. In particular, the propagation<br />
of sub-10-fs nondiffractive beams (Bessel-like
eams, Mathieu-like beams) [GKG03c] was<br />
investigated. Direct experimental evidence for<br />
optical Bessel-X-pulses was found [GKe]. Selfreconstruction<br />
properties of Bessel-X-pulses<br />
were analyzed. We also proposed applications<br />
in ultrafast information processing.<br />
By extending the method of the Shack-<br />
Hartmann wavefront sensing to a wavefront<br />
autocorrelation [GNG03, GNGa], a more<br />
complete diagnostics of a propagating complex<br />
wavepacket in space and time including its<br />
angular spectrum was demonstrated for the<br />
first time (see fig. 4). With hybrid refractivereflective<br />
array components, beam shapers<br />
of record-low dispersion could be realized in<br />
a quasi-reflective setup.<br />
Other references<br />
[1] V. Kebbel, Doctoral thesis, submitted to University<br />
Bremen, <strong>2003</strong>.<br />
Own publications <strong>2003</strong> ff<br />
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)<br />
GGN03: R. Grunwald et al.; in Ultrafast Phenomena<br />
XIII (<strong>2003</strong>) 247-9<br />
GKG03b: R. Grunwald et al.; SPIE Proc. 4833 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
354-61<br />
GKG03c: R. Grunwald et al.; Phys. Rev. A 67 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
063820/1-5<br />
GKN03: R. Grunwald et al.; SPIE Proc. 5181 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
1-11<br />
GNG03: R. Grunwald et al.; Opt. Lett. 28 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
2399-401<br />
HHe03a: A. V. Husakou and J. Herrmann; Appl. Phys.<br />
Lett. 83 (<strong>2003</strong>) 3867-9<br />
HHe03b: A. V. Husakou and J. Herrmann; Appl. Phys.<br />
B 77 (<strong>2003</strong>) 227-34<br />
HPH03: A. Husakou et al.; in Optical Solitons.<br />
Theoretical and Experimental Challenges (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
299-325<br />
HSK03: F.W. Helbing et al.; IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant.<br />
Electron. 9 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1030-40<br />
HSt03: F.W. Helbing et al.; Laser Phys. 13 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
644-51<br />
IYL03: L. Isaenko et al.; Cryst. Res. Technol. 38<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 379-87<br />
KHe03a: V. P. Kalosha and J. Herrmann; Phys. Rev.<br />
A 67 (<strong>2003</strong>) 031801/1-4<br />
KHe03b: V. P. Kalosha and J. Herrmann; Opt. Lett. 28<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 950-2<br />
KHe03c: V. P. Kalosha and J. Herrmann; Phys. Rev.<br />
A 68 (<strong>2003</strong>) 023812/1-24<br />
KOK03: R. Komatsu et al.; J. Cryst. Growth 257<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 165-8<br />
KSH03: V. Kalosha et al.; in Recent Advances in<br />
Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Proceedings of the "XII<br />
VPS Conference" (<strong>2003</strong>) 231-7<br />
NGG03: U. Neumann et al.; SPIE Proc. 4972 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
112-21<br />
PNR03: V. Petrov et al.; Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
L1327-L9<br />
SGr03: G. Seewald and R. Grunwald; SPIE Proc.<br />
4833 (<strong>2003</strong>) 900-5<br />
SIK03: M. Spanner et al.; Opt. Lett. 28 (<strong>2003</strong>) 749-51<br />
SMG03: Yu. S. Skibina et al.; SPIE Proc. 5067 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
190-3<br />
Ste03a: G. Steinmeyer; Optics Express 11 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
2385-96<br />
Ste03b: G. Steinmeyer; IEEE LEOS Newsletter 17<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 8-9<br />
Ste03c: G. Steinmeyer; J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 5<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) R1-R15<br />
Ste03d: G. Steinmeyer; IEEE J. Quantum Elect. 39<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 1027-34<br />
NGG04: U. Neumann et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 84<br />
(2004) 170-2<br />
PNS04: V. Petrov et al.; Opt. Lett. 29 (2004) 373-5<br />
in press (as of Jan. 2004)<br />
GNe: R. Grunwald and U. Neumann; Opt. Lett.<br />
GNGa: R. Grunwald et al.; SPIE Proc.<br />
GNGb: R. Grunwald et al.; SPIE Proc.<br />
PBP: V. Petrov et al.; Opt. Commun.<br />
PBS: V. Petrov et al.; Opt. Mat.<br />
PYI: V. Petrov et al.; Appl. Phys. B<br />
SKe: G. Steinmeyer and U. Keller; in Femto-second<br />
Optical Frequency Comb: Principle, Operation,<br />
and Applications<br />
SSV: G. Sansone et al.; Appl. Phys. B<br />
Stea: G. Steinmeyer; in Handbook of Optoelectronics<br />
Steb: G. Steinmeyer; in Handbook of Optoelectronics<br />
Stec: G. Steinmeyer; Appl. Phys. A<br />
submitted (as of 21st Febr. 2004)<br />
FSM: S. Fossier et al.; J. Opt. Soc. Am. B<br />
GKe: R. Grunwald and V. Kebbel; in Springer Series<br />
in Optical Sciences, Vol. 'Microoptics - From<br />
Technology to Applications'<br />
GKN: R. Grunwald et al.; Opt. Eng.<br />
PNB: V. Petrov et al.; Appl. Opt.<br />
YTI: A. P. Yelisseyev et al.; J. Appl. Phys.<br />
Fig. 4:<br />
Wavefront autocorrelation<br />
as combination of<br />
Shack-Hartmann sensor<br />
and collinear autocorrelation:<br />
diagnostics of an<br />
amplified Ti:sapphire<br />
laser pulse without (a)<br />
and with (b) additional<br />
curvature introduced by<br />
a plano-convex lens<br />
(temporal resolution<br />
0.34 fs, nondiffracting<br />
sub-beams shaped by<br />
refractive-reflective thinfilm<br />
microaxicons, SHG),<br />
(c) cuts through the<br />
beamlets from (a)<br />
representing spatially<br />
resolved 2 nd order<br />
autocorrelation<br />
[GNG03, GNGa].<br />
13
14<br />
Fig. 1a:<br />
Scanning electron<br />
micrograph of the<br />
microstructure fiber.<br />
The Nd-doped core<br />
is surrounded by a<br />
lattice of air holes.<br />
Fig. 1b:<br />
Setup of the modelocked<br />
Nd-doped<br />
microstructure fiber<br />
laser.<br />
1-02: Short pulse laser systems<br />
U. Griebner, V. Petrov, I. Will (Project coordinators)<br />
and P. Glas, M. Kalashnikov, H. Redlin, E. Risse, H. Schönnagel, R. Schumann, N. Zhavoronkov<br />
1. Overview<br />
The general goal of this project is the<br />
development of sophisticated short pulse laser<br />
sources. Laser concepts based on Ti:sapphire,<br />
rare-earth- and Cr 4+ -doped crystals, semiconductors<br />
and microstructure fibers for femtosecond<br />
and picosecond oscillator and<br />
amplifier systems are under investigation.<br />
One focus of this project is the progress of<br />
compact diode-pumped femtosecond laser<br />
systems. The potential of novel ytterbium and<br />
neodymium doped active materials and semiconductor<br />
structures are studied in the 1-µm<br />
spectral range. In particular, Yb-doped laser<br />
crystals are well-suited for building<br />
conceptually simple and highly efficient diodepumped<br />
femtosecond lasers with high output<br />
power. Comparative studies based on the<br />
spectroscopic characteristics predicted that<br />
some Yb-doped tungstate and sesquioxide<br />
crystals are the most promising representatives<br />
of this class of materials. Among<br />
those materials, the monoclinic double<br />
tungstates Yb:KY(WO 4 ) 2 and Yb:KGd(WO 4 ) 2<br />
stand out because of their larger absorption<br />
and emission cross sections. The isotropic<br />
sesquioxides Sc 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 and Lu 2 O 3 are,<br />
however, more attractive for high-power<br />
applications because of their excellent thermomechanical<br />
properties. Compared to conventional<br />
fiber designs, microstructure fibers<br />
have considerably enhanced the possibilities<br />
of tailoring linear and nonlinear fiber properties.<br />
For mode-locked fiber lasers, dispersion<br />
engineering is of particular interest, as it permits<br />
intrinsic dispersion compensation or soliton<br />
propagation at virtually arbitrary wavelengths.<br />
This project further contains research<br />
activities to continuously upgrade the multiterawatt<br />
Ti:sapphire laser operated in the<br />
frame of High Field Laser (HFL) Application<br />
laboratory in order to keep the laser system in<br />
an internationally competitive condition. At<br />
present the HFL is one of a few laser systems<br />
regularly running at a repetition rate of 10 Hz<br />
and delivering peak powers in excess of<br />
20 TW at pulse durations of 35 fs. Generally,<br />
the modern high power Ti:sapphire laser<br />
systems suffer from a relatively low amplified<br />
spontaneous emission (ASE) contrast of the<br />
laser pulse, which typically lies in the range of<br />
10 -5 -10 -7 . For the <strong>MBI</strong>-HFL the actual ASE<br />
contrast value is 10 -7 . Improvement of the ASE<br />
contrast ratio to the value of ~10 -10 , which is<br />
necessary for pre-pulse free laser-matter<br />
interaction (at peak intensity I>10 20 W/cm 2 ), is<br />
one of the most important roots of current international<br />
activities; at <strong>MBI</strong> it is being performed<br />
within the framework of the European SHARP<br />
collaboration.<br />
A major part of the project is dedicated to<br />
the development of new schemes for<br />
generation of trains of pico- and femtosecond<br />
pulses. <strong>MBI</strong> is among the leading laboratories<br />
in the development of short-pulse, highaverage<br />
power burst-mode lasers, which gives<br />
the institute a key-role in collaborations with<br />
the high-energy accelerator and Free-Electron-<br />
Laser community. Present research activities<br />
focus on tunable fs-burst-lasers with high<br />
average power using OPCPA, the combination<br />
of Optical-Parametric amplification and<br />
Chirped Pulse Amplification. The main<br />
advantages of this scheme are a negligible<br />
thermal lensing, a broad amplification bandwidth<br />
and large tuneability in wavelength. The<br />
work finds an application in the development<br />
of an optical pump/probe laser for the international<br />
user community at the TESLA Free<br />
Electron Laser (FEL) in the framework of a<br />
EU-supported project.<br />
Another important activity is devoted to the<br />
development of laser systems based on<br />
Ti:sapphire operated at the repetition rates<br />
1 kHz and higher. This new generation of the<br />
presently most used laser system will open<br />
new possibilities for the application, which<br />
either benefit or will only be possible with high<br />
average power or multi-kHz repetition rate.
2. Subprojects and Collaborations<br />
At present the project is organized in two<br />
subprojects:<br />
UP1: Compact, diode pumped laser systems<br />
and new active materials<br />
• short pulse lasers based on new double<br />
tungstate and sesquioxide crystals / composite<br />
crystal structures doped with ytterbium<br />
and thulium as the active laser ion<br />
• femtosecond microstructure fiber lasers in<br />
the 1-µm spectral range (joint activity with<br />
project 1-01). Partially supported by the<br />
BMBF-project no. 13N8337<br />
• compact all semiconductor-based femtosecond<br />
lasers (joint activity with project<br />
3-03)<br />
UP2: Short pulse amplification, high peak<br />
and average power<br />
• development of diagnostics for the laser<br />
beam characterization, especially temporal<br />
contrast, focusability, intensity<br />
• development of low amplified spontaneous<br />
emission temporal contrast (>10 9 ) Ti: sapphire<br />
laser system,<br />
• development of methods to improve focusable<br />
intensity of the HFL Ti:sapphire laser to<br />
I >10 20 W/cm 2<br />
• development of the optical pump/probe<br />
laser for the TTF FEL in OPCPA technology:<br />
improvement of the stability and the power,<br />
increase of the conversion efficiency from<br />
pump to signal beam<br />
• Investigation of the physical principles for<br />
the development and stable operation of<br />
laser systems with high average output<br />
power (repetition rate > 1 kHz at several mJ<br />
pulse energy).<br />
Collaboration with the European SHARP<br />
consortium, EU contract no. HPRI-CT-2001-<br />
50037. This work is partially carried out in<br />
cooperation with HASYLAB/DESY in the<br />
framework of an EU supported project, contract<br />
no. HPRI-CT-1999-50009/Pump-Probe.<br />
Further collaboration partners: F. Diaz (University<br />
Tarragona), K. Petermann (University<br />
Hamburg), A. Tünnermann (University Jena),<br />
G. Erbert (FBH <strong>Berlin</strong>), Fibertec (<strong>Berlin</strong>),<br />
HASYLAB / DESY (Hamburg)<br />
3. Results in <strong>2003</strong><br />
A highly-efficient femtosecond sesquioxide<br />
laser applying a semiconductor saturable<br />
absorber mirror (SESAM) for passive modelocking<br />
was demonstrated. Using an Yb:Sc 2 O 3<br />
crystal in a diode-pumped oscillator, pulses<br />
as short as 255 fs at 1042.5 nm were<br />
generated with a 85 MHz repetition rate. The<br />
time-bandwidth product amounted to 0.35, i.e.<br />
close to the Fourier limit [KPG04]. The smallest<br />
quantum defect for an optically pumped laser<br />
crystal could be demonstrated at room<br />
temperature, using a 125 µm-thin platelet of<br />
KYb(WO 4 ) 2 , a stoichiometric Yb-containing<br />
crystal belonging to the class of the monoclinic<br />
double tungstates. While pumping at 1025 nm,<br />
lasing occurred at 1042 nm which<br />
corresponds to a quantum defect of only 1.6%<br />
[KPG03b]. We demonstrated first modelocking<br />
of a Nd 3+ -doped microstructure fiber<br />
laser using a SESAM (Fig. 1a, b). A pulse width<br />
of 25 ps and a peak power of 4 W could be<br />
achieved. Despite the huge potential, only<br />
isolated reports of such mode-locked<br />
microstructure fiber lasers can be found in the<br />
literature [1].<br />
A high dynamic range third-order crosscorrelator<br />
was developed for ASE temporal<br />
contrast characterization of the HFL<br />
Ti:sapphire laser. The correlator supports<br />
scanning range of ± 250 ps with duration of a<br />
single step of 20 fs. and dynamic range of<br />
measurement >5 10 9 . The whole dynamic<br />
range can be realized with input pulses of 40 fs<br />
duration, energy of 1 mJ at 5 mm diameter<br />
(Fig. 2a). The ASE temporal contrast of the HFL<br />
Ti:sapphire laser was characterized with the<br />
third-order cross-correlator (Fig. 2b). The ASE<br />
level was found to be ~10 -7 . Substantial<br />
development has been done in the framework<br />
of the European SHARP collaboration to<br />
investigate pulse-cleaning methods using the<br />
double-CPA-scheme; this project will be<br />
concluded in 2004.<br />
Fig. 2a:<br />
Dynamic range of the<br />
third-order crosscorrelator<br />
by blocking<br />
the fundamental and<br />
frequency doubled<br />
arms.<br />
Fig. 2b:<br />
Third-order crosscorrelation<br />
trace of the<br />
HFL Ti:sapphire laser.<br />
The ASE temporal<br />
contrast level is ~10 -7 .<br />
15
16<br />
Fig. 3a:<br />
Scheme of the tunable<br />
femtosecond light source<br />
to be applied as a pump/<br />
probe laser for the<br />
TESLA FEL.<br />
Fig. 3b:<br />
Output pulse train of the<br />
tunable femtosecond<br />
pump/probe laser<br />
By controlling the optical phase distortion<br />
originating from a non-parabolic temperature<br />
gradient an average power as high as 27 W<br />
has been achieved in the gain-switched<br />
regime. Pulses with up to 0.8 mJ and 65 fs<br />
pulse duration at 10 kHz repetition rate have<br />
been obtained in a single stage laser system.<br />
The tunable pump/probe laser for the<br />
TESLA FEL is designed for production of<br />
trains of femtosecond pulses (Fig. 3a,b). This<br />
time structure is demanded by the TTF FEL<br />
which is under development at DESY. In <strong>2003</strong>,<br />
Other references<br />
[1] K. Furusawa, T. M. Monro, P. Petropoulos, and D.<br />
J. Richardson, Electron. Lett. 37, (2001) 560.<br />
Own publications <strong>2003</strong><br />
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)<br />
BHJ03: R. Bakker et al.; Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys.<br />
Res. A 507 (<strong>2003</strong>) 210-4<br />
GFH03: Ch. Gerth et al.; Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys.<br />
Res. A 507 (<strong>2003</strong>) 335-9<br />
JBE03: D. Janssen et al.; Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys.<br />
Res. A 507 (<strong>2003</strong>) 314-7<br />
KPG03a: P. Klopp et al.; Opt. Lett. 28 (<strong>2003</strong>) 322-4<br />
KPG03b: P. Klopp et al.; Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
246-8<br />
KPGc03: P. Klopp et al.; SPIE Proc. 4968 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
46-53<br />
in press (as of Jan. 2004)<br />
BKK: I. A. Begishev et al.; Journal of the Optical<br />
Society of America<br />
KPG04: P. Klopp et al.; Opt. Lett.<br />
ZKo: N. Zhavoronkov and G. Korn; Opt. Lett.<br />
submitted (until 21st Feb. 2004)<br />
ASA: A. Aznar et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett.<br />
GKGa: U. Griebner et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett.<br />
MPA: X. Mateos et al.; IEEE J. Quantum Elect.<br />
ZTo: N. Zhavoronkov and K. Tominaga; Opt. Lett.<br />
a new pump laser for the OPCPA system has<br />
been developed and installed. The pump laser<br />
contains a precisely synchronized oscillator<br />
and a chain of diode-pumped preamplifiers.<br />
The installation of this new pump laser has<br />
significantly improved the stability and the<br />
output power of the OPCPA process.<br />
The output energy of the Optical Parametric<br />
Amplifier (OPA), which is the major part of the<br />
pump/probe laser, has been increased to 70 µJ<br />
per single pulse and to a total energy of 12 mJ<br />
per pulse train. In addition to the installation of<br />
the new pump laser, this has been reached by<br />
extending the former two crystal OPA with a<br />
third OPA stage which operates near saturation<br />
(G~10). The third OPA amplifier stage has been<br />
optimized to obtain a reasonably conversion<br />
efficiency from pump to signal beam (presently:<br />
20%).
Research focus 2<br />
Ultrafast and Nonlinear Phenomena in Atoms, Molecules,<br />
Clusters and Plasmas<br />
Research focus 2 is devoted to ultrafast<br />
and nonlinear processes in atoms, molecules,<br />
clusters and plasma induced by short laser<br />
pulses. It is based on four projects, which jointly<br />
work on two main topics:<br />
The first topic, matter in ultrastrong laser<br />
fields, aims at the investigation of fundamental<br />
processes in laser interaction with gas phase<br />
and condensed matter targets, whereby field<br />
strength (intensity) and energy of the short laser<br />
pulse play the decisive role. Three main<br />
research topics are in the focus of the <strong>MBI</strong><br />
interest: First, differential studies on multiple<br />
ionization dynamics in atoms, molecules and<br />
clusters using elaborate experimental<br />
detection techniques are performed at high<br />
and ultra-high laser intensities including those<br />
in the relativistic regime. Second, ion/proton<br />
generation from laser produced plasmas, in<br />
particular fast collimated proton beams, are<br />
investigated as a basic research topic and will<br />
be used as novel diagnostic imaging tool for<br />
relativistic plasma dynamics, utilizing the<br />
unique possibility of synchronizing two<br />
separate high-power lasers. Third, the development<br />
of a compact coherent x-ray laser source<br />
(x-ray laser) from a laser-driven plasma is<br />
being pursued, utilizing recent <strong>MBI</strong> breakthrough<br />
results in low-power pumping<br />
schemes. Experimental activities are comprehensively<br />
supported by theoretical work.<br />
The second topic, studies of ultrafast<br />
structural changes, is concerned with the<br />
investigation of nuclear and electronic<br />
dynamics in biologically relevant molecules<br />
in the gas phase and in biomolecules in the<br />
condensed phase. It relies on ultrafast pump<br />
probe techniques to elucidate reaction<br />
dynamics in real time.<br />
Both topics apply the whole range of laser<br />
technologies currently available at the <strong>MBI</strong>.<br />
Moreover, the projects are designed to respond<br />
fast to new laser technologies as they are<br />
developed at the <strong>MBI</strong>, partly within the projects,<br />
and partly in collaboration with other leading<br />
laser facilities worldwide. The latter fact is<br />
supported already by ongoing collaborations<br />
with leading laser groups, for example, on<br />
ionisation dynamics with the nowadays shortest<br />
available few cycle laser pulses. We specifically<br />
mention the laser research at the <strong>MBI</strong> on short<br />
VUV and x-ray pulses and on mid infrared<br />
pulses, which extends the range of possible<br />
investigations substantially.<br />
Matter in ultrastrong laser fields<br />
(2-01, 2-02, 2-03):<br />
A joint effort of projects 2-02 and 2-03<br />
explores the different facets of fundamental<br />
ionization mechanisms of gas phase targets<br />
at non-relativistic and relativistic laser<br />
intensities. Multiple ionization of atoms and<br />
ions is studied with special emphasis on the<br />
role of electron dynamics (mainly project 2-02)<br />
and yield a detailed understanding of the<br />
fundamental ionisation process. Recent breakthrough<br />
results have been achieved as a result<br />
of interdisciplinary collaborations with external<br />
groups by novel combinations of detector and<br />
laser equipment, and through close collaboration<br />
with theory. Those results are the basis<br />
for tackling laser matter interaction studies in<br />
more complicated systems such as molecules<br />
and clusters, performed both in projects 2-02<br />
and 2-03 with emphasis on non-perturbative<br />
strong-field effects and multi-photon effects,<br />
respectively. Experimentally the projects are<br />
closely inter-linked through sharing of<br />
technology and knowledge on the “reaction<br />
microscope” and on molecule and cluster<br />
sources.<br />
In project 2-01 highest laser fields are<br />
applied to produce highly charged relativistic<br />
plasmas, which will be investigated with<br />
emphasis on ion/proton acceleration and the<br />
formation of a collimated charged particle<br />
beam. This beam, in turn, shall be used as a<br />
plasma diagnostic tool, also known as<br />
"proton imaging", to monitor processes in<br />
laser produced relativistic plasmas. With the<br />
synchronisation of the two <strong>MBI</strong> high field lasers<br />
an internationally almost unique possibility is<br />
available – to perform such investigations. The<br />
verification of predicted phenomena on field<br />
structures like solitons and electron currents<br />
in the plasma is the first near-term goal. The<br />
plasma studies will be complemented by the<br />
development of a collisional x-ray laser based<br />
on a transition in silver like nickel ions. Stable<br />
lasing was already observed at yet unrivaled<br />
low driver energies, a result of combining<br />
several recent <strong>MBI</strong> research results in this<br />
area. The work aims at the development of<br />
a compact x-ray laser with high repetition<br />
rate for applications, which require close<br />
collaboration with project area 1 (laser<br />
research) regarding the development of a<br />
high-power, high-repetition rate driver laser.<br />
17
18<br />
Studies of ultrafast structural<br />
changes (2-03, 2-04):<br />
Projects 2-03 and 2-04 perform<br />
complementary studies to gain insight into<br />
ultrafast structural changes in molecules and<br />
biomolecules.<br />
The corresponding work in project 2-03 is<br />
focussed on the investigation of photochemical<br />
reactions of biologically relevant<br />
systems in the gas phase, induced and probed<br />
with low intensity short laser pulses. A particular<br />
research focus are the excited states dynamics<br />
of chromophore molecules embedded in small<br />
clusters or solvent molecules. This allows the<br />
detailed study of solvation effects in vacuo,<br />
with particular emphasis on the key processes<br />
of hydrogen, proton and electron transfer,<br />
internal conversion, isomerisation and fragmentation.<br />
The experimental methods are<br />
based on pump-probe ionization spectroscopy<br />
with time-resolved detection of photoelectrons<br />
and photoions separately or in coincidence.<br />
Recent developments also allow the direct<br />
detection of atomic hydrogen formed by<br />
molecular fragmentation.<br />
The target of project 2-04 is the real time<br />
observation of ultrafast structural changes in<br />
molecular and biomolecular systems in the<br />
condensed phase. Investigations focus on<br />
structural changes due to dynamical interaction<br />
with the surroundings such as liquid<br />
solvents or the protein backbone and on<br />
observations of geometrical rearrangements<br />
due to optically triggered chemical reactions.<br />
The main underlying experimental technique<br />
is the ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy.<br />
New exciting fields of structural dynamics<br />
might be adressed, if techniques applied in<br />
these projects are combined with near-field<br />
microscopy or ultrafast X-ray diffraction; the<br />
corresponding new methods are developed<br />
in the third research focus area at the <strong>MBI</strong>.
2-01: Laser Plasma Dynamics<br />
K. A. Janulewicz, P. V. Nickles, M. Schnuerer (Project Coordinators)<br />
and S. Busch, P. Priebe, S. Ter-Avetisyan, J. Tümmler<br />
1. Overview<br />
Highly ionized plasmas by short intense<br />
laser pulse irradiation are investigated in two<br />
directions:<br />
First, with ultra-intense laser pulses relativistic<br />
plasma dynamics is studied. Here, we focus<br />
on the investigation of ion /proton acceleration<br />
from structured foil and microdroplet targets.<br />
In detail, mechanisms leading to ion acceleration<br />
and generation of ion beams with well<br />
characterized parameters will be studied.<br />
Using such a proton beam generated by one<br />
laser we want to study plasma dynamic effects<br />
in a second plasma. This radiographic method,<br />
also called proton imaging, allows to gain<br />
knowledge about the acceleration process<br />
itself. Additionally, we want to investigate by<br />
this new method field structures (solitons,<br />
electron currents a.o.) appearing in a relativistic<br />
plasma. Results of these basic physics investigations<br />
open for the first time a view into such<br />
an extreme hot, dense and well localized<br />
plasma and are necessary as input data for<br />
relevant simulations.<br />
Ultra-intense laser pulse accelerated ion/<br />
proton generation is a rapidly emerging field;<br />
international activities started two years ago<br />
and first results on proton imaging have been<br />
demonstrated very recently. The progress in<br />
this field will be determined by the access to<br />
ultraintense lasers, sophisticated targets as<br />
well as complex diagnostic tools. <strong>MBI</strong> is part<br />
of a national consortium of university<br />
laboratories and research institutions (Munich,<br />
Düsseldorf, Jena) where this topic will be<br />
studied over a wide range of laser parameters,<br />
with applications in plasma physics,<br />
astrophysics, and nuclear physics. <strong>MBI</strong>’s<br />
contributions arise from the unique possibility<br />
of synchronized operation of two separate<br />
high-field lasers, each of which has internationally<br />
competitive pulse characteristics,<br />
and from the ongoing research and results on<br />
the plasma dynamics of laser irradiated lowdensity<br />
targets.<br />
We have started our research by<br />
investigating the ion/proton acceleration in<br />
isolated microdroplets. Using newly developed<br />
high resolution diagnostic on the base of<br />
Thomson spectrometers we could demonstrate<br />
some unexpected emission characteristics of<br />
the ions/protons. This studies will be continued<br />
and the results compared with PIC<br />
simulations.<br />
Two <strong>MBI</strong> high field lasers (a 1ps, >5J CPA<br />
glass laser and the 35 fs, ~1 J Ti:Sa laser) are<br />
to be synchronized with 1 ps accuracy during<br />
the next year and the same are basis the<br />
experiments in the near future. This setup is<br />
unique world-wide.<br />
The second sub-project is concerned with<br />
research on optimum plasma conditions for<br />
compact (table-top) so called “X-ray lasers”,<br />
working in the EUV-region around 10-13nm.<br />
The main long-term goal of the project is an Xray<br />
laser with a practically useful average<br />
power of ~1 mW .<br />
A nickel-like silver X-ray laser operating<br />
on the 4d-4p transition at the wavelength of<br />
13.9 nm has been chosen as the main research<br />
object and as a scheme for future development.<br />
This wavelength is very close to the future<br />
industrially important EUV-lithography wavelength<br />
at 13.4 nm. Hence, a mutual benefit<br />
between the planned x-ray laser and EUV<br />
lithography in the area of diagnostics (optical<br />
component quality control, interferometry etc.)<br />
and availability of optical components for new<br />
applications is expected.<br />
Using previous <strong>MBI</strong> results and expertise<br />
in x-ray laser research, together with recent<br />
2002/<strong>2003</strong> results on the characterization of<br />
the single shot XRL output, a repetitive<br />
operation mode at 10 Hz applying the <strong>MBI</strong><br />
Ti:Sa laser will be the first stage on the way<br />
towards the long-term project goal. Realization<br />
of a kHz repetitive silver X-ray laser will require<br />
parallel development of a driving laser replacing<br />
the current multi-Joule glass-laser by a modern,<br />
diode pumped system with pulse energies at<br />
the Joule-level, but high repetition rate.<br />
The X-ray laser realised on this way is<br />
foreseen for applications taking advantage of<br />
its narrow spectral bandwidth and good spatial<br />
coherence of its emission. Plasma interferometry<br />
is especially promising and important<br />
application. On the other hand, narrow spectral<br />
bandwidth and high photon number together<br />
with high photon energy makes this source<br />
also very attractive for specific spectroscopic<br />
applications. Using such a source for<br />
spectroscopy of highly charged heavy ions is<br />
matter of a joint project with the GSI Darmstadt.<br />
Such a compact soft x-ray source with high<br />
repetition rate will be a valuable tool<br />
complementary in many aspects to future<br />
large-scale short-wavelength FELs (Free<br />
Electron Lasers).<br />
19
20<br />
Fig.1:<br />
Proton emission from a<br />
single droplet and microdroplets<br />
in a spray. The<br />
emission is recorded<br />
with a MCP-Thomson-<br />
Spectrometer using a<br />
single laser pulse with<br />
about 40 fs and<br />
10 19 W/cm 2 .<br />
Fig. 2:<br />
Near-field image of the<br />
X-ray laser beam. The<br />
output energy of ~5 µJ<br />
corresponds to 10 11<br />
photons in a single pulse.<br />
The beam has a diameter<br />
of about 50 µm.<br />
The intense central part<br />
is here splitted by the<br />
wires of the filter support,<br />
which are visiblle<br />
only in diagnostics.<br />
Many groups worldwide focus their activity<br />
on this topic. Presence at the forefront requires<br />
permanent access to suitable pump lasers.<br />
Therefore, a part of the group activity is devoted<br />
to active development of such a driving laser.<br />
2. Subprojects<br />
Research in this project is structured in two<br />
major subprojects:<br />
UP1: Investigation of relativistic laser plasmas<br />
with MeV-proton beam imaging<br />
Collaborations: Univ. Düsseldorf, Univ. Jena,<br />
LMU München, MPQ Garching: Joint project<br />
proposals for ion acceleration and proton<br />
imaging, including applications in plasma<br />
diagnostics, astrophysics and nuclear physics.<br />
UP2: Coherent XUV-radiation from laser<br />
plasmas (X-ray lasers) and its optimization<br />
for applications<br />
Collaborations: T. Kühl, GSI Darmstadt,<br />
Development of an x-ray laser for heavy-ion<br />
spectroscopy at the GSI;<br />
Prof. H Fiedorowicz, Warsaw, Development of<br />
gas targets for x-ray lasers;<br />
Prof. A Zigler, Jerusalem; Guiding in capillary<br />
targets for x-ray lasers;<br />
Prof. G.J. Pert, York, Numerical modelling of Xray<br />
lasers;<br />
UK XRL Consortium, LIXAM Paris, PALS<br />
Prague, Univ. Bern: Joint European Project<br />
proposal for table-top X-ray lasers.<br />
3. Results in <strong>2003</strong><br />
In the project part related to the relativistic<br />
plasma physics we have obtained two<br />
important results which are relevant to the<br />
physics of proton acceleration with ultraintense<br />
laser fields. In contrast to the previously<br />
reported in the literature smooth proton (and<br />
ion) energy distribution, we observed with our<br />
high-resolution single-shot diagnostic specific<br />
breaks or dips in proton spectra extending to<br />
energies of 1.4 MeV. Such an effect can be<br />
explained by an self-similar plasma expansion<br />
model assuming two components of the electron<br />
temperature. At present we are investigating<br />
validity of this model for our experimental<br />
parameters and developing a new model<br />
scenario, including also the influence of<br />
different ion species. First PIC simulation<br />
regarding this topic have been started.<br />
This new observation was registered for<br />
different target systems such as single water<br />
droplets [BTS03,TSB] with a diameter of 20<br />
micron and a spray of an ensemble of microspheres<br />
(droplets) having a diameter of 150 nm<br />
each. In Fig.1 we depict two proton spectra of<br />
these target systems. Well pronounced dips<br />
are seen. We could also demonstrate for the<br />
first time proton emission with energy above<br />
1 MeV from isolated micro-targets having an<br />
extension several times below the laser wavelength<br />
[BTS03,TSB]. This was possible with a<br />
newly developed spray source [STB]. These<br />
data is especially interesting concerning recent<br />
predictions on the laser energy conversion to<br />
protons of high kinetic energy while very tiny<br />
solid objects are exposed to extreme intense<br />
laser light.<br />
All these experiments are very sensitive to<br />
the laser pulse parameters and especially the<br />
laser pulse contrast is a crucial parameter in<br />
relativistic-laser-intensity matter interaction<br />
(see relevant activities in projects 4.02, 1.02<br />
and SHARP (EU)). The obtained proton<br />
emission from the spray target indicates that<br />
during propagation of the high intensity laser<br />
pulse the temporal contrast of the leading<br />
pulse front changes. The pulse contrast of<br />
about 10 -7 prevents high-intensity laser interaction<br />
with a small object at high density. The<br />
investigation of the processes involved will<br />
help to find suitable laser-target concepts<br />
supporting need of low laser energy for the<br />
envisioned proton imaging studies in the MeV<br />
range.
Within the sub-project “X-ray laser” the<br />
output parameters of a Ni-like Ag soft X-ray<br />
laser has been measured and estimated. The<br />
beam parameters such as divergence, intensity<br />
distribution (Fig.2) spatial coherence and output<br />
energy have been quantitatively defined.<br />
It was found that at the divergence of 3 mrad<br />
and the output energy of 3-5 µJ conservatively<br />
estimated contribution of highly coherent<br />
photons was between 1 and 10 % [LJK]. The<br />
total number of photons in a single shot was<br />
about 10 11 .<br />
The output characteristics determined as<br />
a function of the pump parameters have shown<br />
that the pump energy lower than 1 J is sufficient<br />
to obtain the emission spectrum dominated<br />
by the lasing line [JLP03].<br />
On the other hand, investigation on the<br />
capillary confined plasmas delivered<br />
additional information on physics of interaction<br />
of a strong-field radiation with an underdense<br />
plasma [JBL03]. A qualitative condition [JBL03]<br />
for the length of the confined plasma as an<br />
active medium has been formulated.<br />
Own Publications <strong>2003</strong> ff<br />
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)<br />
BTS03: S. Busch et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
3354-6<br />
GRR: R. A. Ganeev et al.; Opt. Commun. 225 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
131-9<br />
JBL03: K. A. Janulewicz et al.; J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 20<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 215-20<br />
JLP03: K. A. Janulewicz et al.; Phys. Rev. A 68 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
051802-5<br />
JLS03: K. A: Janulewicz et al.; Laser Technology VII:<br />
Progress in Lasers, SPIE Proceedings 5230<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 189-94<br />
RGR03: A. I. Ryasnyanskiy et al.; Fullerenes,<br />
Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures 12<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 333-9<br />
TSS03: S. Ter-Avetisyan et al.; J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.<br />
36 (<strong>2003</strong>) 2421-6<br />
in press (as of Jan. 2004)<br />
BST: S. Busch et al.; Appl. Phys. B<br />
JLP: K. A. Janulewicz et al.; X-ray Spectrometry<br />
JPL: K. A. Janulewicz et al.; SPIE Proc.<br />
LJK: A. Lucianetti et al.; Opt. Lett.<br />
NJP: P. V. Nickles et al.; SPIE Proc.<br />
NJS: P. V. Nickles et al.; in Strong laser field physics<br />
STB: M. Schnürer et al.; Appl. Phys. B<br />
submitted (until 21st Febr. 2004)<br />
Jan: K. A. Janulewicz; X-ray Spectrometry<br />
JNK: K. A. Janulewicz et al.; Phys. Rev. A<br />
RCF: H. Ruhl et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
RCG: H. Ruhl et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
Ruha: H. Ruhl; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
Ruhb: H. Ruhl; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
TSB: S. Ter-Avetisyan et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
21
22<br />
2-02: Ionization dynamics in intense laser fields<br />
W. Becker, U. Eichmann, H. Rottke (Project coordinators)<br />
and D. Bauer, E. Eremina , S. Gerlach, E. Gubbini, H. Hetzheim, R. Jung, Th. Kwapien, X. Liu, M. Piantek<br />
1. Overview<br />
The project aims at the comprehensive<br />
analysis of basic interaction mechanisms of<br />
isolated atoms/ions, molecules and clusters<br />
with intense laser fields.<br />
Experimental work concentrates on the<br />
investigation of ionization processes at light<br />
intensities between 10 14 W/cm 2 and 10 20 W/cm 2 .<br />
It focuses on the significance and the<br />
manifestations of electron-electron correlation,<br />
the influence of relativistic effects on multiple<br />
ionization and on the manipulation of multiple<br />
ionization processes via laser pulse<br />
characteristics. In particular, few-cycle pulses<br />
with stabilized carrier-envelope phase and<br />
defined state of polarization will be applied as<br />
well as two-color pulses, which typically consist<br />
of an (intense) infrared laser pulse with an<br />
ultrashort high-order harmonic superimposed.<br />
The latter can be timed with respect to the<br />
former. The physics is dominated by the interplay<br />
between tunneling processes, free electron<br />
motion and electron-ion collisions in the presence<br />
of time-dependent external fields. Furthermore,<br />
research is focused on the interaction<br />
between correlated electron dynamics in tightly<br />
bound inner shells and relativistic laser fields.<br />
The investigations will be extended to ionic<br />
targets. In particular, a setup to create lasercooled<br />
ionic targets in a linear Paul trap is under<br />
construction, where single ions will be ionized<br />
by ultra-high intensity fields form the <strong>MBI</strong> Ti:Sa<br />
laser in order to study multiple ionization in<br />
highly charged ions. The target ion will remain<br />
cooled through sympathetic cooling from the<br />
neighboring singly-ionized ions in the trap.<br />
Theoretical work concentrates on the<br />
description of intense-laser atom processes in<br />
terms of the “S-matrix” together with the "strongfield<br />
approximation". As applications, single and<br />
multiple ionization of atoms and molecules are<br />
considered, at intensities reaching up into the<br />
relativistic regime. For the interaction of lasers<br />
with clusters a wide range of methods is utilized:<br />
simple models, classical-trajectory calculations<br />
and time-dependent density-functional<br />
methods.<br />
The long term perspective of this project,<br />
which relies on a strong interplay between<br />
theoretical and experimental investigations,<br />
is a detailed and complete understanding of<br />
strong field multiple ionization processes.<br />
2. Subprojects and Collaborations<br />
UP1: Dynamics of strong field multiple<br />
ionization<br />
Collaborations with H. Walther (<strong>Max</strong>-Planck<br />
<strong>Institut</strong> für Quantenoptik) and G. G. Paulus<br />
(MPQ, now College Station, TX), F. Krausz (TU<br />
Vienna and MPQ), P.Agostini (Humboldtresearch<br />
award), T. F. Gallagher (University of<br />
Virginia), G.von Oppen (TU <strong>Berlin</strong>);<br />
Joint DFG funded project with R. Moshammer<br />
and J. Ullrich (<strong>Max</strong>-Planck <strong>Institut</strong> für Kernphysik);<br />
DFG funded project within the DFG Schwerpunkt<br />
“Wechselwirkung intensiver Laserfelder<br />
mit Materie”;<br />
Joint DFG funded project with G. von Oppen<br />
(TU <strong>Berlin</strong>) on laser cooling of metastable<br />
helium, which uses the laser infrastructure<br />
(cw-cooling lasers) of the ion trapping activity.<br />
Collaborations on theory projects with D. B.<br />
Milosevic (University of Sarajevo) (Volkswagen-<br />
Stiftung-supported project), H. Schomerus<br />
(MPIPKS), C.Faria (Univ. Hannover).<br />
In-house collaboration with M. Zhavoronkov<br />
and project 2.03, project 2.01 and with the HFL<br />
application laboratory.<br />
UP2: High intensity laser-cluster interaction<br />
Collaboration with D.F. Zaretsky, S.V. Fomichev<br />
(Kurchatov <strong>Institut</strong>, Moskau), S.V. Popruzhenko<br />
(Moscow Engineering Physics <strong>Institut</strong>e (State<br />
University)) (DFG-supported project), A. Macchi,<br />
F. Ceccherini (Pisa University).<br />
In house with project 2-03 on cluster in strong<br />
laser fields (A. Stalmashonak, M. Zvavarankau,<br />
M. Boyle, C. P. Schulz).<br />
3. Results in <strong>2003</strong><br />
UP1: Dynamics of strong field multiple<br />
ionization<br />
Molecular structure and e - correlation in<br />
strong field double ionization: The influence<br />
of the structure of simple diatomic molecules<br />
on the final state electron momentum<br />
correlation after non-sequential double<br />
ionization [ELR03] has been investigated. The<br />
experiment used the <strong>MBI</strong> reaction microscope,<br />
developed in cooperation with the MPI<br />
Heidelberg group, and a short-pulse (35 fs)<br />
Ti:sapphire laser system with 100 kHz<br />
repetition rate developed at the MPQ [1]. It<br />
allowed us to reach light intensities of up to<br />
2.5 x 10 14 W/cm 2 . The high repetition rate of
this laser system is optimally suited for the<br />
highly differential coincident electron-ion<br />
momentum spectroscopy studies possible<br />
with the reaction microscope.<br />
In summary, the momentum correlation of<br />
the two photoelectrons from non-sequential<br />
double ionization of O 2 and N 2 shows a<br />
completely different structure (Fig. 1). On the<br />
assumption that double ionization of both<br />
molecules is initiated by the electron recollision<br />
mechanism we were able to trace<br />
the difference back to the symmetry<br />
characteristics of the initial state single particle<br />
orbitals (O 2 ungerade and N 2 gerade) from<br />
where the two electrons are removed [ELR03].<br />
This was achieved by a classical model<br />
developed at <strong>MBI</strong>. It is based on a classical<br />
analog of the corresponding quantum<br />
mechanical S-matrix [FLB]. The main features<br />
of the experimental correlation are reproduced<br />
by this model for both molecules. The<br />
differences found are due to differing scattering<br />
interference induced by the initial state orbital.<br />
In the context of S-matrix calculations of<br />
the momentum correlation the Coulomb<br />
repulsion between the two electrons in the final<br />
state was incorporated into the theory. In<br />
general it does not improve agreement<br />
between theory and experiment. Agreement<br />
is best, at least for neon, for the very simplest<br />
model, which describes the electron-electron<br />
interaction, by which the returning electron<br />
dislodges the bound electron, by a three-body<br />
contact interaction disregarding the subsequent<br />
Coulomb repulsion [FLB,FLS].<br />
Classical cutoff laws that govern NSDI have<br />
been established [MBeb].<br />
Atoms in relativistic laser fields: The<br />
generation of high harmonics in relativistic<br />
laser fields has been theoretically investigated<br />
[MBe03a] . As expected, emission of ultrahighorder<br />
harmonics is strongly suppressed<br />
compared with the nonrelativistic calculation,<br />
since the rescattering mechanism becomes<br />
inefficient owing to the E x B drift. In parallel,<br />
only one orbit starts to dominate so that<br />
interference effects no longer play a role.<br />
Laser intensity dependent ion yields in rare<br />
gases have been measured to obtain<br />
information on the ionization process for laser<br />
intensities, where the transition from the non<br />
relativistic to the relativistic regime takes place.<br />
It has been observed in Ne and Kr, that the<br />
rescattering mechanism is already substantially<br />
suppressed in the intensity range between<br />
10 17 W/cm 2 and 10 18 W/cm 2 .<br />
Atoms in resonant laser fields: As a side<br />
result we mention that for new spectroscopic<br />
data of a highly excited two electron system in<br />
weak resonant laser fields the commonly<br />
accepted Fano theory [2] on configuration<br />
interaction has been found to be incomplete<br />
to describe the spectra and has been reformulated<br />
accordingly [EGK03].<br />
Few Cycle pulses: Highly nonlinear processes<br />
in laser-irradiated atoms, such as<br />
above-threshold ionization (ATI), high-order<br />
harmonic generation, and nonsequential<br />
double ionization are being reinvestigated with<br />
the help of laser pulses that consist of just a<br />
few cycles. Besides their carrier frequency,<br />
peak intensity, and length, such pulses depend<br />
on one additional parameter: the relative<br />
phase between the maximum of the pulse<br />
envelope and the nearest maximum of the<br />
carrier wave. The value of this phase crucially<br />
determines the shape of the few-cycle pulse<br />
and the effects it causes in a highly nonlinear<br />
interaction. For example, the plateau in the<br />
angle-resolved energy spectrum of high-order<br />
ATI dramatically depends on this "absolute<br />
phase".<br />
We have carried out calculations of the<br />
high-order ATI spectrum that, by comparison<br />
with an experimental spectrum, allow one to<br />
determine the actual value of the absolute<br />
phase. High-order above-threshold ionization<br />
spectra have been calculated in the context of<br />
the strong-field approximation for few-cycle<br />
pulses with specified carrier-envelope phase<br />
as a function of the latter. Comparison with the<br />
experimental data allows the determination<br />
of the carrier-envelope phase in a given<br />
experimental run. Characteristic interference<br />
effects can be traced to particular classical<br />
orbits [MPB03b,MPB03,MPB c].<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Final state electron<br />
momentum correlation<br />
after strong field nonsequential<br />
double<br />
ionisation of O 2 and N 2<br />
at light intensities of<br />
1.7 x 10 14 W/cm 2 (O 2 )<br />
and 1.5 x 10 14 W/cm 2<br />
(N 2 ). Shown is the<br />
momentum component<br />
parallel to the light<br />
polarization axis.<br />
23
24<br />
Fig. 2:<br />
Probability of abovethreshold<br />
ionization of<br />
krypton by a Ti:Sa 4cycle<br />
sine-square pulse<br />
with intensity 10 14 W/cm 2<br />
as a function of the<br />
electron energy. The<br />
absolute phase is f=0°,<br />
and the spectra are for<br />
the two detector position<br />
theta=0° circle (dashed<br />
curve) and theta=180°<br />
(solid curve) opposite to<br />
each other along the<br />
polarization axis of the<br />
laser field.<br />
UP2: High intensity laser-cluster interaction<br />
Our theoretical work focuses on the<br />
ionization dynamics of rare gas clusters in<br />
strong laser fields, especially the complex<br />
interplay between inner and outer ionization,<br />
and on the mechanisms of laser energy<br />
absorption in such systems.<br />
Mie surface plasmon resonance: In the year<br />
<strong>2003</strong> particular attention was payed to the nonlinear<br />
excitation of the Mie surface plasmonresonance<br />
via the third harmonic of the driving<br />
laser field, to the collective electron dynamics<br />
inside clusters, and to a self-consistent treatment<br />
of the inneratomic dynamics in molecular<br />
dynamics simulations of laser-cluster interaction.<br />
Under typical conditions the Mie frequency<br />
is around 5 eV, about three times the Ti:Sa laser<br />
frequency, which suggests that three-photon<br />
excitation of the Mie resonance plays a role. This<br />
surmise is supported by a model that treats the<br />
electron cloud inside the cluster as an incompressible<br />
fluid [FZP03a,FZP03b] as well as<br />
by classical-trajectory calculations. The models<br />
predict a strong presence of the third harmonic<br />
in the electric field inside the cluster, which should<br />
be visible in the scattered radiation and might<br />
enhance the generation of high charge states.<br />
Dynamical ionization ignition: A dynamical<br />
version of the well-known ionization ignition<br />
mechanism in clusters was revealed by timedependent<br />
density functional theory simulations<br />
of a one-dimensional model cluster [BMa03]. A<br />
bouncing wave packet was found to build up<br />
inside the cluster that is driven into resonance<br />
with respect to the laser field and thus leads to<br />
both efficient absorption of laser energy and<br />
increased ionization. This "dynamical ionization<br />
ignition" scenario is supported by threedimensional,<br />
semi-classical molecular dynamics<br />
calculations where the inner atomic dynamics<br />
of many-electron atoms is treated explicitly<br />
[Baua].<br />
Other references<br />
[1] F. Lindner, G. G. Paulus, F. Grasbon, A. Dreischuh,<br />
and H. Walther, IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 38, 1465<br />
(2002)<br />
[2] U. Fano, Phys. Rev. 124, 1866 (1961)<br />
Own publications <strong>2003</strong> ff<br />
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)<br />
AFF03: O. A. Castro Alvaredo et al.; Phys. Rev. B 67<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 125405-14<br />
BCe03: D. Bauer and F. Ceccherini; Laser Phys. 13<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 475-83<br />
BGK03: W. Becker et al.; in Many-particle quantum<br />
dynamics in atomic and molecular fragmentation<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) Vol. 35, 185-204<br />
BMa03: D. Bauer and A. Macchi; Phys. Rev. A 68<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 033201/1-10<br />
CBC03: F. Ceccherini et al.; Phys. Rev. A 68 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
053402/1-9<br />
EGK03: U. Eichmann et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
233004-1/1-4<br />
ELR03: E. Eremina et al.; Journal of Physics B-Atomic<br />
Molecular and Optical Physics 36 (<strong>2003</strong>) 3269-80<br />
FBe03: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria and W.<br />
Becker; Laser Phys. 13 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1196-204<br />
FZP03a: S. V. Fomichev et al.; Optics Express 11<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 2433-9<br />
FZP03b: S. V. Fomichev et al.; J. Phys. B: At. Mol.<br />
Opt. Phys. 36 (<strong>2003</strong>) 3817-34<br />
GKP03: S. P. Goreslavski et al.; J. Mod. Opt. 50<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 423-40<br />
JGO03: R. Jung et al.; in Interactions in ultracold<br />
gases: from atoms to molecules (<strong>2003</strong>) 394-8<br />
JGS03: R. Jung et al.; Eur. Phys. J. D 23 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
415-9<br />
KBM03: R. Kopold et al.; Phys. Scr. 68 (<strong>2003</strong>) C76-81<br />
MBe03a: D. B. Milosevic and W. Becker; J. Mod. Opt.<br />
50 (<strong>2003</strong>) 375-86<br />
MGB03a: D. B. Milosevic et al.; Phys. Rev. A 68<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 050702-5<br />
MPB03: D. B. Milosevic et al.; Optics Express 11<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 1418-29<br />
MPB03b: D. B. Milosevic et al.; Laser Phys. 13 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
948-58<br />
MUF03a: R. Moshammer et al.; J. Phys. B: At. Mol.<br />
Opt. Phys. 36 (<strong>2003</strong>) L113-9<br />
MUF03b: R. Moshammer et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 91<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 113002/1-4<br />
Rot03: H. Rottke; in Many-particle quantum<br />
dynamics in atomic and molecular fragmentation<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) Vol. 35, 317-38<br />
in press (as of Jan. 2004)<br />
Bau: D. Bauer; Laser Part. Beams<br />
Baua: D. Bauer; Appl. Phys. B<br />
FRo: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria and I. Rotter;<br />
Laser Phys.<br />
MBe b: D. B. Milosevic and W. Becker; Phys. Rev. A<br />
SBe: M. B. Smirnov and W. Becker; Phys. Rev. A<br />
submitted (until 21st Febr. 2004)<br />
ELR: E. Eremina et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
FLB: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria et al.; Phys. Rev.<br />
Lett.<br />
FLS: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria et al.; Phys. Rev. A<br />
LFa: X. Liu and C. Figueira de Morisson Faria; Phys.<br />
Rev. Lett.<br />
MPBc: D. B. Milosevic et al.; Laser Physics Letters
2-03: Free clusters and molecules<br />
W. Radloff, T. Schultz (since <strong>2003</strong>/06/01), C. P. Schulz (Project coordinators)<br />
and H.-H. Ritze, V. Stert (until 30.7.03), M. Boyle, H. Lippert, I. Shchatsinin (since 15.9.03)<br />
1. Overview<br />
The general goal of this project is to understand<br />
ultrafast, laser induced processes in<br />
isolated molecules and molecular clusters in<br />
the gas phase and – as far as possible – to<br />
control these dynamics using laser methods.<br />
The following themes are presently in the<br />
focus of the research activities: With low<br />
intensity laser fields elementary photochemical<br />
reactions [1] in prototypes of biologically<br />
relevant systems are initiated and probed in<br />
the time domain. Research focuses here on<br />
the photo induced, excited state dynamics of<br />
chromophore molecules such as amino acids<br />
or DNA bases embedded in small clusters of<br />
solvent molecules (e.g. water or ammonia).<br />
Hydrogen, proton and electron transfer, internal<br />
conversion, isomerisation and fragmentation<br />
are the key processes studied.<br />
At larger laser intensities (up to 10 16 W/cm 2 )<br />
finite systems [2] such as C 60 and clusters of<br />
water or ammonia molecules are the model<br />
objects of interest. The complex nonadiabatic<br />
multielectron dynamics (NMED) induced in<br />
such fields leads to multielectron excitation,<br />
(multiple) ionization, fragmentation and rearrangement.<br />
Understanding the energy<br />
relaxation and redistribution between the<br />
electronic and nuclear system is crucial for<br />
modelling and manipulating the subsequent<br />
formation of highly excited neutral Rydberg<br />
states, multiply ionized states and fragmentation.<br />
Finally, Coulomb explosion and hydrodynamic<br />
cluster expansion are expected as a<br />
final stage at very high intensities.<br />
As a long term perspective optimal control<br />
of specific physical and chemical reactions<br />
in large finite systems – both in the linear<br />
and highly nonlinear intensity regime – is<br />
envisaged.<br />
2. Subprojects and Collaborations<br />
UP1: Photochemical elementary reactions<br />
in biologically relevant systems: solvation,<br />
hydrogen-, proton- and electron-transfer.<br />
Partially the project is complementary to <strong>MBI</strong><br />
project 2-04 (Dynamics of biomolecules in<br />
condensed phase). Part of this work is a project<br />
(TP A4) of the DFG Collaborative Research<br />
Center “Analysis and Control of ultrafast,<br />
photoinduced reactions” (SFB 450).<br />
UP2: Finite systems in moderately strong<br />
laser fields (up to 10 16 W/cm 2 ): nonadiabatic<br />
electron dynamics and nuclear motion.<br />
Close collaboration with project 2-02 (experimental<br />
expertise in dynamical imaging,<br />
processes, theoretical exchange on strong<br />
field ionization). This work is a project (TP A2)<br />
of the DFG Collaborative Research Center<br />
“Analysis and Control of ultrafast, photoinduced<br />
reactions” (SFB 450).<br />
3. Results in <strong>2003</strong><br />
In <strong>2003</strong> we have finished our studies concerning<br />
the control of the intracluster harpooning<br />
reaction in Ba...FCH 3 by vibrationally<br />
selective excitation of the cluster in the electronic<br />
ground state. In the experiment a fs laser pulse<br />
at 3.4 μm (for excitation of the C-H vibrational<br />
mode) was irradiated 1ps prior to the pump pulse<br />
at 745 nm or 618 nm. The BaF product formation<br />
rate has been considerably increased for<br />
irradiation of Ba…FCH 3 whereas for Ba…FCD 3<br />
no effect is measurable. By comparing the experimental<br />
results with corresponding<br />
theoretical estimations the potentials and<br />
limitations of this method have been elucidated.<br />
Further efforts were directed to the H(D) atom<br />
transfer reaction in the biologically relevant<br />
system of the indole chromophore embedded<br />
in clusters of polar molecules like ammonia and<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Photoelectron spectra at<br />
different delay times τ<br />
between pump (263 nm)<br />
and probe (400 nm)<br />
+<br />
pulses for indole(NH ) 3 1<br />
(a) and indole(NH 3 ) 4<br />
+ (b).<br />
The arrows denote the<br />
maximum electron<br />
energies for one or two<br />
probe photon ionization.<br />
25
26<br />
Fig. 2:<br />
Time-dependent C +<br />
signal formed by irradiation<br />
of C 60 at 400 nm<br />
(pump) and ionization at<br />
800 nm (probe). Pump<br />
and probe pulse<br />
intensities are nearly<br />
equal (5*10 12 W/cm 2 ).<br />
For positive delay times,<br />
the blue pulse is leading<br />
the read pulse.<br />
water. For the different isotopomers the dynamics<br />
and energetics have been analysed for the first<br />
time on the fs/ps time scale. For indole(NH ) 3 n<br />
clusters the different process steps were assigned<br />
by applying the time-resolved photoelectron<br />
spectroscopy [LSH03b]. In Fig. 1a the first very<br />
fast step – the internal conversion from the ππ*<br />
into the dark πσ* state – is demonstrated by the<br />
+ decay of the indole(NH ) signal between τ = 0<br />
3 1<br />
and τ = 250 fs. The change of the cluster geometry<br />
+ is reflected for indole(NH ) by the rise of the<br />
3 4<br />
electron spectra on the ps-time scale. (Fig. 1b)<br />
For the indole(H 2 O) n clusters no H-transfer<br />
reaction could be detected, probably due to<br />
the endothermic character of the reaction<br />
[LSH03d]. The drastic difference between the<br />
indole-ammonia and indole-water cluster<br />
systems has been confirmed by ab initio<br />
based calculations of the heterodimers [RLS].<br />
According to the general theoretical models<br />
which describe the crucial role of the πσ* state<br />
also for the photoinduced dynamics of larger<br />
biologically relevant systems (e.g. DNA bases),<br />
the results obtained for the indole chromophore<br />
can be treated as decisive for the whole class<br />
of aromatic biological molecules with the azin(NH)<br />
group and, thus, will be a basis of our further<br />
studies.<br />
In <strong>2003</strong> we have performed two-color pumpprobe<br />
experiments to get further insight into<br />
the ionisation and fragmentation dynamics of<br />
C after multi photon absorption of fs light<br />
60<br />
pulses. In these experiments the pump pulse at<br />
400 nm mainly excites one or more electrons.<br />
The thus initiated multielectron dynamics<br />
is probed by an 800 nm pulse which further<br />
excites and ionises the C parent and resulting<br />
60<br />
fragments by a multi photon process. Figure 2<br />
shows as one example the formation of a C +<br />
fragment. Two different time scales can clearly<br />
be identified: a “fast” component (620 fs), which<br />
can be attributed to the electron phonon coupling<br />
time, and a much slower component with a time<br />
constant of 5 to 10 ps. This observation also seen<br />
+ for other small fragments (C , n=2,3) points<br />
n<br />
towards very interesting dynamics happening<br />
on short time scales, which is in contrast to the<br />
commonly observed evaporation of C 2 -units with<br />
a time constant of nano- to microseconds.<br />
Two-color pump-probe spectroscopy has<br />
also been used to investigate the population<br />
dynamics of C 60 Rydberg states, which were<br />
discovered recently [3]. In agreement with<br />
theoretical work [1, 2], multielectron excitation<br />
of a “doorway” state coupled to vibrational<br />
modes of the molecule plays a key role in the<br />
response of C 60 to short-pulse laser radiation<br />
[BHS]. Recently, correlated angular- and timeresolved<br />
photoelectron and photoion detection<br />
has been started. The results promise to give<br />
more detailed information on the energetics and<br />
ultrafast dynamics involved in the excitation cascade.<br />
The control of specific energy relaxation<br />
pathways by using shaped pulses and pulse<br />
sequences is currently and in future of special<br />
interest.<br />
Other references<br />
[1] W. S. Zhu et al., J. Chem. Phys. 118 (<strong>2003</strong>) 6751<br />
[2] G. P. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. B 68 (<strong>2003</strong>) 15<strong>2003</strong><br />
[3] M. Boyle et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 273401<br />
Own publications <strong>2003</strong> ff<br />
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)<br />
HHC03: K. Hansen et al.; J. Chem. Phys. 119 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
2513-22<br />
LSH03a: H. Lippert et al.; in Ultrafast Phenomena<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 110-2<br />
LSH03b: H. Lippert et al.; J. Phys. Chem. A 107<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 8239-50<br />
LSH03c: H. Lippert et al.; Chem. Phys. Lett. 371<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 208-16<br />
LSH03d: H. Lippert et al.; Chem. Phys. Lett. 376<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 40-8<br />
SBS03: C. P. Schulz et al.; J. Chem. Phys. 119 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
11620-9<br />
in press (as of Jan. 2004)<br />
LSSa: H. Lippert et al.; in Femtochemistry VI;<br />
Femtochemistry and Femtobiology: Ultrafast<br />
Events in Molecular Science<br />
RLS: H.-H. Ritze et al.; J. Chem. Phys.<br />
SSH: C. P. Schulz et al.; Isr. J. Chem.<br />
SCS04: C. P. Schulz et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
USZ: S. Ullrich et al.; J Am. Chem. Soc.<br />
submitted (until 21st Febr. 2004)<br />
BHS: M. Boyle et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
LSSb: H. Lippert et al.; Phys .Chem. Chem. Phys.<br />
SES: C. Stanciu et al.; SPIE Proc.<br />
SLR: V. Stert et al.; Chem. Phys. Lett.<br />
SUQ: T. Schultz et al.; in Femtochemistry IV, Ultrafast<br />
Molecular Events in Chemistry and Biology
2-04: Molecular Vibrational and Reaction Dynamics in the Condensed Phase<br />
E.T.J. Nibbering (Project coordinator)<br />
and D. Leupold, B. Voigt, W. Werncke, J. Dreyer, K. Heyne, V. Kozich, A. Usman, N. Huse,<br />
O. F. Mohammed, M. Rini<br />
1. Overview<br />
The aim of the project is the real-time<br />
determination of the ultrafast structural<br />
dynamics of molecular and biomolecular<br />
systems. The first main target is the<br />
determination of the structures while they<br />
explore the energy landscapes. These energy<br />
landscapes are not static but fluctuating due<br />
to the dynamical interactions of these<br />
structures with the surroundings (such as liquid<br />
solvent shells, or the protein backbone). The<br />
ultrafast nature of these fluctuations necessitate<br />
femtosecond time resolution for the<br />
structure-resolving spectroscopic techniques.<br />
The second main target is the determination<br />
of biomolecular structures that undergo<br />
substantial geometric rearrangements induced<br />
by optically triggered chemical reactions<br />
(photochemistry). Chemical reactions studied<br />
include hydrogen and proton transfer, electron<br />
transfer, bond fission, ring-opening/closure<br />
and cis/trans isomerizations.<br />
2. Subprojects and Cooperations<br />
Research in this project is structured into<br />
three major subprojects:<br />
UP1: Coherent vibrational response of<br />
hydrogen bonds,<br />
UP2: Ultrafast chemical reaction dynamics,<br />
UP3: Vibrational energy flow.<br />
Connections can be made with the following<br />
<strong>MBI</strong>-projects:<br />
UP2 & UP3: project 2.03 (Radloff et al.) for<br />
comparison with chemical reaction dynamics<br />
of model systems in gas/cluster phase.<br />
External collaborations exist with:<br />
UP1: J. Manz/O. Kühn (Freie Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>)<br />
through SFB 450;<br />
S. Mukamel (University of Rochester/University<br />
of California at Irvine, USA).<br />
UP2: E. Pines (Ben Gurion University of the<br />
Negev, Chemistry, Israel) through GIF 722/01;<br />
H. Fidder (Uppsala Universitet, Sweden);<br />
Tomasz Zemojtel (University of Wuerzburg);<br />
P. Kozlowski (University of Louisville, Kentucky,<br />
USA);<br />
J. Korppi-Tommola (University of Jyväskylä,<br />
Finland).<br />
UP3: V. Orlovich (Academy of Sciences<br />
Belarus, Minsk) through DFG WE 1489 and<br />
WTZ.<br />
3. Results in <strong>2003</strong><br />
UP1: Coherent response in hydrogen bonds<br />
(SFB 450-B2)<br />
The purpose of this project is to understand<br />
the coherent dynamics of O-H/O-D stretching<br />
modes in hydrogen bonds, with which one can<br />
explore the potential of optically steering<br />
proton transfer. Coherent nuclear motions as<br />
well as processes of phase and population<br />
relaxation in intramolecular hydrogen bonds<br />
are studied experimentally by ultrafast infrared<br />
pump-probe and photon echo spectroscopy<br />
[SMH03, NE04]. Within the collaborative<br />
research centre SFB450 a collaboration exists<br />
with the quantum chemistry group at the Freie<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong> to elucidate the mechanisms<br />
that underlie these hydrogen bonded O-H/O-<br />
D stretching band line shapes.<br />
Hydrogen bonded carboxylic groups are<br />
structural motifs that often stabilize protein<br />
conformations, and play a fundamental role<br />
in proton pumps through membranes. We use<br />
the cyclic acetic acid dimer as a model system<br />
to investigate the coherence properties of O-<br />
H/O-D stretching vibrations in intermolecular<br />
hydrogen bonds. The steady-state infrared line<br />
shape of acetic acid dimer is determined by<br />
the following interactions of the O-H/O-D<br />
stretching modes: a) anharmonic coupling with<br />
low-frequency modes that modulate the<br />
hydrogen bond distance; b) Davydov or<br />
excitonic coupling between the O-H stretching<br />
oscillators; c) Fermi resonances with overtones<br />
or combination bands; d) homogeneous or<br />
inhomogeneous broadening due to coupling<br />
with a fluctuating bath.<br />
The different coupling mechanisms can be<br />
grasped with nonlinear infrared spectroscopy<br />
[EHH04]. We have demonstrated for the first<br />
time coherent nuclear motions of intermolecular<br />
hydrogen bonds [HHN03a, HHN03b]. For<br />
cyclic acetic acid dimers consisting of identical<br />
or different isotopomers, we have found that<br />
that two hydrogen bond low-frequency modes<br />
underlie pronounced oscillations in the pumpprobe<br />
transients, the 145 cm -1 in-plane bending<br />
mode, and the 170 cm -1 in-plane stretching<br />
mode. A weaker contribution of 50 cm -1 is<br />
caused by a methyl torsion mode. Oscillatory<br />
signals due to the Davydov (excitonic)<br />
coupling between the two O-H or O-D<br />
stretching oscillators are completely absent<br />
in the pump-probe signals, as has<br />
experimentally been confirmed by comparing<br />
27
28<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Two-pulse infrared<br />
photon-echo results for<br />
the cyclic dimer<br />
(CH 3 COOH) 2 (solid line)<br />
and the mixed dimer<br />
CD 3 COOH - CD 3 COOD<br />
(dash-dotted line). These<br />
signals demonstrate the<br />
rapid coherence decay<br />
caused by the lowfrequency<br />
mode quantum<br />
beats. The signal in the<br />
pure solvent CCl 4<br />
(dashed line) indicates<br />
the temporal resolution.<br />
The inset shows the<br />
three pulse stimulated<br />
echo peak shift recorded<br />
on (CH 3 COOH) 2 showing<br />
the dominant homogeneous<br />
broadening.<br />
Fig. 2:<br />
Three-stage mechanism<br />
for a general acid-base<br />
reaction. The rate<br />
constants have been<br />
derived from fitting the<br />
femtosecond infrared<br />
measurements by use<br />
of the Debye-von<br />
Smoluchowski model<br />
with Collins-Kimball<br />
radiative boundary<br />
condition.<br />
the response of (CD 3 COOH) 2 with that of<br />
CD 3 COOH-CD 3 COOD. In addition, selection<br />
rule analysis has shown that quantum beats<br />
by the two Davydov-shifted progressions do<br />
not contribute to pump-probe signals.<br />
Due to the intrinsic complex Franck-<br />
Condon progression pattern in the absorption<br />
line shape, a multitude of coherences are<br />
generated by femtosecond excitation. In 2-pulse<br />
photon echo experiments we demonstrate that<br />
quantum beats due to anharmonic coupling<br />
with the two low-frequency modes lead to a<br />
rapid coherence decay of the O-H stretching<br />
vibration, thereby masking the dephasing of<br />
to the individual transitions (Fig. 1). The line<br />
broadening of an individual transition is predominantly<br />
due to homogeneous dephasing<br />
(T 2 ~ 200 fs) [HHD03].<br />
With two-colour pump-probe spectroscopy<br />
we have been able to study the anharmonic<br />
coupling of the O-H stretching mode with the<br />
C-O and C=O stretching and O-H bending<br />
modes and relaxation pathways that are<br />
expected to take place through the overtone<br />
and combination bands of these fingerprint<br />
vibrations that couple with the O-H stretching<br />
mode through Fermi resonances [HHN03].<br />
Anharmonic coupling causes pronounced<br />
absorption changes of the bending mode upon<br />
excitation of the O-H stretching mode, without<br />
involving relaxation induced excess populations<br />
of the infrared active bending mode.<br />
UP2: Ultrafast chemical reaction dynamics<br />
(GIF 722/01 and EU User Facility funds)<br />
Photoinduced chemical transformations<br />
are studied by measuring transient vibrational<br />
spectra after electronic excitation. Site-specific<br />
molecular geometries and processes such as<br />
intramolecular vibrational redistribution and<br />
vibrational cooling are revealed.<br />
We have studied excited state intramolecular<br />
hydrogen transfer [RKD03,RDN03]<br />
and intermolecular proton transfer [RMP03,<br />
RMM04]. For the latter case, a joint effort<br />
between the <strong>MBI</strong> and the Ben Gurion<br />
University of the Negev (Beer-Sheva, Israel),<br />
we have observed bimodal reaction dynamics<br />
in the neutralization reaction between the<br />
photoacid pyranine and the base acetate in<br />
water. In hydrogen-bonded acid-base<br />
complexes, the proton transfer proceeds<br />
extremely fast (within 150 femtoseconds). In<br />
encounter pairs formed by diffusion of<br />
uncomplexed photoacid and base molecules,<br />
the reaction upon contact was an order of<br />
magnitude slower. These results call for a<br />
refinement of the traditional Eigen-Weller<br />
picture of acid-base reactions: a three stage<br />
model has been proposed to account for all<br />
observed dynamics (Fig. 2).<br />
In a joint effort between the <strong>MBI</strong> and the<br />
University of Uppsala (Sweden), in which the<br />
ultrafast ring-opening dynamics of the photochromic<br />
switch pair spiropyran-merocyanine<br />
has been studied, we have demonstrated that<br />
femtosecond infrared spectroscopy enables<br />
the determination of the solvent-dependent<br />
quantum yield of the fraction of photoexcited<br />
spiropyran molecules that by internal<br />
conversion return to the initial ground state<br />
[RHN03]. We have shown that large<br />
conformational changes upon electronic<br />
excitation can be the cause for the observed<br />
ultrafast time scale and energy gap<br />
dependence of the internal conversion process<br />
[RFN04]. We have found solvent-dependent<br />
formation times of merocyanine product<br />
species [HRN03].<br />
In a project by the <strong>MBI</strong>, the University of<br />
Würzburg, the European Molecular Biology<br />
Laboratory in Heidelberg (all Germany) and<br />
the University of Louisville (Kentucky, USA) we<br />
have used femtosecond infrared polarization<br />
spectroscopy and density functional theory in<br />
a study on the key signaling molecule nitric<br />
oxide (NO) bound to myoglobin [ZRH04]. Our<br />
results show that after photolysis a substantial<br />
fraction of NO recombines within the first few<br />
picoseconds. The diatomic ligand is severely
tilted in the protein and the Fe-NO moiety is<br />
able to sample a wide range of off-axis tilting<br />
and bending conformations.<br />
In a femtosecond study of the light-induced<br />
CO-ligand dissociation from Ru(dcbpy)(CO) 2 I 2<br />
(a collaboration between the <strong>MBI</strong> and the<br />
University of Jyväskylä, Finland) we have<br />
observed that besides the formation of<br />
photoproduct on a picosecond time scale a<br />
significant fraction follows the efficient<br />
recombination pathway to the electronic<br />
ground state [LAM04].<br />
UP3: Vibrational energy flow (DFG WE 1489/<br />
5 and WTZ- BLR 02/003)<br />
The aim is to identify and determine the<br />
temporal characteristics of vibrational modes<br />
that accept the electronic excitation energy after<br />
internal conversion in organic chromophores.<br />
We have used picosecond resonance<br />
Raman spectroscopy to observe the vibrational<br />
kinetics of p-nitroaniline after electron backtransfer.<br />
Our results indicate primary excitation<br />
of out-of-plane vibrations by internal conversion<br />
and secondary excitation of strongly Raman<br />
active vibrations by redistribution of vibrational<br />
energy [KWV03].<br />
In a collaboration with the Stepanov<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>e of Physics (Minsk, Belorussia) we<br />
developed a generator/amplifier set-up for<br />
frequency conversion of picosecond laser<br />
pulses by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS)<br />
in compressed gases. Frequency shifted pulses<br />
were amplified in methane with up to 56 %<br />
quantum efficiency, considerably exceeding<br />
typical efficiencies of a standard SRS<br />
generator.<br />
Ab initio simulation of multidimensional<br />
nonlinear vibrational spectra:<br />
In a collaborative effort between the <strong>MBI</strong><br />
and the University of Rochester/University of<br />
California at Irvine (USA) we have developed<br />
a new approach that – for the first time – allows<br />
to simulate multidimensional vibrational spectra<br />
from first principles by combining quantum<br />
chemistry with the calculation of third-order<br />
nonlinear response functions [MDM03a,<br />
DMM03a]. After evaluating the approach for<br />
dicarbonylacetyl-acetonato rhodium(I)<br />
[MDM03a], we have analyzed the complete<br />
set of one- and two-color signals generated at<br />
all four possible wavevectors for a model<br />
bicyclic dipeptide [DMM03a, DMM03b]. The<br />
2D IR spectra show distinct signatures of<br />
anharmonicities, mode couplings, Fermi<br />
resonances and relative transition dipole<br />
orientations. We have investigated specific<br />
signatures of local α- and 3 10 -helical conformations<br />
of poly-alanines in linear and<br />
coherent nonlinear spectra [MDM03b]. We<br />
could show that ab initio calculations of small<br />
model systems can be used to parametrize<br />
high-quality spectroscopic Hamiltonians.<br />
Ultrafast energy transfer of photosynthetic<br />
light harvesting complexes (SFB429-A2):<br />
Concerning the long-standing problem of<br />
extent and role of excitonic coupling in the<br />
ultrafast energy transfer within the photosynthetic<br />
„light harvesting” complexes of<br />
higher plants we have characterized strongly<br />
interacting chlorophyll a/b pairs and clusters<br />
in LHCII and CP29. To achieve this, we used<br />
nonlinear polarization spectroscopy in the<br />
frequency domain as well as excitation spectra<br />
of stepwise two-photon fs-pulse excited<br />
fluorescence from higher excited chlorophyll<br />
states. For bacterial antennas, we have<br />
demonstrated for the first time energy back<br />
transfer from bacteriochlorophyll to an<br />
optically dark excited state of a carotenoid. In<br />
the same context we have determined the<br />
energetic position of the optically dark first<br />
excited states of carotenoids in the xanthophyllcycle<br />
by XANES, and have characterized their<br />
role in excess energy dissipation [LLS04].<br />
Mobile femtosecond fluorometer for early<br />
black cancer diagnosis (TSB ME 0259-02<br />
and SenWiArbFrau II D 13):<br />
We have demonstrated the feasibility of<br />
detection of ultraweak signals of cutaneous<br />
malignant melanoma using femtosecond twophoton<br />
excited fluorescence. The spectral<br />
shape as well as the lifetime of this fluorescence<br />
is unique for this cancer. We have shown<br />
that it reflects an increased contribution of<br />
pheomelanin as compared to normal<br />
pigmented skin tissue. Therefore the signal is<br />
a safe basis for a new, non-invasive method<br />
of early detection of black skin cancer [TMF03].<br />
To introduce this in medical practice, the <strong>MBI</strong><br />
cooperates with dermatologists from the Ruhr<br />
University Bochum and LTB Lasertechnik<br />
<strong>Berlin</strong>.<br />
Own Publications <strong>2003</strong> ff<br />
(for full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)<br />
DMM03a: J. Dreyer et al.; J. Phys. Chem. B 107<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 5967-85<br />
DMM03b: J. Dreyer et al.; Bull. Korean Chem. Soc.<br />
24 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1091-6<br />
FTD03: H. Fidder et al.; in Recent advances in<br />
ultrafast spectroscopy; Proceedings of the 'XII<br />
UPS Conference' (<strong>2003</strong>) 105-10<br />
HHD03: N. Huse et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
197401/1-4<br />
HHN03a: K. Heyne et al.; Chem. Phys. Lett. 369<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 591-6<br />
HHN03b: K. Heyne et al.; J. Phys.: Condens. Matter<br />
15 (<strong>2003</strong>) S129-S36<br />
29
30<br />
HHN03c: K. Heyne et al.; Chem. Phys. Lett. 382<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 19-25<br />
HRN03: A.-K. Holm et al.; Chem. Phys. Lett. 376<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 214-9<br />
KWV03: V. Kozich et al.; J. Chem. Phys. 118 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
1808-14<br />
MDM03a: A.A. Moran et al.; J. Chem. Phys. 118<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 1347-55<br />
MDM03b: A.A. Moran et al.; J. Chem. Phys. 118<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 3651-9<br />
RDN03: M. Rini et al.; Chem. Phys. Lett. 374 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
13-9<br />
RHN03: M. Rini et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
3028-34<br />
RKD03: M. Rini et al.; in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 465-7<br />
RMP03: M. Rini et al.; Science 301 (<strong>2003</strong>) 349-52<br />
SMH03: J. Stenger et al.; in Ultrafast Phenomena<br />
XIII (<strong>2003</strong>) 577-9<br />
SMT03: C. Steglich et al.; FEBS Lett. 553 (<strong>2003</strong>) 79-84<br />
TMF03: K. Teuchner et al.; SPIE Proc. 4797 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
211-9<br />
WKD03: W. Werncke et al.; in Recent advances in<br />
ultrafast spectroscopy; Proceedings of the 'XII<br />
UPS Conference' (<strong>2003</strong>) 397-403<br />
in press (as of Jan. 2004)<br />
EHH: T. Elsaesser et al.; in Time-Resolved Vibrational<br />
Spectroscopy XI<br />
Elsa: T. Elsaesser et al.; in Ultrafast molecular events<br />
in chemistry and biology<br />
FRN: H. Fidder et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc.<br />
LAM: V. Lehtovuori et al.; J. Phys. Chem. A<br />
LLS: D. Leupold et al.; in Biochemistry and Biophysics<br />
of Chlorophylls<br />
NEl: E.T.J. Nibbering and T. Elsaesser; Chem. Rev.<br />
RMM: M. Rini et al.; in Ultrafast molecular events in<br />
chemistry and biology<br />
RMPa: M. Rini et al.; in Time-Resolved Vibrational<br />
Spectroscopy XI<br />
RMPb: M. Rini et al.; in Time-Resolved Vibrational<br />
Spectroscopy XI<br />
WKV: W. Werncke et al.; in Time-Resolved Vibrational<br />
Spectroscopy XI<br />
ZRH: T. Zemojtel et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc.<br />
submitted (until 21st Febr. 2004)<br />
HHD: K. Heyne et al.; J. Chem. Phys<br />
LKL: D. Leupold et al.; Photochem. Photobiol.<br />
Nib: E.T.J. Nibbering; in Encyclopedia of Modern<br />
Optics<br />
STL: M. Schneider et al.; Der Ophthalmologe
Research focus 3<br />
Ultrafast and Nonlinear Phenomena in Solids and<br />
at Surfaces<br />
A prominent part of research at the <strong>MBI</strong> is<br />
dedicated to the time-resolved investigation<br />
of ultrafast and nonlinear phenomena in solids<br />
and at surfaces. The new research strategy of<br />
the <strong>MBI</strong> concentrates these efforts in four<br />
research projects within the research focus 3:<br />
Ultrafast and nonlinear phenomena: solids<br />
and surfaces.<br />
These four research projects interact and<br />
cooperate with each other in many aspects<br />
even though they differ significantly in the<br />
experimental methods used and the systems<br />
under investigation. The new research strategy<br />
emphasises novel experimental techniques<br />
of ultrafast spectroscopy, most prominently the<br />
following:<br />
Time-resolved photoelectron<br />
spectroscopy with femtosecond<br />
laser and synchrotron radiation:<br />
Project 3-01 focuses on the ultrafast<br />
dynamics of the geometrical and the electronic<br />
structure of matter at surfaces. Typically, laser<br />
pulses (synchronized to single or multi bunch<br />
synchrotron pulses; ca. 30 ps temporal<br />
resolution) are used to electronically excite<br />
the system, and time-delayed synchrotron<br />
pulses are used for probing. By this technique<br />
the complete valence band structure and<br />
chemical bonding of adsorbates and thin films<br />
on single-crystal surfaces, at liquid water<br />
surfaces or on surfaces of levitated clusters<br />
can be addressed. This project joins success-<br />
fully the expertises of BESSY on soft x-ray<br />
synchrotron radiation and the <strong>MBI</strong> on ultrafast<br />
laser systems.<br />
Combination of optical near-field<br />
techniques with ultra high time<br />
resolution and apertureless nearfield<br />
spectroscopy:<br />
These novel techniques are an essential<br />
part of project 3-02. Recently, a combined<br />
spatial resolution of 100 nm and a time<br />
resolution of 100 fs has been achieved in<br />
spectroscopic experiments on coupled semiconductor<br />
nanostructures, polymer nanostructures<br />
and surface plasmons in photonic<br />
bandgap materials. Recent experiments using<br />
apertureless nearfield probes promise an<br />
extension of the spatial resolution down to the<br />
10 nm length scale.<br />
Nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy:<br />
In project 3-02 a new light source was<br />
recently developed providing ultrashort<br />
electric field transients in the mid- to far-infrared<br />
spectral range with very high electric-field<br />
amplitudes of several MV/cm which can be<br />
sampled directly in the time domain using<br />
ultrafast electro-optic sampling. Applying such<br />
techniques, the first phase-resolved study of<br />
Rabi flopping has been performed with semiconductor<br />
quantum wells. Currently, this novel<br />
light source is successfully applied in<br />
31
32<br />
nonlinear terahertz experiments on twodimensional<br />
semiconductor nanostructures.<br />
This technique opens a completely new field<br />
of femtosecond spectroscopy in which ultrafast<br />
processes in matter are directly triggered or<br />
driven by an electric field transient rather than<br />
by the resonant interaction of light pulses with<br />
a carrier frequency with a certain quantum<br />
mechanical transition.<br />
Time-resolved measurements on<br />
opto-electronic devices:<br />
These activities are concentrated mainly<br />
in project 3-03, in close collaboration with<br />
project 3-02. Project 3-03 has close connections<br />
to industrial partners, such as OSRAM<br />
Opto Semiconductors, THALES, Jenoptik<br />
Laserdiode und DILAS. Project 3-03 is<br />
dedicated to the application of spectroscopic<br />
techniques developed or improved at the <strong>MBI</strong><br />
to analytical purposes in optoelectronic<br />
devices. A primary objective is to improve<br />
insight into the microscopic nature of the<br />
mechanisms defining the limits of laser diode<br />
operation. Recently, first time-resolved<br />
measurements were performed on coherent<br />
quantum transport in an electrically driven<br />
quantum cascade laser structure. The degree<br />
of coherence in the quantum transport was<br />
directly measured, an information which cannot<br />
be obtained by other experimental means.<br />
Time-resolved experiments on<br />
highly correlated condensed-matter<br />
systems:<br />
An important trend of all projects within<br />
reasearch area 3 is a shift of focus from the<br />
well established physics in the single particle<br />
picture to the physics of highly correlated<br />
condensed-matter systems. The latter is a<br />
thriving field of research because of a broad<br />
range of unusual phenomena which are of<br />
interest from the point of view of both fundamental<br />
research and practical applications.<br />
An essential focus of project 3-02 will be<br />
antiferromagnetic systems since many highcorrelation<br />
phenomena like high-temperature<br />
superconductivity, colossal magnetoresistance,<br />
or exchange bias are closely related to the<br />
antiferromagnetic state. In nonlinear magnetooptics<br />
we highlight the spin dynamics of<br />
antiferromagnetic systems. This includes the<br />
dynamics of sublattice correlations in<br />
compounds with multiple magnetic or electric<br />
ordering and should lead to methods for<br />
magnetic or magnetoelectric phase control.<br />
Femtosecond x-ray diffraction:<br />
An exciting development within research<br />
area 3 happens currently in project 3-04. In<br />
this project scientists from all three division A,<br />
B, and C work together in the novel field of<br />
time-resolved x-ray techniques. The direct<br />
measurement of the position of nuclei by<br />
ultrafast x-ray diffraction complements the<br />
information on the rapid response of a solid,<br />
obtained by monitoring the dynamics of the<br />
electronic system by optical spectroscopies.<br />
A laser-driven table-top x-ray source provides<br />
an important method to investigate fundamental<br />
microscopic mechanisms which<br />
underlie ultrafast structural changes e.g. of<br />
crystalline solids. First femtosecond x-ray<br />
diffraction experiments on a semiconductor<br />
nanostructure were successful and timeresolved<br />
x-ray absorption studies are on the<br />
brink of their first realization.
3-01: Dynamics at surfaces and structuring<br />
T. Gießel, B. Winter, A. Rosenfeld (Project coordinators)<br />
in cooperation with W. Widdra, University of Halle<br />
and D. Bröcker, C. Heiner, B. Langer, H. Prima-Garcia, P. Schmidt, R. Stoian, R. Weber<br />
1. Overview<br />
This project focuses on the investigation<br />
of the geometrical and the electronic structure<br />
of various surfaces, as well as on laser<br />
excitation and the dynamics of these surfaces.<br />
The central technique used in this project is<br />
photoelectron spectroscopy with laser and<br />
synchrotron radiation. Typically, laser pulses<br />
(synchronized to single or multi bunch<br />
synchrotron pulses; ca. 30 ps temporal<br />
resolution) are used to electronically excite the<br />
system, and time-delayed synchrotron pulses<br />
are used for probing (see 4.03). By this<br />
technique – using the soft x-ray synchrotron<br />
radiation at the <strong>MBI</strong> user facility at BESSY<br />
together with pulsed laser systems – the<br />
complete valence band structure and chemical<br />
bonding of adsorbates and thin films on singlecrystal<br />
surfaces, at liquid water surfaces, or on<br />
surfaces of levitated clusters can be addressed.<br />
The photovoltaic effect is of central importance<br />
for many semiconductor devices which convert<br />
light to electricity, including photodetectors, and<br />
solar and photoelectrochemical cells. Whereas<br />
this effect is theoretically and experimentally<br />
well investigated, the related surface photovoltaic<br />
effect is less understood.<br />
Several vanadium oxides undergo metalto-semiconductor<br />
phase transitions (MSPT) as<br />
a function of temperature and doping. These<br />
transitions, which are believed to arise from<br />
the change in strong electronic correlation<br />
mechanisms associated with crystallographic<br />
distortions are still much debated in order to<br />
ascertain the relative importance of the<br />
electronic and structural changes in the opening<br />
of the semiconductive gap at the MSPT.<br />
Organic thin film studies are aimed at the<br />
detailed understanding of the excited-state<br />
dynamics in technologically relevant molecular<br />
systems. This particularly involves carrier<br />
dynamics, charge transfer processes,<br />
isomerization, and the identification of the<br />
specific elementary excitations. The orientation<br />
of the molecules within the films has crucial<br />
consequences on these properties, and hence<br />
studies will be performed on various single<br />
crystal substrates (metals, semiconductors,<br />
oxides), as well as for different thickness.<br />
Photoemission from liquid water and<br />
aqueous solutions allows the access of<br />
electron binding energies of solvated ions,<br />
and to infer details on the solvation (shell)<br />
structure. This is a field presently attracting<br />
much interest due to the emergence of new<br />
techniques suited for studying highly volatile<br />
systems. Paralleled by theory (P. Jungwirth,<br />
Prague) we are going to further explore the<br />
effect of counter ions (through size and hence<br />
polarizability) on the solution interface (e.g.<br />
ion depletion). This naturally opens up the<br />
entire field of optically excited solvated ions.<br />
Another goal of this project represents an<br />
endeavor intended to outline the potential of<br />
femtosecond laser technology for high quality<br />
material processing. The investigations include<br />
fundamental studies of the physical mechanisms<br />
for material removal irradiated by ultra-short<br />
laser pulses as well as concrete steps to<br />
transfer the results achieved into the application<br />
area. The information over the specific<br />
response times for the energy flow in irradiated<br />
solids indicates the criteria for using temporally<br />
tailored pulses in order to optimize and achieve<br />
high degree of control in laser micromachining.<br />
2. Subprojects and Collaborations<br />
The following themes are presently in the<br />
focus of the research activities:<br />
UP1: Dynamics at Single Crystal Surfaces<br />
and Adsorbates Studied by Laser-Pump-<br />
Synchrotron Radiation-Probe Experiments.<br />
This work is linked to project C7 of the DFG<br />
collaborative research center “Structure,<br />
dynamics and reactivity of transition metal<br />
oxide aggregates” (SFB 546). It is carried out<br />
in collaboration with the group of B.K.Meyer<br />
(University Giessen).<br />
UP2: Dynamics at Liquid Water Surfaces<br />
Studied by Laser-Pump- Synchrotron<br />
Radiation-Probe Experiments.<br />
Collaborations with M. Faubel (<strong>Max</strong>-Planck-<br />
<strong>Institut</strong> für Strömungsforschung, Göttingen), C.<br />
Pettenkofer (HMI, <strong>Berlin</strong>), P. Jungwirth (<strong>Institut</strong>e<br />
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Prague).<br />
UP3: Material Structuring with Femtosecond<br />
Technology. Supported by DFG, <strong>Berlin</strong>er<br />
Senatsverwaltung für Wirtschaft, Arbeit und<br />
Frauen, International Office of the DFG (WTZ<br />
program with the <strong>Institut</strong>e of Thermophysics,<br />
Novosibirsk, Russia).<br />
UP4: Levitated Nanoparticle.<br />
Collaboration with Uni Würzburg, Uni Chemnitz,<br />
Uni Halle, Fritz-Haber-<strong>Institut</strong> der MPG.<br />
33
34<br />
Fig. 3:<br />
Photoemission spectra of<br />
ca. 2000 Å film of 6T/<br />
Au(110), obtained in normal<br />
emission for 50 eV<br />
photon energy. Electron<br />
binding energies are with<br />
respect to Fermi energy.<br />
The incoming light's<br />
polarization vector was<br />
positioned either along<br />
(Ex) or across (Ey) the<br />
6T long molecular axis.<br />
The lines at the bottom of<br />
the figure display the calculated<br />
(HF/6-31G(d,p))<br />
binding energies of the<br />
π-molecular orbitals. The<br />
first and second highest<br />
occupied molecular<br />
orbitals (HOMO and<br />
HOMO-1) are labeled.<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Temperature<br />
dependence of<br />
SPV-decay.<br />
Fig. 2:<br />
V 3d Photoelectron<br />
spectra taken from a<br />
200nm thick VO 2 film at<br />
60 eV photon energy for<br />
different temperatures<br />
from 280 K – 375 K.<br />
3. Results in <strong>2003</strong><br />
UP1:<br />
Charge Carrier Dynamics: We have studied<br />
the surface photovoltage decay on SiO 2 /<br />
Si(100) as a function of sample temperature<br />
and laser intensity (Nd:YVO 4 see 4.03) using<br />
the pump-multiple probe setup developed for<br />
experiments with combined laser and synchrotron<br />
radiation under multi-bunch conditions.<br />
Fig. 1 shows the decay curves of the SPV on<br />
thin layers of SiO 2 on Si(100) for three different<br />
temperatures: 305 K, 358 K and 389 K. All three<br />
curves show the characteristic nonexponential<br />
decay as discussed in [WBG03, BGW].<br />
At time-zero, directly after the laser<br />
excitation, the SPV is 300 meV at room<br />
temperature and decreases to 240 meV at<br />
389 K. Additionally, a faster decay is observed<br />
at higher temperatures. The smaller starting<br />
value at higher temperature can be explained<br />
by the reduction of the Debye length as well<br />
as by the higher charge carrier density in the<br />
bulk, which aggravates the saturation. The<br />
faster decay at higher temperatures was<br />
expected from an quasi-equilibrium model<br />
based on thermionic emission.<br />
In our first experiments on the metal-tosemiconductor<br />
phase transition (MSPT) in VO 2<br />
we have characterized the phase transition in<br />
approximately 200 nm thick VO 2 films. The<br />
upper part of Figure 2 shows photoelectron<br />
spectra in the region of the V 3d level taken at<br />
60 eV photon energy for different temperatures<br />
from 280 – 375 K. The spectra for highest and<br />
lowest temperature are marked red and blue,<br />
respectively. The 2D plot in the lower part of<br />
figure 2 shows the spectra from above as a<br />
function of temperature. The sudden increase<br />
of the photoemission intensity near Fermi at<br />
around 320 K marks the MSPT.<br />
Angle-resolved photoemission spectra<br />
(ARUPS) from Sexithiophene (6T) wellordered<br />
thin films, grown on Au(110), exhibit<br />
a strong intensity dependence on the<br />
experimental geometry. Compensation for film<br />
charging was achieved by simultaneous<br />
(pulsed) laser irradiation, resulting in the sharp<br />
spectral π-emission features as in Figure 3.<br />
The observed anisotropy can be attributed to<br />
the molecules’ relative orientation, as interpreted<br />
through symmetry selection rules.<br />
Comparison with our Hatree-Fock calculations<br />
(see figure caption) firmly suggests the need<br />
for alternative molecular symmetries from the<br />
reported C 2h symmetry for 6T’s bulk-crystalline<br />
structure. Specifically at the surface,<br />
contributions from a combination of 6T's with<br />
a C 2v and a reduced C 2 symmetry are likely.<br />
UP2:<br />
Our liquid jet studies were aimed at the<br />
characterization of the molecular structure of<br />
salt solution interfaces. A central question is<br />
whether or not aqueous salt ions have a<br />
propensity for the surface; this is closely related<br />
to the ions’ surfactant activity. One of the<br />
solutions studied is tetrabutyl-ammonium<br />
iodide (TBAI), a classical prototype for hydrophobic<br />
solvation, which makes this salt one of<br />
the most intensively investigated phase<br />
catalyst. The other solution is simply aqueous<br />
NaI. Figure 4 presents the intensities for both<br />
anions and cations, I - (4d) and Na + (2p), as a<br />
function of concentration.<br />
The observed saturation behavior near 2m<br />
NaI is indicative of ion depletion in the subsurface<br />
region, which is attributed to the large<br />
polarizability of the iodide anion, leading to
negative surface excess. Also, the fact that<br />
electron binding energies of Na + and I - are<br />
independent of the salt concentration is<br />
argued to arise from a balance of the reduced<br />
binding of surface-solvated iodide and the gain<br />
in polarizability of asymmetrically solvated<br />
iodide (see [WWSa]).<br />
Analogous results for aqueous TBAI<br />
solutions are displayed in Figure 5. Concentrations<br />
are considerably lower than for NaI<br />
due the large surfactant activity of the TBAI<br />
salt at the solution surface. The steep linear<br />
iodide signal rise at lower concentrations is<br />
identified as the regime of sub-monolayer<br />
coverage. The much slower intensity increase<br />
beyond 0.024 m would then reflect the<br />
completed segregation monolayer. Identical<br />
electron binding energies of iodide are<br />
observed in TBAI and NaI aqueous solutions,<br />
independent of the salt concentration. No<br />
spectral shifts due to changes in the work<br />
function are observed, hence we conclude that<br />
the salt ions do not form an electric doublelayer<br />
at the surface, consistent with the surface<br />
activity of both ions as mentioned above. The<br />
experimental observations are strongly supported<br />
by molecular dynamics simulations for<br />
TBAI in aqueous slabs using a polarizable<br />
force field (see [WWSb]).<br />
UP3:<br />
The developments in the field of dynamic<br />
pulse temporal tailoring and adaptive optimization<br />
introduce the possibility to regulate and<br />
manipulate excitation and energy transfer, to<br />
exploit dynamic processes, and optimize<br />
structuring, unfolding new perspectives for<br />
"intelligent", feedback-assisted processing of<br />
materials. The sequential energy delivery<br />
induces a stepwise preparation of the surface<br />
in terms of electronic population and energy,<br />
improves the energy coupling, influences the<br />
balance between the induced non-thermal<br />
and thermal mechanisms for particle ejection,<br />
and provides a material dependent optimization<br />
process.<br />
This study emphasizes the benefit of using<br />
temporally designed pulses to optimize the<br />
quality of the structures induced by laser<br />
ablation and is suitable to generate controllable<br />
ion beams by ultrafast laser ablation. [SKT03].<br />
Employing THz repetition rates (~sub-ps time<br />
scales) enables controlled processing based<br />
on the synchronization between the excitation<br />
sequence and the individual ps response of<br />
the material [SBT03a].<br />
We performed investigations of the critical<br />
laser parameters needed for laser fine<br />
polishing, with femtosecond laser pulses, on<br />
materials with a very low coefficient of thermal<br />
expansion. To avoid thermal heating at the<br />
polishing process it is necessary to work in<br />
the pre-ablation regime near the ablation<br />
threshold. This describes the possibility of<br />
modifying the surface in the nanometer scale<br />
by ultra short laser pulses and may have the<br />
potential to replace common ion polishing<br />
technology. Theoretically study on the role of<br />
rapid electronic transport in defining the<br />
characteristics of material removal with ultrashort<br />
laser pulses. The developed models are<br />
general and can be used to describe charge<br />
transport dynamics in different materials on<br />
ultrafast timescales.<br />
UP4:<br />
We have stored SiO 2 particles (r = 250 nm)<br />
in the centre of an electro dynamical trap and<br />
measured their charge state when they were<br />
illuminated with synchrotron radiation [GLS].<br />
By scanning the photon energy in the regime<br />
of the O 1s-edge the charging current of the<br />
particle was determined from the temporal<br />
evolution of the charge state in this spectral<br />
regime. Fig. 7 shows the first derivative of three<br />
charging curves for different average charge<br />
states. In the O 1s-continuum charging occurs<br />
primarily via the normal or double Auger decay.<br />
Assuming that the charges are located on the<br />
particle surface, the local electrical field<br />
increases with increasing charge state. As a<br />
result, only those electrons with sufficient kinetic<br />
Fig. 4:<br />
The I - (4d) and Na + (2p)<br />
signal obtained from<br />
photoemission<br />
measurements of NaI<br />
aqueous solutions, at<br />
different salt<br />
concentrations.<br />
Fig. 6:<br />
Velocity distributions<br />
extracted from massresolved<br />
TOF traces of<br />
ions emitted from silicon<br />
samples irradiated with<br />
single- and double-pulse<br />
sequences. The separation<br />
for the double pulse is 7 ps<br />
and the incident fluence<br />
0.9 J/cm 2 . The results are<br />
derived from a spot preirradiated<br />
with three<br />
sequences per site.<br />
Fig. 5:<br />
Evolution of the I - (4d)<br />
photoelectron signal as a<br />
function of the TBAI<br />
concentration. The curve<br />
is a fit ~ [1-exp(-c/co)].<br />
The straight lines indicate<br />
a linear growth of a single<br />
monolayer.<br />
35
36<br />
Fig. 7:<br />
O 1s charging spectra of<br />
a single stored SiO 2<br />
nanoparticle at different<br />
charge states.<br />
energy can contribute to photoionization of the<br />
particle, corresponding to an increase in<br />
charge state. The other electrons will be<br />
retained by the field of the charged particle.<br />
The fraction of electrons that contribute to<br />
charging decreases with increasing charge<br />
state, so that the intensity of the differentiated<br />
charging curves decreases. The fastest<br />
electrons that can be emitted after resonant<br />
core level excitation with considerable flux<br />
come from resonant Auger processes. These<br />
processes occur mostly in the near-edge<br />
regime, i. e. between 535 eV and 540 eV.<br />
Own publications <strong>2003</strong> ff<br />
(full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)<br />
AMR03: D. Ashkenasi et al.; Appl. Phys. A 77 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
223-8<br />
GBS03: T. Gießel et al.; Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
4620-4<br />
HJG03: K. Heister et al.; Surf. Science 529 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
36-46<br />
LLS03: B. Lohmann et al.; in AIP Conference<br />
Proceedings, Atomic, Molecular and Chemical<br />
Physics (<strong>2003</strong>) Vol. 697, 133-41<br />
PWF03: D. Pop et al.; J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
11543-647<br />
SBT03a: R. Stoian et al.; Appl. Phys. A 77 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
265-9<br />
SBT03b: R. Stoian et al.; RIKEN Review 50 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
71-6<br />
SBT03c: R. Stoian et al.; in SPIE Proc. (<strong>2003</strong>) Vol.<br />
4830, 435-42<br />
SKT03: M. Spyridaki et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
1474-6<br />
TSL03: G. Turri et al.; in AIP Conference<br />
Proceedings, Atomic, Molecular and Chemical<br />
Physics (<strong>2003</strong>) Vol. 697, 48-54<br />
WBG03: W. Widdra et al.; Surf. Science 543 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
87-94<br />
WWH03: R. Weber et al.; J. Phys. Chem. B 107<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 7768-75<br />
in press (as of Jan. 2004)<br />
BSR: N. M. Bulgakova et al.; Phys. Rev. B<br />
BGW: D. Bröcker et al.; J. Chem. Phys.<br />
FMT: W. Freyer et al.; J. Photoch. Photobio. A: Chem.<br />
GLS: M. Grimm et al.; in AIP Conference Proceedings,<br />
Atomic, Molecular and Chemical Physics<br />
HFU: K. Heister et al.; Langmuir<br />
HGP: O. Henneberg et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett.<br />
RAs: A. Rosenfeld and D. Ashkenasi; SPIE Proc.<br />
SEH: C. Stanciu et al.; Appl. Phys. A<br />
TSL: G. Turri et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
VCL: J. Viefhaus et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
WWSa: R. L. Weber et al.; J. Phys. Chem. B<br />
WWW: B. Winter et al.; J. Phys. Chem. A<br />
submitted (until 21st Febr. 2004)<br />
BSRb: N. M. Bulgakova et al.; Appl. Phys. A<br />
Fre: W. Freyer; Organic Letters<br />
KSS: E. Koudoumas et al.; Thin Solid Films<br />
MWM: T. Moritz et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
PWF: D. Pop et al.; J. Phys. Chem. B<br />
SKN: G. Y. Slepyan et al.; Phys. Rev. A<br />
SRH: R. Stoian et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett.<br />
WWSb: B. Winter et al.; J. Phys. Chem. B
3-02: Ultrafast and nonlinear processes in solid state and nanostructures<br />
M. Fiebig, C. Lienau, M. Wörner (Project coordinators)<br />
and N.P. Duong, T. Lottermoser, C.W. Luo, V. Malyarchuk, L. Molina, K. Müller, R. Müller, V. Malyarchuk,<br />
C. Neacsu, M.B. Raschke, K. Reimann, C. Ropers, T. Satoh, T. Shih, T. Unold, Z. Wang<br />
1. Overview<br />
In this new project, the former projects<br />
II.6 (Ultrafast dynamics in solids) and II.7<br />
(Optical near-field microscopy) have been<br />
merged in order to establish new experimental<br />
approaches to the physics of highly correlated<br />
condensed matter-systems. In these systems,<br />
electron-electron correlations lead to a broad<br />
range of novel and unusual phenomena which<br />
are interesting from the point of view of both<br />
fundamental research and practical application.<br />
We believe that by uniting our expertise in<br />
ultrafast charge dynamics, nonlinear optics of<br />
long-range ordered systems, and nano-scale<br />
optics new insight into fundamental phenomena<br />
in this thriving field of research will be gained.<br />
2. Subprojects and Collaborations<br />
UP1: Ultrafast electron dynamics in individual<br />
electronically coupled nanostructures,<br />
UP2: Optical antennas for spectroscopy: field<br />
confinement, energy transfer, molecular<br />
switches,<br />
UP3: Coherence and dynamics of electrons,<br />
phonons and quantum transport in 2D nanostructures,<br />
UP4: Ultrafast spin and lattice dynamics of<br />
antiferromagnetic and electronic phase<br />
transitions.<br />
There are possible future connections of<br />
UP1, UP3, UP4 to project 3.04.<br />
3. Results in <strong>2003</strong><br />
UP1 (1): Ultrafast optical nonlinearities of<br />
single quantum dots. Considerable progress<br />
has been made in probing and manipulating<br />
coherent polarizations of a single and two<br />
dipole-coupled quantum dots with ultrafast<br />
light pulses. The femtosecond near-field pumpprobe<br />
spectrometer developed last year<br />
[GLE02,GLE03,GML03,Lie] allowed us to<br />
study for the first time the optical Stark effect<br />
on a single interface quantum dot (QD) on a<br />
femtosecond time scale. We show that the line<br />
shape of nonlinear QD spectra depends<br />
sensitively on the intensity of a nonresonant<br />
pump laser field. Transient spectral oscillations<br />
are understood as pump-induced rotations of<br />
the QD polarization phase with negligible<br />
population change. This phase shift is<br />
quantitatively measured and polarization<br />
control is demonstrated [UMLa,UMLb].<br />
Control of the exciton population of a single<br />
QD on the other hand is demonstrated by<br />
observing Rabi oscillations on the biexciton<br />
resonance of this QD for resonant exciton<br />
excitation [Fig. 1]. Together, this demonstrates<br />
full control over amplitude and phase of the<br />
coherent QD polarization.<br />
Similar Rabi oscillations are also observed<br />
on the excitonic nonlinearity of one QD after<br />
resonant excitation of a neighbouring QD. This<br />
establishes dipole-dipole coupling between<br />
two individual quantum dots. The transient nonlinear<br />
optical response of two dipole-coupled<br />
QDs is studied in detail and a coupling strength<br />
of about 50 µeV is inferred. This is relevant for<br />
implementing semiconductor-based quantum<br />
logic gates if one succeeds in increasing the<br />
magnitude of the coupling via external electric<br />
fields and in controlling the interdot separation.<br />
Experimental studies along these directions are<br />
currently underway.<br />
UP1 (2): Optical properties of metallic nanostructures.<br />
The unusual linear optical properties<br />
of periodic nanohole arrays in metal films have<br />
been studied both experimentally [KHM03,YHK03]<br />
and theoretically [MML03,MML]. Specifically,<br />
surface plasmon polariton (SPP) eigenmodes<br />
of these plasmonic crystals are directly imaged<br />
using nano-optical techniques and the damping<br />
of these modes is studied experimentally both<br />
in the temporal and in the spatial domain. We<br />
demonstrate experimentally that a Rayleighlike<br />
scattering of SPP at the nanoholes is the<br />
microscopic origin of this damping and that the<br />
asymmetric spectral line shape of the extaordinarily<br />
enhanced transmission resonances<br />
can be understood as a Fano-type interference<br />
between light tunneling through the holes and<br />
SPP radiation. These results and their thorough<br />
theoretical understanding are the basis for<br />
exploring optical nonlinearities of plasmonic<br />
crystals and exciton-plasmon interactions in<br />
hybrid metal-/semiconductor nanostructures.<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Rabi oscillations in single<br />
quantum dots detected<br />
by resonantly exciting<br />
the QD exciton transition<br />
with a 1 ps laser pulse<br />
and probing the transient<br />
biexcitonic nonlinear<br />
optical response of this<br />
dot.<br />
37
38<br />
Fig. 2:<br />
Topographic image (a)<br />
and scattering near-field<br />
microscopy image (b) of<br />
a gold nano-island on<br />
glass. The optical<br />
coupling of the PtIrprobe<br />
tip to the Au leads<br />
to dielectric contrast with<br />
resolution determined by<br />
the tip radius.<br />
Fig. 4:<br />
Time dependent change<br />
of second and third<br />
harmonic and of<br />
reflection in NiO after<br />
photoexcitation.<br />
Black: SH intensity,<br />
blue: third harmonic<br />
intensity,<br />
red: linear reflection at ω,<br />
green: linear reflection<br />
at 2ω.<br />
Fig. 3:<br />
Black lines: Input field<br />
E ref (t) measured by<br />
ultrafast electro-optic<br />
sampling. Red lines:<br />
Transients of the emitted<br />
electric field E diff (t).<br />
Insets: Direction of the<br />
Bloch vector σ during<br />
the Rabi flop of the IS<br />
polarization.<br />
UP2: Apertureless scanning near-field<br />
microscopy. Scattering-type near-field microscopy<br />
based on metal wire tips to transfer,<br />
detect and concentrate light to highly confined<br />
regions has been established for the purpose<br />
of spectroscopic imaging down to sub-10 nm<br />
spatial resolution. In experiments performed<br />
in eschange with subproject (B) we have<br />
studied the correlations between tip radius of<br />
the probe, signal strength, spatial resolution,<br />
and sample material [Rli03]. In linear light<br />
scattering the contrast was found to depend<br />
sensitively on vertical composition of the<br />
sample.<br />
A general scheme for optimal illumination<br />
and detection was developed. The understanding<br />
of various aspects concerning the<br />
imaging mechanism laid the ground for the work<br />
in progress on spectroscopic aspects of surface<br />
nanostructures and nonlinear light scattering.<br />
UP3: Rabi oscillations of intersubband<br />
transitions. Low-dimensional semiconductors<br />
are important model systems for coherent<br />
control of excitations on ultrafast time scales.<br />
We consider here intersubband (IS) transitions<br />
between consecutive conduction subbands in<br />
quantum wells (QWs). So far, a nonlinear<br />
coherent manipulation of IS transitions in QWs<br />
was only possible in a very limited way, since<br />
the electric field amplitude of THz transients<br />
was too low. We developed a new scheme for<br />
the full characterization of THz transients with<br />
MV/cm amplitude [RSW03]. These pulses are<br />
used for the study of Rabi oscillations in a<br />
GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well structure.<br />
The center frequency of the THz transients is<br />
resonant to the IS transition between the two<br />
lowest electron subbands. After transmission<br />
through the sample the electric field of the<br />
transient is time-resolved by electro-optic<br />
sampling.<br />
In Fig. 3 we show for two different intensities<br />
the transients without the sample E ref (t) (black<br />
lines) and the transients of the electric field<br />
emitted by the sample E diff (t) (red lines). In the<br />
linear case [Fig. 3(a)] E diff (t) has a phase<br />
opposite to the input field. A THz transient of<br />
large amplitude [Fig. 3(b)], however, results in<br />
a strongly modified signal giving direct evidence<br />
for a Rabi flop of the Bloch vector σ. In particular<br />
we observe a phase shift of π after the complete<br />
inversion of the IS transition at t = 80 fs. Thus,<br />
our experiments directly show for the first time<br />
coherent Rabi flopping of IS transitions [LRWa,<br />
LRWb,LRWc].<br />
UP4 (1): Spin dynamics of antiferromagnetic<br />
NiO. For the first time temporal<br />
evolution of an antiferromagnetic magnetization<br />
after excitation with an intense 100 fs light<br />
pulse has been observed. Experiments were<br />
performed on NiO, the perhaps most promising<br />
exchange-bias compound. Magnetically<br />
induced second harmonic (SH) generation<br />
was used as a probe for the antiferromagnetic<br />
order parameter [DSL].<br />
Reflection experiments at low temperature<br />
show an instantaneous (
UP4 (2): Magnetic phase control by an<br />
electric field. Ferromagnetic Ho 3+ ordering in<br />
the ferroelectric antiferromagnet HoMnO 3 was<br />
switched on or off by application of a static<br />
electric field [FLL]. The origin of this novel type<br />
of phase control are "giant" magnetoelectric<br />
effects which are based on imbalances in the<br />
Ho 3+ -Mn 3+ superexchange induced by the<br />
ferroelectric distortion. Investigation of the<br />
dynamical properties of this phenomenon are<br />
underway.<br />
Own publications <strong>2003</strong> ff<br />
(full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)<br />
EEK03: T. Elsaesser et al.; in Proceedings of the<br />
International School of Physics 'Enrico Fermi':<br />
Electron and Photon Confinement in Semiconductor<br />
Nanostructures (<strong>2003</strong>) 249-63<br />
EKE03: T. Elsaesser et al.; SPIE Proc. 4992 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
154-64<br />
ERW03: F. Eickemeyer et al.; in Ultrafast Phenomena<br />
XIII (<strong>2003</strong>) 356-8<br />
FFL03: M. Fiebig et al.; Journal of Magnetism and<br />
Magnetic Materials 258-259 (<strong>2003</strong>) 110-3<br />
FLP03a: M. Fiebig et al.; J. Appl. Phys. 93 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
8194-6<br />
FLP03b: M. Fiebig et al.; J. Appl. Phys. 93 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
6900-2<br />
FPi03: M. Fiebig and R.V. Pisarev; Physica status<br />
solidi (c) 0 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1449-52<br />
FSP03: M. Fiebig et al.; J. Appl. Phys. 93 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
6960-2<br />
GLE03: T. Guenther et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
139702<br />
GML03: T. Guenther et al.; in Ultrafast Phenomena<br />
XIII (<strong>2003</strong>) 345-9<br />
GPL03: A.V. Goltsev et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
177204/1-4<br />
KHM03: D.S. Kim et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
143901/1-4<br />
MML03: R. Müller et al.; Phys. Rev. B 68 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
205415/1-9<br />
RLi03: M.B. Raschke and C. Lienau; Appl. Phys.<br />
Lett. 83 (<strong>2003</strong>) 5089-91<br />
RSW03: K. Reimann et al.; Opt. Lett. 28 (<strong>2003</strong>) 471-3<br />
STM03: M.P. Semtsiv et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
3418-20<br />
WWF03: I. Waldmüller et al.; Phys. status solidi B<br />
238 (<strong>2003</strong>) 474-7<br />
in press (as of Jan. 2004)<br />
AKE: T. Altebäumer et al.; tm Technisches Messen<br />
FFL: M. Fiebig et al.; Opt. Lett.<br />
LIG: C. Lienau et al.; Phys. Rev. B<br />
LRu: C. Lienau and E. Runge; Physik Journal<br />
LRWa: C.W. Luo et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
LRWb: C.W. Luo et al.; Appl. Phys. A<br />
WRE: M. Woerner et al.; J. Phys.: Condens. Matter<br />
Elsb: T. Elsaesser; Appl. Phys. A<br />
FEC: M. Fiebig et al., Magnetoelectric interaction<br />
phenomena in crystals (Kluwer, Dordrecht, the<br />
Netherlands, in press)<br />
Fie: M. Fiebig; in Magnetoelectric interaction<br />
phenomena in crystals<br />
FLG: M. Fiebig et al.; Journal of Magnetism and<br />
Magnetic Materials<br />
FPi: M. Fiebig and R.V. Pisarev; Journal of Magnetism<br />
and Magnetic Materials<br />
Liea: C. Lienau; Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-<br />
Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.<br />
Lieb: C. Lienau; in SPIE Proc.<br />
LRWc: C.W. Luo et al.; Semicond. Sci. Technol.<br />
UML: T. Unold et al.; Semicond. Sci. Technol.<br />
WRW: Z. Wang et al.; Semicond. Sci. Technol.<br />
submitted (until 21st Febr. 2004)<br />
MML: R. Müller et al.; Optics Express<br />
SFR: C. Schweitzer et al.; Phys. Rev. B<br />
UML: T. Unold et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
WFL: I. Waldmüller et al.; Phys. Rev. B<br />
39
40<br />
3-03: Optoelectronic Devices<br />
J. W. Tomm (Project coordinator) and F. Weik, V. Talalaev, T. Q. Tran<br />
1. Overview<br />
The group performs research on the<br />
application of spectroscopic techniques<br />
developed or improved at the <strong>MBI</strong> to analytical<br />
purposes in optoelectronic devices. A primary<br />
objective is to improve insight into the<br />
microscopic nature of the mechanisms defining<br />
the limits of semiconductor device operation.<br />
The following themes are presently in the<br />
focus of the research activities:<br />
• defect creation and accumulation within the<br />
active region,<br />
• mechanical stress as well as<br />
• device and - particularly - facet heating<br />
are quantitatively analyzed in very different<br />
device structures.<br />
Together with our industrial partners, such<br />
as OSRAM Opto Semiconductors, THALES,<br />
Jenoptik Laserdiode and DILAS, new<br />
generations of optoelectronic devices with<br />
increased brightness and reliability are created,<br />
taking into account the analytical results of <strong>MBI</strong>.<br />
Investigations of transient recombination<br />
processes (5 ps-10 ns) in optoelectronic<br />
materials and epitaxial structures such as<br />
quantum-well or quantum-dot structures<br />
complete these device-related analytical activities.<br />
Carrier transfer kinetics in self assembled<br />
or structured nanostructures such as stressors<br />
will be addressed (optical measurement of<br />
transport kinetics).<br />
Furthermore, the group is involved into joint<br />
activities for the creation of novel classes of<br />
optoelectronic light sources such as midinfrared<br />
light-emitting diodes or compact<br />
femtosecond emitters. Demonstrators will be<br />
assembled and tested.<br />
As a long term perspective we will achieve<br />
an own contribution to novel, particularly ultrafast<br />
optoelectronic devices. Our contribution<br />
as workpackage coordinator in the FW6 IP<br />
WWW.BRIGHT.EU will be a milestone towards<br />
this goal.<br />
2. Subprojects and Collaborations<br />
UP1: Reliability and thermal analysis of highpower<br />
diode lasers, e.g. POWERPACK<br />
"Screening and packaging techniques for highly<br />
reliable laser-bars for telecommunication and<br />
industrial applications” (EU- IST-2000-29447).<br />
UP2: MIRCO “Material research for low-cost<br />
mid-infrared converters for the λ=4-5 µm<br />
wavelength range” (BMBF 03N1084C).<br />
UP3: “Transient recombination kinetics in semiconductors<br />
and optoelectronic structures”.<br />
There is long time established in-house<br />
cooperation with Project 3-02. Outside <strong>MBI</strong><br />
there is extensive cooperation with numerous<br />
partners in academia, institutes and companies<br />
among them also SMEs on the WISTA campus<br />
Adlershof. The activities are, among others,<br />
organized in the framework of EU- or BMBFfunded<br />
projects. Recently a new joint activity<br />
with Project 1-02 and the FBH-<strong>Berlin</strong> was<br />
started, which addresses compact semiconductor<br />
femtosecond emitters.<br />
3. Results in <strong>2003</strong><br />
Quantitative strain analysis in AlGaAsbased<br />
devices (achieved in UP1). We present<br />
a novel strategy for quantitative spectroscopic<br />
analysis of packaging-induced strain using<br />
both finite element analysis and bandstructure<br />
calculations [TGM03b]. This approach holds<br />
for a wide class of semiconductor devices,<br />
among them high-power diode lasers. The<br />
influence on the results of particular device<br />
structure properties, such as intrinsic strain<br />
and quantum-well geometry, is analyzed. We<br />
compare theoretical results based on an<br />
unaxial stress model with experimental data<br />
obtained from externally strained devices and<br />
obtain better agreement than from alternative<br />
strain models. The general approach is also<br />
applicable to the analysis of all data that refer<br />
to changes of the electronic bandstructure in<br />
semiconductor devices such as absorption,<br />
reflection and photoluminescence.<br />
Properties of As + -implanted and annealed<br />
GaAs and InGaAs quantum-wells: structural<br />
and band-structure modifications (achieved<br />
in UP3). Implanted quantum-wells are still the<br />
material of choice for fabricating semiconductor<br />
saturable absorber mirrors<br />
(SESAMS), which serve for amplitude<br />
modulation in ultrafast laser systems. Both<br />
crystal structure and energy band structure<br />
changes caused by As + -implantation and<br />
subsequent annealing in GaAs and in an<br />
In 0.253 Ga 0.747 As quantum-well are studied [TSG].<br />
We demonstrate that the main implantation<br />
impact to the crystal structure is the creation of<br />
a large number of point defects and strong
compressive strain of up to -0.1%. Raman- and<br />
X-ray-data demonstrate almost complete<br />
structural recovery for rapid thermal annealing<br />
temperatures T > 600°C. While the lattice<br />
expansion gets relaxed by annealing, the<br />
implantation-induced ionized point defects are<br />
still present up to the highest annealing<br />
temperatures applied. Under these<br />
circumstances a 22 meV blue-shift of the 1hh-<br />
1e-transition within the quantum-well and a<br />
substantial reduction of the non-equilibrium<br />
carrier lifetime remain as consequence of<br />
implantation. The substantial non-equilibrium<br />
carrier lifetime reduction, which is caused by<br />
the implantation process and which is the<br />
desired effect is demonstrated in Fig. 1.<br />
Furthermore, we investigate alternative<br />
SESAM concepts that abandon the defectcreating<br />
implantation technology.<br />
Facet temperature reduction a current<br />
blocking layer at the front facets of highpower<br />
InGaAs/AlGaAs lasers (achieved in<br />
UP1). The overheating of the facets, compared<br />
to the waveguide temperature, of singlequantum<br />
well InGaAs/AlGaAs broad-area<br />
(2 mm × 200 µm) high-power laser-diodes is<br />
reduced by a factor of 3-4 [RRK03]. This<br />
substantial improvement is achieved by the<br />
introduction of a 30 µm long, cost-neutral SiN<br />
current blocking layer located at the front facet<br />
of the laser. The improvement is explained by<br />
the reduction of the carrier density close to the<br />
facet due to the removed pumping current. This<br />
reduces the surface recombination current,<br />
which is considered a main source of facet<br />
heating. Since the optical load for the facets of<br />
both lasers is almost similar, it is clear that the<br />
increased carrier density at the facets for this<br />
type of lasers is not caused by re-absorption<br />
of laser light but rather by surface currents.<br />
Own publications <strong>2003</strong> ff.<br />
(full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)<br />
HMS03: F. Hatami et al.; Phys. Rev. B 67 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
085306/1-8<br />
MDP03: G. Mussler et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
1343-5<br />
RRK03: F. Rinner et al.; J. Appl. Phys. 93 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
1848-50<br />
TGM03a: J.W. Tomm et al.; J. Appl. Phys. 93 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
1354-62<br />
TGM03b: J. W. Tomm et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 82<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 4193-5<br />
TMT03: J.W. Tomm et al.; Phys. Rev. B 67 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
045326/1-8<br />
TRT03: J.W. Tomm et al.; SPIE Proc. 4993 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
91-9<br />
in press (as of Jan. 2004)<br />
GTO: A. Gerhard et al.; The European Physical<br />
Journal - Applied Physics<br />
TGB: J. W. Tomm et al.; The European Physical<br />
Journal - Applied Physics<br />
TSG: J. W. Tomm et al.; J. Appl. Phys.<br />
submitted (until 21st Febr. 2004)<br />
ZLZ: Z.Ya. Zhuchenko et al.; J. Appl. Phys.<br />
Fig. 2:<br />
(a) Facet (squares) and<br />
averaged waveguide<br />
temperatures (circles)<br />
versus operation current<br />
for a standard highpower<br />
laser device.<br />
(b) Facet and averaged<br />
waveguide temperatures<br />
for a device with current<br />
blocking layers. Note,<br />
that the laser power for a<br />
given operation current is<br />
similar for both devices.<br />
Substantial reduction of<br />
the facet heating is<br />
demonstrated.<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Transient photoluminescence<br />
(T=10 K)<br />
after impulsive fsexcitation,<br />
detected at<br />
the spectral position of<br />
the edge emission<br />
(1.221 eV) for the asgrown<br />
(a) and the<br />
implanted sample that<br />
experienced rapid<br />
thermal annealing at<br />
650°C (b).<br />
41
42<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Spectrum of<br />
x-ray pulses.<br />
3-04: Ultrafast x-ray research<br />
H. Stiel, M. Wörner, N. Zhavoronkov (Project coordinators)<br />
and M. Bargheer, Y. Gritsai, H. Legall, D. Leupold, M. Schnürer, J. Tümmler<br />
1. Overview<br />
This project aims at the development and<br />
the application of coherent and incoherent<br />
laser-based X-ray sources emitting light in the<br />
range between 0.1 and 20 nm.<br />
The following themes are presently in the<br />
focus of the research activities: The current<br />
applications focus on time-resolved X-ray<br />
diffraction experiments on crystalline solids (in<br />
the framework of SPP 1134 and in close<br />
collaboration with Project 3-02) using a high<br />
repetition rate laser produced plasma (LPP)<br />
source and on X-ray absorption studies concerning<br />
the role of carotenoids in energy transfer<br />
processes (in the framework of SFB 429).<br />
The goals of this interdisciplinary project are:<br />
• Development and optimization of laser based<br />
X-ray sources for time-resolved spectroscopy<br />
and diffractometry, EUV-lithography,<br />
metrology and interferometry. Understanding<br />
basic physics of these sources.<br />
• Application of these sources to study<br />
structural dynamics in clusters, semiconductor<br />
structures, superconductors and<br />
organic molecules on a sub-ps time scale.<br />
As a long term perspective an extension to<br />
even higher repetition rates is planned [ZKo04]<br />
and special emphasis will be directed to<br />
application experiments using the possibilities<br />
of <strong>MBI</strong> X-ray laser developed in project 2-01.<br />
2. Subprojects and Collaborations<br />
UP1: Hard x-ray generation using high<br />
repetition rate laser systems,<br />
UP2: Generation and application of soft xrays<br />
from laser-based sources,<br />
UP3: Investigation of phase transitions and<br />
structural dynamics in solids: DFG-fundung<br />
through SPP 1134, collaboration with PDI,<br />
FUB, Seoul National University.<br />
3. Results in <strong>2003</strong><br />
UP1: Hard x-ray generation using high<br />
repetition rate laser systems: The existing<br />
1 kHz Ti:Sapphire laser system for the<br />
production of hard x-rays [TRK03] has been<br />
upgraded to pulses having now 45 fs duration<br />
and energies up to 10 mJ [ZGM03]. The spatial<br />
beam profile observed in the focus of a lens<br />
with 8.8 cm focal length is Gaussian with a<br />
beam diameter less than 1.3 times of the<br />
diffraction limit. The RMS of the intensity<br />
fluctuations is less than 1%. As a target we<br />
use a vertically streaming Ga-jet. The spectrum<br />
of the x-ray emission is shown on Fig. 1. It<br />
consists of a broad continuum and two narrow<br />
features at 9.2 keV and 10.3 keV corresponding<br />
to the characteristic K α and K β lines<br />
of Ga. The total emission flux of X-ray's is of<br />
~8,1x10 10 photons/sec, the K α -line lines<br />
contain ~5x10 10 photons/sec. The efficiency of<br />
laser energy to X-ray photon energy<br />
conversion is estimated to be 1.3x10 -5 . An<br />
extension to even higher repetition rates is<br />
planned for the future [ZKo04].<br />
UP2 (1): Generation and application of soft<br />
x-rays from laser-based sources: Application<br />
of soft x-ray spectroscopy and metrology in<br />
chemical, biological and material sciences has<br />
attracted a lot of attention in recent time.<br />
Correspondingly, the development of compact<br />
soft x-ray radiation sources [TVS03] for the<br />
operation of laboratory test facilities which can<br />
also be operated close to the production line<br />
is one of the most important challenges at this<br />
time. The operational requirements on such a<br />
radiation source are high if nearly the same<br />
level of measurement uncertainty should be<br />
reached as presently only achieved using<br />
synchrotron radiation at dedicated laboratories.<br />
A highly reliable laser-based source [SST03]<br />
for use in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) metrology<br />
was constructed and integrated into a reflectometer<br />
system [VBB03] for high-accuracy atwavelength<br />
charaterization of multi-layer EUVmirrors<br />
at Carl Zeiss Oberkochen. Our EUVsource<br />
operates with a high power laser<br />
(650 mJ, 10 ns), which is focused on a rotating<br />
Au target cylinder. We obtained a source size<br />
of 30 μm by 50 μm and a spectral radiant power<br />
of > 10 14 ph /s*sr in 0.1 nm bw at 13.4 nm. The<br />
shot-to-shot stability of the source is about 5%<br />
(1σ) for laser pulse energies above 200 mJ.
UP2 (2): For soft x-ray absorption studies a<br />
table-top spectrometer including a wet<br />
chamber for biological samples has been<br />
developed. Our investigations were focused<br />
in particular on the carotenoid pigments<br />
involved in the so-called xanthophyll cycle in<br />
light harvesting complexes (LHC) of higher<br />
plants. The energies of the optically forbidden<br />
transition S 0 -S 1 of violaxanthin and zeaxanthin,<br />
the main pigments of the xanthophyll cycle,<br />
determined by different optical techniques<br />
differ significantly. Therefore we focused our<br />
work on elucidation of the energy levels of<br />
both violaxanthin and zeaxanthin in the<br />
conformations all-trans, 9-cis and 13-cis by<br />
Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure<br />
Spectroscopy (NEXAFS). Based on our<br />
measurements the energies of the optically<br />
forbidden S 0 -S 1 transitions for both carotenoids<br />
were estimated. Because this result implies<br />
consequences for the pathways of energy<br />
transfer process in LHC our measurements<br />
have been extended to chlorophyll pigments<br />
as well as to peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein<br />
representing a model system for LHC.<br />
UP3: Femtosecond x-ray diffraction: The<br />
direct measurement of the position of nuclei<br />
by ultrafast x-ray diffraction complements the<br />
information on the rapid response of a solid,<br />
obtained by monitoring the dynamics of the<br />
electronic system by optical spectroscopies.<br />
The laser-driven table-top x-ray source<br />
described above provides an important method<br />
to investigate fundamental microscopic<br />
mechanisms which underlie ultrafast structural<br />
changes e.g. of crystalline solids.<br />
Our setup, depicted in Fig. 2a, allows for<br />
the detection of sub-picometer changes in the<br />
crystalline structure with an unprecedented<br />
sensitivity, as described in the following. Most<br />
previous femtosecond x-ray experiments<br />
(10Hz repetition rate) looked at large changes<br />
which lead to a permanent structural transformation<br />
of the sample. As a first application<br />
we discuss impulsive excitation of a dense<br />
electron-hole plasma in a semiconductor<br />
nano-structure. Fig. 3 presents the stationary<br />
rocking curve of the quasi-forbidden (002)<br />
reflex of a GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice (SL) with<br />
2000 periods of 8 nm wells and 8 nm barriers.<br />
The S/N ratio of our plasma source (solid line)<br />
is excellent and approaches that of conventional<br />
stationary x-ray spectrographs<br />
(dashed line).<br />
In the time-resolved experiments an 800 nm<br />
pump pulse (50 fs duration) excites electronhole<br />
pairs within a penetration depth of<br />
approximately 1 µm. This spatially modulated<br />
excitation of a dense electron-hole plasma<br />
leads to a significant impulsive excitation of<br />
various lattice vibrations in the phononic bandstructure<br />
of the semiconductor superlattice.<br />
The corresponding acoustic strain propagation<br />
leads to time-dependent diffraction signals for<br />
all three observed satellite peaks. In Fig. 4 we<br />
show time-resolved diffraction data measured<br />
in three different scans (different symbols) at<br />
the 1st order SL peak. The impulsively excited<br />
strain in the superlattice crystal cause both a<br />
step-like reduction of the diffraction efficiency<br />
and pronounced oscillations with a period of<br />
7 ps. A more detailed analysis of the phononic<br />
Fig. 3:<br />
Stationary rocking curve.<br />
Fig. 2:<br />
Experimental Setup.<br />
43
44<br />
Fig. 4:<br />
Time-resolved x-ray<br />
diffraction.<br />
bandstructure of the semiconductor nanostructure<br />
shows that the observed oscillations<br />
correspond to the zone boundary phonon in<br />
the miniband Brillouin zone of the superlattice.<br />
The zone boundary phonon is preferably<br />
observed due to the large density of phonon<br />
states. Optical reflection experiments in the<br />
weak excitation limit probed phonons near<br />
k = 0, with a period of 3 ps. The question, if this<br />
depends on the excitation density of the<br />
electron-hole plasma, will be addressed in<br />
experiments with varying intensity. The fastest<br />
rise-time of the transient changes measured<br />
with our plasma source was approximately<br />
1 ps, as expected from a phonon propagating<br />
at the sound-velocity through the 8 nm quantum<br />
well.<br />
Own publications <strong>2003</strong> ff<br />
(full titles and list of authors see appendix 1)<br />
SST03: F. Scholze et al., SPIE Proc. 5037 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
670-81<br />
TRK03: A. Thoss et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 20 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
224-8<br />
TVS03: S. Ter-Avetisyan et al., J. Appl. Phys. 94<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 5489-96<br />
VBB03: L. v. Loyen et al., SPIE Proc. 5038 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
12-21<br />
ZGM03: N. Zhavoronkov et al., UFO IV (Springer<br />
Verlag, <strong>2003</strong>) 323-7
Focus 4<br />
Scientific Infrastrucure: Application laboratories<br />
and special laser development<br />
In the application laboratories the <strong>MBI</strong><br />
concentrates its specific experimental<br />
resources, providing a flexible, versatile and<br />
cost efficient use of expensive, state-of-theart<br />
equipment by internal researchers as well<br />
as by external partners from science and<br />
industry. Special laser development, reacting<br />
to demands from internal and external users,<br />
complements the scientific infrastructure<br />
activities which form an essential basis of<br />
scientific research at the <strong>MBI</strong>.<br />
<strong>MBI</strong>’s scientific research is embedded into<br />
a large number of cooperations with<br />
universities, research institutions, industry and<br />
guest researchers from various programmes,<br />
including the EU Access Programme since<br />
1996. Embedded into successive Laser<br />
Infrastructure Networks within the various EU<br />
Framework Programmes <strong>MBI</strong> is providing<br />
access to its laboratories together with<br />
adequate scientific, technical and logistic<br />
support for European guest researchers who<br />
require such major research infrastructures for<br />
their work. <strong>MBI</strong>, however, is not a pure service<br />
facility which is reflected in the record of its EU<br />
Access Contracts. The <strong>MBI</strong> users clearly prefer<br />
the combined offer of state-of-the-art laser<br />
systems together with extraordinarily broad<br />
scientific expertise, competence and<br />
equipment in <strong>MBI</strong>’s core research areas. This<br />
has frequently led to highly successful<br />
collaborations, even influencing <strong>MBI</strong>’s own<br />
research programme. In contrast, there is little<br />
demand for short-term visits serving the<br />
exclusive purpose of the user’s own research.<br />
Initially, <strong>MBI</strong> was part of the LIMANS Cluster<br />
of Large Scale Laser Facilities, which was<br />
organised and funded within the 4th Frame-<br />
work Programme of the European Community<br />
as an association of laser infrastructures with<br />
the aim of developing and implementing good<br />
practices in EU funded transnational access.<br />
Within the 5th Framework Programme the<br />
LIMANS Cluster formed an informal sub-group<br />
of LASERNET, a Thematic Network of Laser<br />
Infrastructures which pursued specific tasks<br />
to improve the quality of access to external<br />
users by transnational and interdisciplinary<br />
cooperation. Within the 6th Framework<br />
Programme of the European Union, <strong>MBI</strong> is<br />
part of LASERLAB-EUROPE, an "Integrated<br />
Infrastructure Initiative" of 17 European laser<br />
infrastructures from 9 European countries,<br />
which have appointed <strong>MBI</strong> as Co-ordinator of<br />
the project. In view of the increasing<br />
importance of lasers and their applications in<br />
all areas of sciences, life sciences and technologies<br />
the main objectives of this project are:<br />
• To combine most of the largest European<br />
national laboratories in laser-based interdisciplinary<br />
research, complemented by<br />
laboratories with special expertise and<br />
equipment<br />
• To facilitate integration through a novel webbased<br />
"virtual infrastructure" approach, with<br />
the expert support from a research<br />
laboratory specialised in internet services<br />
and communications<br />
• To strengthen the European leading role in<br />
laser research and to improve the quality of<br />
the participating Infrastructures through Joint<br />
Research Activities (JRA) aiming at the<br />
ultimate control of intense, short-pulse laser<br />
light and overcoming technological barriers<br />
towards high power and high intensity<br />
• To engage in the Transnational Access<br />
Programme in a co-ordinated fashion,<br />
providing nearly 4000 days of access.<br />
The goal is to establish a lasting link among<br />
laser research infrastructures for the effective<br />
and competitive exploitation and development<br />
of European resources.<br />
Within LASERLAB-EUROPE, <strong>MBI</strong> will offer<br />
a total of 340 days of access in an estimated<br />
number of 18 research projects to European<br />
users during a period of four years (2004-<br />
2007). Under Framework Programmes 4 and<br />
5 <strong>MBI</strong> has provided 505 and 494 days in 26<br />
and 23 projects respectively during the<br />
corresponding four year terms. This reduction<br />
of opportunities for European users is due to<br />
the very limited funds available for research<br />
infrastructures within the 6th Framework<br />
45
46<br />
Programme, a fact which has already been<br />
taken into consideration by the EC for future<br />
Framework Programmes.<br />
Under FP5, <strong>MBI</strong>’s European users came<br />
from 15 different countries (see graph below).<br />
Apart from these EU-funded Access<br />
activities which are restricted to visitors from<br />
foreign EU and associated countries, <strong>MBI</strong> also<br />
offers its facilities to collaborations with<br />
researchers from Germany or non-EU<br />
countries. These visits are funded from other<br />
sources, either national or international, and<br />
considerably contribute to <strong>MBI</strong>’s dense<br />
network of research collaborations.<br />
Particular attention is paid to collaborations<br />
with universities. <strong>MBI</strong> participates in several<br />
Special Research Grants (SFB) with <strong>Berlin</strong>’s<br />
universities, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,<br />
and in various nationwide<br />
Topical Research Programmes. In most<br />
cases it is the availability of special equipment,<br />
concentrated in the <strong>MBI</strong> Application<br />
Laboratories together with the expertise from<br />
<strong>MBI</strong>’s own research programme which makes<br />
the institute a collaboration partner in high<br />
demand. This is complemented by bi-lateral<br />
collaborations with university groups, where<br />
in single cases the <strong>MBI</strong> laboratories even<br />
serve as long-term host laboratories for university<br />
research (c.f. project 2-02, collaboration<br />
with TU <strong>Berlin</strong>).<br />
The Scientific Infrastructure at <strong>MBI</strong> is<br />
organized in four ‘projects’ (4-01 to 4-04):<br />
• in the Femtosecond Application Laboratory<br />
(4-01) several solid-state laser systems are<br />
available for the generation of femtosecond<br />
light pulses in the spectral range from 100 nm<br />
to 20 µm including setups for pulse shaping<br />
and characterization<br />
• the High Field Laser Application Laboratory<br />
(4-02) gives access to two high-field lasers<br />
with peak intensities around 10 19 W/cm 2<br />
• at the <strong>MBI</strong>-BESSY Beamline facility (4-03),<br />
located at the <strong>Berlin</strong>-Electron-Storage Ring<br />
for Synchrotron Radiation BESSY II (a third<br />
generation synchrotron source in <strong>Berlin</strong>-<br />
Adlershof), experiments with combined<br />
laser and synchrotron radiation experiments<br />
can be performed<br />
• special laser development (4-04) presently<br />
concentrates on 1) making high repetition<br />
rate ( > 1kHz) high average power short<br />
pulse laser systems available for the users<br />
at the <strong>MBI</strong> and 2) developing unique laser<br />
systems for accelerators. With this work the<br />
<strong>MBI</strong> has become an indispensable partner<br />
for the national and international accelerator<br />
and FEL community, in particular for the<br />
development of the DESY projects TESLA<br />
collider, VUV-FEL and the European X-FEL.<br />
The <strong>MBI</strong> also participates in the design and<br />
construction of laser facilities needed for<br />
femtosecond beam slicing at BESSY and<br />
contributes to the planning phase of the<br />
future FEL design at BESSY.
4-01: Femtosecond Application labs<br />
F. Noack, M. Wörner (Project Coordinators)<br />
1. Overview<br />
The <strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>e (<strong>MBI</strong>) develops,<br />
operates and provides femtosecond laser<br />
systems in a broad spectral range. A variety<br />
of sources for coherent, ultrashort light<br />
pulses are currently being explored, typically<br />
based on commercial and home built<br />
Ti:Sapphire lasers, but also on new laser<br />
materials. The use of nonlinear optical<br />
techniques such as harmonic generation,<br />
four wave mixing and parametric processes<br />
ensures access to wavelengths ranging from<br />
the VUV (~100nm) up to the IR (~10µm) with<br />
pulse durations ranging from 500 fs down<br />
to about 20 fs. Among the experimental<br />
techniques used with these laser systems<br />
are pump-(delayed)-probe methods,<br />
transient spectroscopy, impulsive Raman<br />
spectroscopy, molecular and cluster beams,<br />
UHV-surface analysis etc.<br />
It belongs to the mission of the <strong>MBI</strong> to offer<br />
these facilities to external users who are<br />
interested in research collaborations with<br />
employees of the <strong>MBI</strong>. A broad field of<br />
disciplinary and interdisciplinary studies is<br />
addressed, ranging from atomic, molecular<br />
and chemical physics to biology, materials<br />
science, liquids, polymers and semiconductors.<br />
2. User statistics <strong>2003</strong><br />
Presently access to seven femtosecond<br />
systems for time resolved spectroscopy is<br />
granted (see also the <strong>MBI</strong> homepage).<br />
Furthermore, temporally limited access to<br />
systems still under development or to<br />
additional systems which are extremely<br />
complex for user operation is also offered,<br />
please contact directly the department heads<br />
working closest to your field of interest.<br />
The overall use of the fs-application labs is<br />
about 75%. Taking into account the time for<br />
service and repairs of the systems the total load<br />
exceeds 90%. About 20% of the access time is<br />
used by visiting scientists mainly supported by<br />
the LIMANS programme of the European<br />
Community. In addition one system especially<br />
designed for investigation of material structuring<br />
is used for about 2 month per year by a<br />
local company based on a cooperation contract.<br />
The guests come from Italy, Greece, Netherlands,<br />
Spain, Russia, Korea, Sweden, France,<br />
Japan and Austria and of course from Germany,<br />
for a complete list please see appendix 5.<br />
Publications<br />
All publications which have emerged from<br />
work in this facility are listed under the relevant<br />
research projects.<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Reflections on a<br />
chirped mirror<br />
spanning an octave<br />
of frequencies.<br />
This mirror is used<br />
for the generation of<br />
4.3-fs pulses.<br />
47
48<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Setup of target-system<br />
and diagnostics at an<br />
interaction-chamber<br />
for studying high-field<br />
laser driven ion<br />
acceleration.<br />
4-02: High-Field-Laser Application Laboratory (HFL)<br />
M. Kalashnikov, P. V. Nickles (Project Coordinators)<br />
1. Overview<br />
The <strong>MBI</strong> high-field laser application<br />
laboratory develops, applies and provides<br />
femto- and picosecond laser systems<br />
operating in a broad intensity range up to<br />
10 19 W/cm 2 and beyond, complemented by<br />
short-pulse, high-average-power lasers for<br />
special applications. Apart from the research<br />
towards highest possible intensities at high<br />
pulse contrast, part of the activities is focussed<br />
on diagnostics development for the on-line<br />
characterisation of the laser parameters.<br />
The HFL is located in a separate building<br />
with restricted access due to radiation safety<br />
and cleanliness considerations. Its structure<br />
and equipment allows to perform laser-matter<br />
interaction experiments such as single atom<br />
ionisation as well as complex laser-plasma<br />
interaction studies. The latter include incoherent<br />
and coherent x-ray emission (collisional x-ray<br />
laser) as well as generation and acceleration<br />
of charged particles, with focussing on protons<br />
and highly charged ions and their applications.<br />
A diversity of diagnostic equipment with high<br />
energetic (spectral), spatial and temporal<br />
resolution, consisting of optical and x-ray streak<br />
cameras, CCD cameras, x-ray and EUVspectrometers,<br />
and Thomson spectrometers<br />
is available.<br />
According to the general mission of the<br />
<strong>MBI</strong> these facilities are not only used for the<br />
in-house research (mainly projects 1-02, 2-01<br />
and 2-02), but also offered to external users<br />
who are interested in research collaborations<br />
with <strong>MBI</strong> groups. A broad field of disciplinary<br />
and interdisciplinary studies is addressed,<br />
ranging from atomic, laser and plasma physics<br />
to material science, metrology up to industrial<br />
relevant applications. The laboratory is also<br />
open to external users in within the Trans-<br />
national Access Activity of the 5 th and 6 th<br />
Framework Programs of the EU (Integrated<br />
Laser Infrastructure Network LASERLAB-<br />
EUROPE). The following systems are in<br />
operation:<br />
• Two high-peak power lasers, capable of<br />
delivering intensities between 10 18 and more<br />
than 10 19 W/cm 2 , in particular, a 10 Hz CPA<br />
20 TW (35 fs, 700 mJ) Ti:Sapphire laser and<br />
a single shot ~10 TW (0.8 ps, ~8 J) glass<br />
laser. Presently, synchronization of the two<br />
system for unique proton imaging<br />
experiments in laser-based plasma physics<br />
is under development.<br />
• One YLF burst mode laser (5 kW average<br />
burst power, up to 1MHz repetition rate,<br />
flexible pulse duration >3ps ) covering a<br />
wide range of beam parameters like energy,<br />
duration, repetition rate and intensity. This<br />
system is typically used as unique driver<br />
laser for research on or with incoherent<br />
laser-plasma VUV-, EUV- and x-ray sources.<br />
• Additionally, a prototype of a collisionally<br />
excited nickel-like Ag X-ray laser at 13.9 nm<br />
with output energy of several µJ in 30 ps,<br />
using a shaped 3J picoscond pump pulse,<br />
has been successfully demonstrated. While<br />
this laser is, in principle, available for<br />
applications, it is still subject to intensive<br />
research efforts with the medium-term goal<br />
of developing a novel table-top, highrepetition<br />
rate and high average power EUV<br />
laser.<br />
The following supporting systems and<br />
infrastructure are available in the high field<br />
laser application laboratory:<br />
• SPIDER for a quasi-on-line control of the<br />
duration of the Ti:Sa laser pulse at full energy<br />
(10 fs resolution)<br />
• Implementation of an adaptive mirror- feedback<br />
with wavefront controlling Hartmann<br />
sensor, that resulted in a improvement of<br />
the focus intensity, leading to an intensity of<br />
about 10 19 W/cm 2<br />
• Auto-correlator for on-line pulse duration<br />
measurement of CPA-glass laser pulse<br />
• Update of the beam propagation system for<br />
five interaction chambers in separate laboratories,<br />
surrounding the central laser hall<br />
• Implementation of radiation protection system<br />
for highly energetic charged particles and<br />
x-rays (dosemeters)<br />
• Peak intensity determination by single atom<br />
ionisation measurement in inert gases (Xe,<br />
Kr) 4 channel Thomson parabola for ion<br />
spectra measurments and 4 channel neutron<br />
TOF developed.
Additionally, during <strong>2003</strong> the following new<br />
equipment has been developed and installed:<br />
• 3 rd order correlator for the Ti:Sapphire laser<br />
with high dynamics range as well as a sigle<br />
shor 3 rd order correlator for the glass laser<br />
system. Both for monitoring of shape and<br />
contrast of the compressed highly energetic<br />
pulses.<br />
• System for on-line monitoring of the spectral<br />
content of the glass laser pulses<br />
• Experimental arrangement for guiding<br />
experiments at relativistic intensities (see<br />
also access experiments).<br />
Furthermore the HFL-laboratory is equipped<br />
with a variety of commercial diagnostics<br />
enabling measurements with high spectral,<br />
spatial and temporal resolution (optical and<br />
x-ray streak and CCD cameras, different<br />
spectrometers from optical down to x-ray<br />
range).<br />
2. User statistics <strong>2003</strong><br />
Access to all four systems for laser matter<br />
interaction studies is currently granted (see<br />
above or the <strong>MBI</strong> homepage). Additionally,<br />
temporally limited access to systems being<br />
developed (for example incoherent x-ray<br />
sources) were also offered for users.<br />
The overall use (access time) of the HFLlasers<br />
was about 55%. The time for<br />
maintenance, repair and upgrading of the<br />
systems amounted to 45% in <strong>2003</strong>. About 18%<br />
of the total access time goes to visiting<br />
scientists mainly supported by the Transnational<br />
Access program of the European<br />
Community (FP5). Following access<br />
experiments have been performed (see also<br />
appendix 5):<br />
Prof. H. Fiedorowicz, <strong>Institut</strong>e of Optoelectronics<br />
Warsaw, Investigation of an Axicon<br />
arrangement for longitudinal pumping of Xray<br />
lasers, January <strong>2003</strong> (EU);<br />
Prof. A. Zigler, University of Jerusalem, Lasing<br />
studies in plasmas of BN-micro-capillaries.<br />
Pre-requisit for future high-repetetitive compact<br />
X-ray lasers, Oct.<strong>2003</strong> (GIF-project);<br />
Prof. G. Tallents, University of York, Spectroscopic<br />
investigations of the active medium of a nickellike<br />
Ag-X-ray laser using a KAP crystal<br />
spectrometer, Nov. <strong>2003</strong> (EU).<br />
Publications<br />
All publications which have emerged from<br />
experiments in HFL laboratory are listed under<br />
the relevant research projects.<br />
49
50<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Ultra high vacuum<br />
apparatus for surfaces<br />
studies at the <strong>MBI</strong>-<br />
BESSY beamline<br />
(U125/1-SGM)<br />
at BESSY in <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
Adlershof.<br />
4-03: <strong>MBI</strong>-BESSY Beamline<br />
B. Winter (Project coordinator)<br />
1. Overview<br />
<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong> (<strong>MBI</strong>) operates a user<br />
facility at BESSY - the German 3 rd generation<br />
high-brilliance synchrotron radiation source<br />
located in <strong>Berlin</strong>. This special laboratory is<br />
dedicated to experiments with combined<br />
laser- (LR) and synchrotron radiation (SR)<br />
aimed at studying the dynamics of photo<br />
induced processes at surfaces and in<br />
particular molecules at surfaces, including<br />
surfaces of liquids and solutions (specific<br />
examples of this work are described in project<br />
3-01). Several laser systems with different<br />
wavelengths and repetition rates are available<br />
to meet the requirements for different experimental<br />
applications.<br />
Typically, excitation is done by LR pulses<br />
(synchronized to either single or multi bunch<br />
SR pulses), and probing is performed by timedelayed<br />
SR pulses (ca. 30 ps SR pulse width).<br />
By this technique various processes may be<br />
studied, including charge carrier dynamics,<br />
photoisomerization, phase transitions, photodissociation,<br />
and others. Yet, our ultimate goal<br />
is time-resolved two-color two-photon photoemission<br />
(2C-2PPE) addressing transiently<br />
excited electronic molecular states. The new<br />
PGM beamline (available in the second<br />
quarter of 2004) will provide a considerably<br />
small focal size, ca. 50 µm, and high brilliance,<br />
which is ideally combined with the required<br />
high-pulse energies of the LR pump pulse for<br />
the latter experiment. This pump pulse will be<br />
realized by an amplified Ti:sapphire laser<br />
system (partially developed at <strong>MBI</strong>; operational<br />
in 2004), operating at 208 kHz. The system<br />
delivers about 3 µJ pulse energy. Although<br />
the repetition rate is best suited for the SR<br />
single bunch (1.25 MHz rep. rate), a special<br />
single-pump multiple-probe technique allows<br />
for its use in multi bunch (500 MHz) operation.<br />
For those experiments not requiring high pulse<br />
energies, e.g. surface photovoltage dynamics<br />
or simply film-charge compensation (see<br />
3.01), either the (synchronized) Ti:sapphire<br />
oscillator or an alternate laser system,<br />
Nd:YVO 4 , effectively operating at 1.25 MHz (ca.<br />
250 nJ/pulse) can be used.<br />
The <strong>MBI</strong>-BESSY beamline (PGM U125) is<br />
optimized for the lower photon energy range,<br />
ca. 20-600 eV, thus giving access to the full<br />
electronic valence band as well as to inner<br />
shells, e.g. C1s and O1s being particularly<br />
important for our experiments on organic thin<br />
films and aqueous solutions (see 3.01). It is<br />
then natural to explore resonant processes or<br />
chemical shifts in the presence of LR<br />
excitation, for the systems mentioned.<br />
Presently, the <strong>MBI</strong>-BESSY beamline is a<br />
so called CRG (cooperating research group)<br />
implying that for about 50% of the available<br />
SR beam time at the U125 undulator the<br />
experiment is operated by <strong>MBI</strong> staff members<br />
and 50% by BESSY. This includes guest<br />
experiments with users from outside who are<br />
assisted by <strong>MBI</strong> staff members. It is planned to<br />
change this mode of operation by the end of<br />
2005 when the <strong>MBI</strong>-BESSY beam line will
ecome available to a broader public and the<br />
<strong>MBI</strong> team will then act as a ‘normal’ user group<br />
at BESSY. Several developments at BESSY<br />
are currently focused on making shorter SR<br />
pulses available: the low-alpha mode (< 5 ps<br />
pulse width), the fs beam slicing and last but<br />
not least the plans for an FEL installation for<br />
the EUV region. These plans will strongly<br />
influence future <strong>MBI</strong> activities at BESSY in<br />
general. The BESSY laser groups are strongly<br />
involved in the present construction and<br />
planning phases as far as laser know-how is<br />
required.<br />
2. Subprojects<br />
Presently the following experimental<br />
directions are most actively followed:<br />
Operation of U125 PGM beamline<br />
In March 2004 <strong>MBI</strong> experiments will be<br />
relocated to the PGM U125 beamline (planned<br />
to be ready June 2004). This includes<br />
modifications of both experimental end stations<br />
(see below) and a redesign of the present<br />
refocusing chamber, including an optimal laser<br />
light path. The construction and setup period<br />
will be followed by a commissioning period,<br />
before experiments can be continued. The new<br />
setup will allow for accessing photon energies<br />
up to 500 eV and provide a micro focus needed<br />
for efficient detection of molecular excited states<br />
in two photon pump probe experiments.<br />
Experimental end stations: UHV surface<br />
apparatus and liquid jet apparatus<br />
The two experimental end stations are<br />
being rebuilt in order to match the<br />
requirements at the new PGM beamline. The<br />
UHV surface apparatus contains various<br />
standard surface-science tools necessary for<br />
sample preparations (also sample transfer)<br />
and characterization. A hemispherical electron<br />
energy analyzer, rotatable (± 90°) around the<br />
synchrotron light axis, is used for angleresolved<br />
photo electron spectroscopy. Multichannel<br />
detection for time-resolved photoemission<br />
is available, which is crucial to avoid<br />
being confined to single bunch operation only.<br />
The modifications of the liquid jet apparatus<br />
are largely concerned with making this<br />
chamber more practical for combined LR and<br />
SR pulse experiments, and also to allow for<br />
measurements at the magic angle.<br />
Laser systems and synchronization<br />
The planning, installation and development<br />
of suitable laser systems is done in close<br />
collaboration with the laser groups at the <strong>MBI</strong><br />
(see also project 4-04). The following laser<br />
systems are presently available for combined<br />
LR and SR experiments (although all of them<br />
are based on commercially available products<br />
they had to be specifically adapted to the<br />
needs of such experiments):<br />
• (1) Ti:sapphire laser: 83 MHz rep. rate, 200<br />
fs or 4 ps pulse width, ca. 2 W @ 760-950<br />
nm, ca. 500 mW SH; synchronized to BESSY<br />
multi bunch; accuracy better 5 ps<br />
• (2) Nd:YVO 4 laser: 1.25 MHz rep. rate (pulsepicked<br />
from 25 MHz oscillator), 14 ps pulse<br />
width, ca. 200 mW @ 1064 nm, 100 nJ pulse<br />
energy @ 532 nm; 1:1 synchronized with<br />
BESSY single bunch (1.25 MHz); accuracy<br />
better 5 ps<br />
• (3) Amplified Ti:sapphire (REGA, Coherent),<br />
with the oscillator currently designed at <strong>MBI</strong><br />
to achieve optimum synchronization<br />
performance, will be available for our first<br />
experiments at the PGM beamline.<br />
Parameters: 208 kHz (possibly higher) rep.<br />
rate, < 80 fs pulse width, > 3 µJ pulse energy<br />
@ 800 nm; synchronization better 2 ps.<br />
In particular the laser system (3) will be of<br />
specific benefit for 2PPE experiments in single<br />
bunch operation. A reconstructed design will<br />
be available at the new PGM beamline (work<br />
in progress). Notice that each laser is dedicated<br />
to given experimental requirements.<br />
3. Results<br />
The technical and experimental achievements<br />
at the <strong>MBI</strong>-BESSY Facility have been<br />
documented for the project evaluation, as one<br />
of BESSY’s CRGs, by an international board<br />
in June <strong>2003</strong>. The full report is documented<br />
on the <strong>MBI</strong> home page (http://www.mbiberlin.de/de/research/projects/4-03/).<br />
The<br />
evaluation board concluded that “… the<br />
collaboration BESSY and <strong>MBI</strong> has been<br />
highly successful in establishing a worldclass<br />
facility for experiments combining<br />
modern laser techniques with synchrotron<br />
radiation.”<br />
Publications<br />
All publications of <strong>MBI</strong> members of staff<br />
which have emerged from work at the <strong>MBI</strong>-<br />
BEAM line are listed under the respective<br />
research projects.<br />
51
52<br />
Fig. 1:<br />
Shape of a 4 mm<br />
diameter He-Ne laser<br />
beam after passing<br />
through the Ti:sapphire<br />
laser rod at different<br />
pump powers of<br />
0 W; 10 W; 20 W;<br />
25 W; 30 W; 35 W.<br />
The crystal temperature<br />
is 20°C (left)<br />
and –60°C (right).<br />
4-04: Special laser development for applications<br />
I. Will, N. Zhavaronkov<br />
1. Overview<br />
A new generation of diode pumped solidstate<br />
lasers, such as "Corona" or "Evolution",<br />
have opened a new possibilities for multi-kHz<br />
femtosecond systems design with high<br />
average and high peak powers, suitable as<br />
drivers for noncoherent X-ray production and<br />
high harmonics generation. Also special<br />
applications at synchrotron radiation facilities<br />
(e.g. BESSY in <strong>Berlin</strong>) such as femtosecond<br />
beam-slicing for short-pulse hard X-ray<br />
generation will strongly benefit from this<br />
development. Another important application<br />
will be in material processing with femtosecond<br />
technology where up to now repetition rate<br />
and average power were limiting factors for<br />
broader applications. One main goal of the<br />
project is the development of new ideas and<br />
new technological know-how for a solid state<br />
femtosecond laser system operated at high<br />
average output power.<br />
Another major effort of the project is<br />
devoted to the development of picosecond<br />
lasers systems at very high average powers,<br />
both in the burst-mode and the quasi-cw<br />
operation mode. <strong>MBI</strong> burst-mode lasers<br />
operate with average powers up to 5kW during<br />
bursts, making these laser systems unique for<br />
research on high-power laser plasma sources,<br />
e.g. for the EUV lithography. The main<br />
applications, however, arise from various<br />
collaborations with national and international<br />
high-energy accelerator and Free Electron<br />
Laser projects. <strong>MBI</strong> as an early member of the<br />
international TESLA Collaboration has been<br />
instrumental since 1994 in providing photocathode<br />
lasers for the TESLA Test Facilities<br />
TTFI and TTFII at DESY Hamburg, the PITZ<br />
facility at Zeuthen, and the DESY VUV-FEL<br />
and the future European X-FEL. In addition,<br />
<strong>MBI</strong> provides an EU-funded OPCPA fs-laser<br />
as a user station at the VUV-FEL, and the quasicw<br />
photocathode laser for the superconducting<br />
gun at the ELBE FEL in Rossendorf,<br />
and participates in several research projects<br />
for the planned VUV-FEL at BESSY. Since late<br />
<strong>2003</strong> <strong>MBI</strong> is embedded in international<br />
consortia from several European FEL projects<br />
to participate in EU-funded Design Studies on<br />
future FEL’s.<br />
2. Subprojects and Collaborations<br />
UP1: High average power ultrafast laser<br />
systems.<br />
UP2: Unique laser systems for accelerators.<br />
In collaboration with DESY Hamburg and<br />
DESY Zeuthen). This project has been<br />
supported by the BMBF, contract no 1SF9982.<br />
3. Results in <strong>2003</strong><br />
UP1:<br />
In longitudinally pumped laser crystals the<br />
origin of thermal effects is the Stokes shift<br />
between the pump and the emission wavelengths.<br />
For Ti:sapphire pumped at 532 nm<br />
approximately 30 % of pump power will be<br />
dissipated as a heat, even if the quantum<br />
efficiency is close to unity. Pumping the
Ti:sapphire rod at a high pump power will<br />
induce strong thermal lensing. One of the<br />
methods to decrease very efficiently the<br />
thermal lensing is to cool the Ti:sapphire crystal<br />
to a lower temperature.<br />
To this aim a special evacuated chamber<br />
was designed on the basis of two-stage<br />
thermo-electrical elements with a cooling<br />
power of 100 W. The cooling power was<br />
sufficient to cool the Ti:sapphire rod down to<br />
the temperature of 210 K. Observation of the<br />
wave front of the He-Ne laser beam after a<br />
single pass through the Ti:sapphire crystal<br />
pumped with varying pump power, shows a<br />
significant reduction of the thermally induced<br />
phase aberration for lower rod temperatures<br />
as shown in Fig. 1.<br />
The aberrative thermal lensing which<br />
manifests itself as a high order transfer ring<br />
structure will be insignificant in our rod for<br />
the amplified beams which will be directed<br />
with a proper mode-matching through strongly<br />
pumped Ti:sapphire rod.<br />
Using this amplification stage 1.5 mJ laser<br />
pulses were further amplified to an energy of<br />
9.2 mJ, leading to 45 fs pulses with 6 mJ<br />
energy after compression. The spatial profile<br />
of the laser beam was Gaussian with M 2<br />
measured to be as less than 1.6. Due to the<br />
good spatial distribution an almost diffraction<br />
limited waist size is obtained with a peak<br />
intensity of about 10 16 W/cm 2 . The technology<br />
thus developed was used in project 3-04<br />
“Ultrafast X-ray research”.<br />
UP2:<br />
In <strong>2003</strong> the second subproject mainly<br />
deals with the development of photocathode<br />
lasers for the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) and<br />
DESY VUV-FEL, respectively, and for the<br />
Photoinjector Test Facility at Zeuthen (PITZ).<br />
The most important result is the development<br />
of a novel diode-pumped front-end for<br />
burst-mode photocathode lasers. It consists<br />
of a diode-pumped oscillator with < 0.5 ps<br />
synchronisation accuracy and two (optionally<br />
three) stages of diode-pumped amplifiers. This<br />
front end has been installed at the photocathode<br />
lasers of the TESLA Test Facility (TTF)<br />
in Hamburg, the Photoinjector Test Facility at<br />
Zeuthen (PITZ), as well as at the optical pump/<br />
probe laser system for the TTF FEL. The<br />
development of this front end is a major step<br />
towards a completely diode-pumped photocathode<br />
laser for TESLA and PITZ. Fig. 2<br />
illustrates the time structure of the laser pulses.<br />
Significant improvements regarding the<br />
technology of burst-mode photocathode lasers<br />
have been achieved at PITZ. A novel spectral<br />
pulse shaper allows for generation of trains of<br />
flat-top pulses. An appropriate wavelength<br />
conversion system has been set up which<br />
Fig. 2:<br />
Train of picosecond<br />
pulses (upper trace)<br />
required by the time<br />
structure of the TESLA<br />
linac.<br />
Fig. 3:<br />
Scheme of the PITZ<br />
photocathode laser.<br />
53
54<br />
Fig. 4:<br />
The pulse shape<br />
experiences only<br />
small distortion when<br />
converted to the UV.<br />
transfers the infrared flat-top pulses to the<br />
forth harmonics (UV) with only negligible<br />
deformation of the pulse shape. In addition, a<br />
computer-controlled system stabilizing the<br />
wavelength of the oscillator has been developed<br />
and installed. This system compensates for<br />
very small drifts of the center wavelength of<br />
the laser in the order of 0.01 nm which would<br />
otherwise severely distort the pulse shape.<br />
Operating the laser at PITZ during <strong>2003</strong> was<br />
a prerequisite for optimization and improvement<br />
of the complete acceleration system.<br />
The application of the flat-top laser pulses<br />
for illumination of the photocathode of the<br />
photoinjector at PITZ allowed to improve the<br />
emittance of the generated electron beam.<br />
Now the photoinjector reaches the emittance<br />
of < 2 mm⋅mrad required by the TTF FEL.<br />
Consequently, a similar laser will be installed<br />
at the linac of the TESLA FEL in Hamburg.<br />
Publications<br />
All publications which have emerged in<br />
connection with this project are listed under<br />
project 1-02.
Appendices<br />
55
Appendix 1<br />
Publications<br />
Publications which have appeared in <strong>2003</strong> are listed<br />
alphabetically by labels (first letter(s) of authors names,<br />
year 03 and a,b,c where necessary). At the end of this<br />
list publications in press and submitted are listed<br />
separately without year in the label.<br />
AFF03: O. A. C. Alvaredo, A. Fring and C. Figueira de<br />
Morisson Faria; Relativistic treatment of harmonics from<br />
impurity systems in quantum wires; Phys. Rev. B 67<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 125405-14<br />
AMR03: D. Ashkenasi, G. Müller, A. Rosenfeld, R.<br />
Stoian, I. V. Hertel, N. M. Bulgakova and E. E. B. Campbell;<br />
Fundamentals and advantages of ultrafast micro<br />
structuring of transparent materials; Appl. Phys. A 77<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 223-8<br />
BCe03: D. Bauer and F. Ceccherini; Dynamic two-color<br />
stabilization of hydrogen; Laser Phys. 13 (<strong>2003</strong>) 475-83<br />
BGK03: W. Becker, S. P. Goreslavskii, R. Kopold and<br />
S. V. Popruzhenko; Quantum orbits and laser-induced<br />
nonsequential double ionization; in Many-particle<br />
quantum dynamics in atomic and molecular<br />
fragmentation, V. P. Shevelko, and J. Ullrich eds.<br />
(Springer, <strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>) Vol. 35, 185-204<br />
BHJ03: R. Bakker, M. v. Hartrott, E. Jaeschke, D. Krämer,<br />
J. P. Carneiro, K. Flöttmann, P. Piot, J. Roßbach, S.<br />
Schreiber, K. Abrahamyan, J. Bähr, I. Bohnet, V.<br />
Djordjadze, U. Gensch, H. J. Graboschi, Z. Li, D. Lipka,<br />
A. Oppelt, B. Petrossyan, F. Stephan, P. Michelato, C.<br />
Pagani, D. Sertore, V. Miltchev, I. Tsakov, A. Liero, H.<br />
Redlin, W. Sandner, R. Schumann, I. Will, R. Cee, M.<br />
Krassilnikov, S. Setzer and T. Weiland; First beam<br />
measurements at the photo injector test facility at DESY<br />
Zeuthen; Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-<br />
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BMa03: D. Bauer and A. Macchi; Dynamical ionization<br />
ignition of clusters in intense short laser pulses; Phys.<br />
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BTS03: S. Busch, S. Ter-Avetisyan, M. Schnürer, M. P.<br />
Kalachnikov, V. Karpov, H. Schönnagel, H. Stiel, U. Vogt,<br />
P. V. Nickles and W. Sandner; Ion acceleration with<br />
ultrafast lasers; Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (<strong>2003</strong>) 3354-6<br />
CBC03: F. Ceccherini, D. Bauer and F. Cornolti; Harmonic<br />
generation by atoms in circularly polarized two-color<br />
laser fields with coplanar polarizations and<br />
commensurate frequencies; Phys. Rev. A 68 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
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DMM03a: J. Dreyer, A. M. Moran and S. Mukamel;<br />
Coherent three-pulse spectroscopy of coupled<br />
vibrations in a rigid dipeptide: Density functional theory<br />
simulations; J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (<strong>2003</strong>) 5967-85<br />
DMM03b: J. Dreyer, A. M. Moran and S. Mukamel; Tensor<br />
components in three pulse vibrational echoes of a rigid<br />
dipeptide; Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 24 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1091-6<br />
EEK03: T. Elsaesser, F. Eickemeyer, R. A. Kaindl, K.<br />
Reimann and M. Woerner; Ultrafast intersubband<br />
dynamics in quantum wells and quantum cascade<br />
structures; in Proceedings of the International School<br />
of Physics 'Enrico Fermi': Electron and Photon<br />
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Deveaud, A. Quattropani, and P. Schwendimann eds.<br />
(IOS Press, Amsterdam, <strong>2003</strong>) 249-63<br />
EGK03: U. Eichmann, T. F. Gallagher and R. M. Konik;<br />
Fano Line Shapes Reconsidered: Symmetric<br />
Photoionization Peaks from Pure Continuum Excitation;<br />
Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (<strong>2003</strong>) 233004/1-4<br />
EKE03: T. Elsaesser, R. A. Kaindl, F. Eickemeyer, K.<br />
Reimann, M. Woerner, R. Hey, C. Miesner, K. Brunner<br />
and G. Abstreiter; Ultrafast coherent and incoherent<br />
dynamics of intersubband excitations in semiconductor<br />
quantum wells; SPIE Proc. 4992 (<strong>2003</strong>) 154-64<br />
ELR03: E. Eremina, X. Liu, H. Rottke, W. Sandner, A.<br />
Dreischuh, F. Lindner, F. Grasborn, G. G. Paulus, H.<br />
Walther, R. Moshammer, B. Feuerstein and J. Ullrich;<br />
Laser-induced non-sequential double ionization investigated<br />
below threshold for electron impact ionization;<br />
Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular and Optical<br />
Physics 36 (<strong>2003</strong>) 3269-80<br />
ERW03: F. Eickemeyer, K. Reimann, M. Woerner, T.<br />
Elsaesser, S. Barbieri, C. Sirtori, G. Strasser, T. Müller,<br />
R. Bratschitsch and K. Unterrainer; Ultrafast coherent<br />
electron transport in quantum cascade structures; in<br />
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FBe03: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria and W. Becker;<br />
Quantum-orbit analysis of nonsequential double<br />
ionization; Laser Phys. 13 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1196-204<br />
FFL03: M. Fiebig, D. Fröhlich, T. Lottermoser, V. V. Pavlov,<br />
R. V. Pisarev and H.-J. Weber; Second harmonic<br />
generation of magnetic-dipole type in centrosymmetric<br />
antiferromagnets NiO and KNiF 3 ; Journal of Magnetism<br />
and Magnetic Materials 258-259 (<strong>2003</strong>) 110-3<br />
FLP03a: M. Fiebig, T. Lottermoser and R. V. Pisarev; Spinrotation<br />
phenomena and magnetic phase diagrams of<br />
hexagonal RMnO 3 ; J. Appl. Phys. 93 (<strong>2003</strong>) 8194-6<br />
FLP03b: M. Fiebig, T. Lottermoser, V. V. Pavlov and R. V.<br />
Pisarev; Magnetic second harmonic generation in<br />
centrosymmetric CoO, NiO, and KNiF 3 ; J. Appl. Phys.<br />
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FPi03: M. Fiebig and R. V. Pisarev; Nonlinear optical<br />
spectroscopy and spin effects in magnetic compounds;<br />
Physica status solidi (c) 0 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1449-52<br />
FSP03: M. Fiebig, I. Sänger and R. V. Pisarev; Magnetic<br />
phase diagram of CuB 2 O 4 ; J. Appl. Phys. 93 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
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FTD03: H. Fidder, F. Tschirschwitz, O. Dühr and E. T. J.<br />
Nibbering; Reaction dynamics of OCIO in solution; in<br />
Recent advances in ultrafast spectroscopy;<br />
Proceedings of the 'XII UPS Conference', S. Califano,<br />
P. Foggi, and R. Righini eds. (Leo S. Olschki, Florence,<br />
Italy, <strong>2003</strong>) 105-10<br />
FZP03a: S. V. Fomichev, D. F. Zaretsky, S. V. Popruzhenko<br />
and W. Becker; Nonlinear excitation of the Mie<br />
resonance in laser-irradiated cluster; Optics Express<br />
11 (<strong>2003</strong>) 2433-9<br />
FZP03b: S. V. Fomichev, D. F. Zaretsky, S. V. Popruzhenko<br />
and W. Becker; Laser-induced nonlinear excitation of<br />
collective electron motion; J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.<br />
36 (<strong>2003</strong>) 3817-34<br />
GBS03: T. Gießel, D. Bröcker, P. Schmidt and W. Widdra;<br />
Time-resolving and energy-dispersive photoelectron<br />
detector for combined laser and synchrotron radiation<br />
experiments; Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74 (<strong>2003</strong>) 4620-4<br />
GFH03: C. Gerth, J. Feldhaus, K. Honkavaara, K. D.<br />
Kavanagh, P. Piot, L. Plucinski, S. Schreiber and I. Will;<br />
Bunch length and phase stability measurements at the<br />
TESLA test facility; Nuclear Instruments and Methods<br />
in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers,<br />
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GGN03: R. Grunwald, U. Griebner, U. Neumann, A.<br />
Kummrow, E. T. J. Nibbering, M. Rini, M. Piché, G.<br />
Rousseau, M. Fortin, N. McCarthy and V. Kebbel;<br />
Generation of ultrashort-pulse nondiffracting beams<br />
and x-waves with thin-film axicons; in Ultrafast<br />
Phenomena XIII, R. J. D. Miller, M. M. Murnane, N. F.<br />
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<strong>2003</strong>) 247-9<br />
GKG03b: R. Grunwald, V. Kebbel, U. Griebner, U.<br />
Neumann, A. Kummrow, E. T. J. Nibbering, M. Rini, M.<br />
Piché, G. Rousseau and M. Fortin; Femtosecond laser<br />
beam shaping with structured thin-film elements; SPIE<br />
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GKG03c: R. Grunwald, V. Kebbel, U. Griebner, U.<br />
Neumann, A. Kummrow, M. Rini, E. T. J. Nibbering, M.<br />
Piché, G. Rousseau and M. Fortin; Generation and<br />
characterization of spatially and temporally localized<br />
few-cycle optical wave packets; Phys. Rev. A 67 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
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GKN03: R. Grunwald, V. Kebbel, U. Neumann, U.<br />
Griebner and M. Piché; Spatio-temporal processing of<br />
femtosecond laser pulses with thin-film microoptics;<br />
SPIE Proc. 5181 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1-11<br />
GKP03: S. P. Goreslavski, A. Korneev, S. V. Popruzhenko,<br />
R. Kopold and W. Becker; A closer look at electronelectron<br />
correlation in laser-induced nonsequential<br />
double ionization; J. Mod. Opt. 50 (<strong>2003</strong>) 423-40<br />
GLE03: T. Guenther, C. Lienau, T. Elsaesser, M.<br />
Glanemann, V. M. Axt and T. Kuhn; Coherent nonlinear<br />
optical response of single quantum dots studied by<br />
ultrafast near-field spectroscopy: reply to comment;<br />
Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (<strong>2003</strong>) 139702<br />
GML03: T. Guenther, K. Mueller, C. Lienau, T. Elsaesser,<br />
S. Eshlagyi and A. D. Wieck; Ultrafast near-field pumpprobe<br />
spectroscopy of quasi-one-dimensional transport<br />
in a single quantum wire; in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII,<br />
R. J. D. Miller, M. M. Murnane, N. F. Scherer, and A. M.<br />
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GNG03: R. Grunwald, U. Neumann, U. Griebner, K.<br />
Reimann, G. Steinmeyer and V. Kebbel; Ultrashort-pulse<br />
wavefront autocorrelation; Opt. Lett. 28 (<strong>2003</strong>) 2399-<br />
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GPL03: A. V. Goltsev, R. V. Pisarev, T. Lottermoser and M.<br />
Fiebig; Structure and interaction of antiferromagnetic<br />
domain walls in hexagonal YMnO 3 ; Phys. Rev. Lett. 90<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 177204/1-4<br />
GRR: R. A. Ganeev, A. I. Ryasnyansky, V. I. Redkorechev,<br />
K. Fostiropulos, G. Priebe and T. Usmanov; Variations<br />
of nonlinear optical characteristics of C 60 thin films at<br />
532 nm; Opt. Commun. 225 (<strong>2003</strong>) 131-9<br />
HHC03: K. Hansen, K. Hoffmann and E. E. B. Campbell;<br />
Thermal electron emission from the hot electronic<br />
subsystem of vibrationally cold C 60 ; J. Chem. Phys. 119<br />
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HHD03: N. Huse, K. Heyne, J. Dreyer, E. T. J. Nibbering<br />
and T. Elsaesser; Vibrational multilevel quantum<br />
coherence due to anharmonic couplings in intermolecular<br />
hydrogen bonds; Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
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HHe03a: A. V. Husakou and J. Herrmann; Frequency<br />
comb generation by Four-wave mixing in photonic<br />
crystal fibers; Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 (<strong>2003</strong>) 3867-9<br />
HHe03b: A. V. Husakou and J. Herrmann; Supercontinuum<br />
generation in photonic crystal fibers made<br />
from highly nonlinear glasses; Appl. Phys. B 77 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
227-34<br />
HHN03a: K. Heyne, N. Huse, E. T. J. Nibbering and T.<br />
Elsaesser; Ultrafast coherent nuclear motions of<br />
hydrogen bonded carboxylic acid dimers; Chem. Phys.<br />
Lett. 369 (<strong>2003</strong>) 591-6<br />
HHN03b: K. Heyne, N. Huse, E. T. J. Nibbering and T.<br />
Elsaesser; Coherent vibrational dynamics of intermolecular<br />
hydrogen bonds in acetic acid dimers<br />
studied by ultrafast mid-infrared spectroscopy; J. Phys.:<br />
Condens. Matter 15 (<strong>2003</strong>) S129-S136
HHN03c: K. Heyne, N. Huse, E. T. J. Nibbering and T.<br />
Elsaesser; Ultrafast relaxation and anharmonic<br />
coupling of O-H stretching and bending excitations in<br />
cyclic acetic acid dimers; Chem. Phys. Lett. 382 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
19-25<br />
HJG03: K. Heister, L. S. O. Johansson, M. Grunze and<br />
M. Zharnikov; A detailed analysis of the C 1s photoemission<br />
of n-alkanethiolate films on noble metal<br />
substrates; Surf. Science 529 (<strong>2003</strong>) 36-46<br />
HMS03: F. Hatami, W. T. Masselink, L. Schrottke, J. W.<br />
Tomm, V. Talalaev, C. Kristukat and A. R. Goni; InP<br />
quantum dots embedded in GaP: Optical properties<br />
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HPH03: A. Husakou, V. P. Kalosha and J. Herrmann;<br />
Nonlinear phenomena of ultra-broadband radiation in<br />
photonic crystal fibers and hollow waveguides; in<br />
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HRN03: A.-K. Holm, M. Rini, E. T. J. Nibbering and H.<br />
Fidder; Femtosecond UV/mid-IR study of photochromism<br />
of the spiropyran 1' ,3' -dihydro-1' ,3' ,3' -<br />
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HSK03: F. W. Helbing, G. Steinmeyer and U. Keller;<br />
Carrier-envelope offset phase-locking with attosecond<br />
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HSt03: F. W. Helbing, G. Steinmeyer and U. Keller;<br />
Carrier-envelope control of femtosecond lasers with<br />
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IYL03: L. Isaenko, A. Yelisseyev, S. Lobanov, A. Titov, V.<br />
Petrov, J.-J. Zondy, P. Krinitsin, A. Merkulov, V. Vedenyapin<br />
and J. Smirnova; Growth and properties of LiGaX 2 (X=S,<br />
Se, Te) single crystals for nonlinear optical applications<br />
in the mid-IR; Cryst. Res. Technol. 38 (<strong>2003</strong>) 379-87<br />
JBE03: D. Janssen, H. Büttig, P. Evtushenko, M. Freitag,<br />
F. Gabriel, B. Hartmann, U. Lehnert, P. Michel, K. Möller,<br />
T. Quast, B. Reppe, A. Schamlott, C. Schneider, R.<br />
Schurig, J. Teichert, S. Konstantinov, S. Kruchkov, A.<br />
Kudryavtsev, O. Myskin, V. Petrov, A. Tribendis, V. Volkov,<br />
W. Sandner, I. Will, A. Matheisen, W. Moeller, M. Pekeler,<br />
P. v. Stein and C. Haberstroh; First operation of a<br />
superconducting RF-gun; Nuclear Instruments and<br />
Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators,<br />
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JBL03: K. A. Janulewicz, F. Bortolotto, A. Lucianetti, W.<br />
Sandner, P. V. Nickles, J. J. Rocca, N. Bobrova and P. V.<br />
Sasorov; Fast capillary discharge plasma as a<br />
preformed medium for longitudinally pumped<br />
collisional x-ray lasers; J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 20 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
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JGO03: R. Jung, S. Gerlach, G. v. Oppen and U.<br />
Eichmann; Photoexcitation and ionization of cold metastable<br />
helium atoms; in Interactions in ultracold gases:<br />
from atoms to molecules, C. Z. M. Waidemüller ed. (Wiley,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>) 394-8<br />
JGS03: R. Jung, S. Gerlach, R. Schumann, G. v. Oppen<br />
and U. Eichmann; Magneto-optical trapping of Starkslowed<br />
metastable He atoms; Eur. Phys. J. D 23 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
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JLP03: K. A. Janulewicz, A. Lucianetti, G. Priebe, W.<br />
Sandner and P. V. Nickles; Saturated Ni-like Ag X-ray<br />
laser at 13.9 nm pumped by a single picosecond laser<br />
pulse; Phys. Rev. A 68 (<strong>2003</strong>) 051802-5<br />
JLS03: K. A. Janulewicz, A. Lucianetti, W. Sandner and<br />
P. V. Nickles; X-ray lasers at <strong>MBI</strong>; Laser Technology VII:<br />
Progress in Lasers, SPIE Proceedings 5230 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
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KBM03: R. Kopold, W. Becker and D. Milosevic; Quantum<br />
orbits: a space-time picture of intense-laser-induced<br />
processes in atoms; Phys. Scr. 68 (<strong>2003</strong>) C76-C81<br />
KHe03a: V. P. Kalosha and J. Herrmann; Ultrabroadband<br />
phase-amplitude modulation and compression of<br />
extremely short UV and VUV pulses by Raman-active molecular<br />
modulators; Phys. Rev. A 67 (<strong>2003</strong>) 031801/1-4<br />
KHe03b: V. P. Kalosha and J. Herrmann; Compression<br />
of single cycle MIR pulses by Raman active molecular<br />
modulators; Opt. Lett. 28 (<strong>2003</strong>) 950-2<br />
KHe03c: V. P. Kalosha and J. Herrmann; Ultrawide<br />
spectral broadening and compression of single<br />
extremely short pulses in the visible, UV/VUV, and<br />
middle infrared by high-order stimulated Raman<br />
scattering; Phys. Rev. A 68 (<strong>2003</strong>) 023812/1-24<br />
KHM03: D. S. Kim, S. C. Hohng, V. Malyarchuk, Y. C.<br />
Yoon, Y. H. Ahn, K. J. Yee, J. W. Park, J. Kim, Q. H. Park<br />
and C. Lienau; Microscopic origin of surface plasmon<br />
radiation in plasmonic band gap nanostructures; Phys.<br />
Rev. Lett. 91 (<strong>2003</strong>) 143901/1-4<br />
KOK03: R. Komatsu, Y. Ono, T. Kajitani, F. Rotermund<br />
and V. Petrov; Optical properties of a new nonlinear<br />
borate crystal LiRbB 4 O 7 ; J. Cryst. Growth 257 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
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KPG03a: P. Klopp, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, V. Nesterenko,<br />
V. Nikolov, M. Marinov, M. A. Bursukova and M. Galan;<br />
Continuous-wave lasing of a stoichiometric Yb laser<br />
material: KYb(WO 4 ) 2 ; Opt. Lett. 28 (<strong>2003</strong>) 322-4<br />
KPG03b: P. Klopp, V. Petrov and U. Griebner; Potassium<br />
ytterbium tungstate provides the smallest laser<br />
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KPGc03: P. Klopp, V. Petrov, U. Griebner, V. Nikolov, V.<br />
Nesterenko and T. Kirilov; Continuous wave lasing of<br />
Yb 3+ in a stoichiometric double tungstate; SPIE Proc.<br />
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Ivanov; Generation of single dispersion precompensated<br />
1-fs pulses by shaped pulse optimized<br />
high-order stimulated raman scattering; in Recent<br />
Advances in Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Proceedings of<br />
the "XII VPS Conference", S. Califano, P. Foggi, and R.<br />
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KWV03: V. Kozich, W. Werncke, A. I. Vodchits and J.<br />
Dreyer; Ultrafast excitation of out-of-plane vibrations<br />
and vibrational energy redistribution after internal<br />
conversion of 4-nitroaniline; J. Chem. Phys 118 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
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LLS03: B. Lohmann, B. Langer, G. Snell, U. Kleiman, S.<br />
Canton, M. Martins, U. Becker and N. Berrah; Angle<br />
and spin resolved analysis of the resonantly excited<br />
Ar*(2p4s1/2)J=1 auger decay; in AIP Conference<br />
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LSH03a: H. Lippert, V. Stert, L. Hesse, C. P. Schulz, I. V.<br />
Hertel and W. Radloff; Indole(NH 3 ) n clusters: Hydrogen<br />
atom transfer initiated by femtosecond laser pulses; in<br />
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LSH03b: H. Lippert, V. Stert, L. Hesse, C. P. Schulz, I. V.<br />
Hertel and W. Radloff; Analysis of hydrogen atom<br />
transfer in photoexcited indole(NH 3 ) n clusters by<br />
femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy;<br />
J. Phys. Chem. A 107 (<strong>2003</strong>) 8239-50<br />
LSH03c: H. Lippert, V. Stert, L. Hesse, C. P. Schulz, I. V.<br />
Hertel and W. Radloff; Isotope effect of the photoinduced<br />
H(D)-transfer reaction in indole-ammonia clusters;<br />
Chem. Phys. Lett. 371 (<strong>2003</strong>) 208-16<br />
LSH03d: H. Lippert, V. Stert, L. Hesse, C. P. Schulz, I. V.<br />
Hertel and W. Radloff; Ultrafast photoinduced processes<br />
in indole-water clusters; Chem. Phys. Lett. 376 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
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MBe03a: D. B. Milosevic and W. Becker; Relativistic highorder<br />
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MDM03a: A. A. Moran, J. Dreyer and S. Mukamel; Ab<br />
initio simulation of the two-dimensional vibrational<br />
spectrum of dicarbonylacetylacetonato rhodium(I); J.<br />
Chem. Phys 118 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1347-55<br />
MDM03b: A. A. Moran, S.-M. Park, J. Dreyer and S.<br />
Mukamel; Linear and nonlinear infrared signatures of<br />
local α- and 3 10 -helical structures in alanine polypeptides;<br />
J. Chem. Phys 118 (<strong>2003</strong>) 3651-9<br />
MDP03: G. Mussler, L. Däweritz, K. H. Ploog, J. W. Tomm<br />
and V. Talalaev; Optimized annealing conditions<br />
identified by analysis of radiative recombination in<br />
dilute Ga(As,N); Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1343-5<br />
MGB03a: D. B. Milosevic, A. Gazibegovic-Busuladvic<br />
and W. Becker; Direct and rescattered electrons in<br />
above-threshold detachment from negative ions; Phys.<br />
Rev. A 68 (<strong>2003</strong>) 050702(R)/1-4<br />
MML03: R. Müller, V. Malyarchuk and C. Lienau; Threedimensional<br />
theory on light-induced near-field dynamics<br />
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Rev. B 68 (<strong>2003</strong>) 205415/1-9<br />
MPB03: D. B. Milosevic, G. G. Paulus and W. Becker;<br />
High-order above-threshold ionization with few-cycle<br />
pulse: a meter of the absolute phase; Optics Express<br />
11 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1418-29<br />
MPB03b: D. B. Milosevic, G. G. Paulus and W. Becker;<br />
Above-threshold ionization with few-cycle pulses and<br />
the relevance of the absolute phase; Laser Phys. 13<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 948-58<br />
MUF03a: R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, B. Feuerstein, D.<br />
Fischer, A. Dorn, C. D. Schröter, J. R. C. Lopez-Urrutia,<br />
C. Höhr, H. Rottke, C. Trump, M. Wittmann, G. Korn, K.<br />
Hoffmann and W. Sandner; Strongly directed electron<br />
emission in non-sequential double ionization of Ne by<br />
intense laser pulses; J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 36<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) L113-L119<br />
MUF03b: R. Moshammer, J. Ullrich, B. Feuerstein, D.<br />
Fischer, A. Dorn, C. D. Schröter, J. R. C. López-Urrutia,<br />
C. Höhr, H. Rottke, C. Trump, M. Wittmann, G. Korn and<br />
W. Sandner; Rescattering of ultra-low energy electrons<br />
for single ionization of Ne in the tunnelling regime; Phys.<br />
Rev. Lett. 91 (<strong>2003</strong>) 113002/1-4<br />
NGG03: U. Neumann, R. Grunwald, U. Griebner, G.<br />
Steinmeyer, M. Woerner and W. Seeber; Second<br />
harmonic characteristics of photonic composite glass<br />
layers with ZnO nanocrystallites for ultrafast<br />
applications; SPIE Proc. 4972 (<strong>2003</strong>) 112-21<br />
PNR03: V. Petrov, F. Noack, F. Rotermund, V.<br />
Pasiskevicius, A. Fragemann, F. Laurell, H. Hundertmark,<br />
P. Adel and C. Fallnich; Efficient all-diode-pumped<br />
double stage femtosecond optical parametric chirped<br />
pulse amplification at 1-kHz with periodically poled<br />
KTiOPO 4 ; Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42 (<strong>2003</strong>) L1327-L1329<br />
PWF03: D. Pop, B. Winter, W. Freyer, I. V. Hertel and W.<br />
Widdra; Electronic structure of metal-free porphyrazine<br />
in thin films; J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (<strong>2003</strong>) 11543-647<br />
RDN03: M. Rini, J. Dreyer, E. T. J. Nibbering and T.<br />
Elsaesser; Ultrafast vibrational relaxation processes<br />
induced by intramolecular excited state hydrogen<br />
transfer; Chem. Phys. Lett. 374 (<strong>2003</strong>) 13-9<br />
RGR03: A. I. Ryasnyanskiy, R. A. Ganeev, V. I.<br />
Redkorechev, K. Fostiropoulos, G. Priebe and T.<br />
Usmanov; Nonlinear optical characteristics of C 60 thin<br />
films; Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures<br />
12 (<strong>2003</strong>) 333-9
RHN03: M. Rini, A.-K. Holm, E. T. J. Nibbering and H.<br />
Fidder; Ultrafast UV-mid IR investigation of the ring<br />
opening reaction of a photochromic spiropyran; J. Am.<br />
Chem. Soc. 125 (<strong>2003</strong>) 3028-34<br />
RKD03: M. Rini, A. Kummrow, J. Dreyer, E. T. J. Nibbering<br />
and T. Elsaesser; Ultrafast site-specific mid-infrared<br />
spectroscopy of excited-state intramolecular proton<br />
transfer; in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, R. J. D. Miller, M.<br />
M. Murnane, N. F. Scherer, and A. M. Weiner eds.<br />
(Springer Verlag, <strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>) 465-7<br />
RLi03: M. B. Raschke and C. Lienau; Apertureless nearfield<br />
optical microscopy: Tip-sample coupling in elastic<br />
light scattering; Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 (<strong>2003</strong>) 5089-91<br />
RMP03: M. Rini, B.-Z. Magnes, E. Pines and E. T. J.<br />
Nibbering; Real-time observation of bimodal proton<br />
transfer in acid-base pairs in water; Science 301 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
349-52<br />
Rot03: H. Rottke; Non-sequential multiple ionization in<br />
strong laser pulses; in Many-particle quantum dynamics<br />
in atomic and molecular fragmentation, V. P. Shevelko,<br />
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RRK03: F. Rinner, J. Rogg, M. T. Kelemen, M. Mikulla, G.<br />
Weimann, J. W. Tomm, E. Thamm and R. Poprawe; Facet<br />
temperature reduction by a current blocking layer at<br />
the front facets of high-power InGaAs/AlGaAs lasers; J.<br />
Appl. Phys. 93 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1848-50<br />
RSW03: K. Reimann, R. P. Smith, A. M. Weiner, T.<br />
Elsaesser and M. Woerner; Direct field-resolved<br />
detection of terahertz transients with amplitudes of<br />
megavolts per centimeter; Opt. Lett. 28 (<strong>2003</strong>) 471-3<br />
SBS03: C. P. Schulz, C. Bobbert, T. Shimosato, K.<br />
Daigoku, N. Miura and K. Hashimoto; Electronically<br />
excited states of sodium-water-clusters; J. Chem. Phys.<br />
119 (<strong>2003</strong>) 11620-9<br />
SBT03a: R. Stoian, M. Boyle, A. Thoss, A. Rosenfeld, G.<br />
Korn and I. V. Hertel; Dynamic temporal pulse shaping<br />
in advanced ultrafast laser material processing; Appl.<br />
Phys. A 77 (<strong>2003</strong>) 265-9<br />
SBT03b: R. Stoian, M. Boyle, A. Thoss, A. Rosenfeld, G.<br />
Korn and I. V. Hertel; Ultrafast laser material processing<br />
using dynamic temporal pulse shaping; RIKEN Review<br />
50 (<strong>2003</strong>) 71-6<br />
SBT03c: R. Stoian, M. Boyle, A. Thoss, A. Rosenfeld, G.<br />
Korn and I. V. Hertel; Advanced ultrafast laser material<br />
processing using temporal pulse shaping; in SPIE Proc.,<br />
I. Miyamoto, K. F. Kobayashi, K. Sugioka, R. Poprawe,<br />
and H. Helvajian eds. (<strong>2003</strong>) Vol. 4830, 435-42<br />
SGr03: G. Seewald and R. Grunwald; Spatially resolved<br />
measurement of slow-axis pseudo near-field of diode<br />
laser arrays; SPIE Proc. 4833 (<strong>2003</strong>) 900-5<br />
SIK03: M. Spanner, M. Ivanov, V. Kalosha, J. Herrmann,<br />
D. A. Wiersma and M. Pshenichnikov; Tunable optimal<br />
compression of ultrabroadbandpulses by cross-phase<br />
modulation; Opt. Lett. 28 (<strong>2003</strong>) 749-51<br />
SKT03: M. Spyridaki, E. Koudoumas, P. Tzanetakis, C.<br />
Fotakis, R. Stoian, A. Rosenfeld and I. V. Hertel; Temporal<br />
pulse manipulation and ion generation in ultrafast laser<br />
ablation of silicon; Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1474-6<br />
SMG03: Y. S. Skibina, L. A. Melnikov, P. Glas, D. Fischer<br />
and R. Wedell; Loss measurements in perfect-structure<br />
glass holey fibers; SPIE Proc. 5067 (<strong>2003</strong>) 190-3<br />
SMH03: J. Stenger, D. Madsen, P. Hamm, E. T. J.<br />
Nibbering and T. Elsaesser; A mid-infrared photon echo<br />
study of liquid water; in Ultrafast Phenomena XIII, R. J.<br />
D. Miller, M. M. Murnane, N. F. Scherer, and A. M. Weiner<br />
eds. (Springer Verlag, <strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>) 577-9<br />
SMT03: C. Steglich, C. W. Mullineux, K. Teuchner, W. R.<br />
Hess and H. Lokstein; Photophysical properties of<br />
Prochlorococcus marinus SS120 divinyl chlorophylls<br />
and phycoerythrin in vitro and in vivo; FEBS Lett. 553<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 79-84<br />
SST03: F. Scholze, F. Scholz, J. Tuemmler, G. Ulm, H.<br />
Legall, P. V. Nickles, W. Sandner, H. Stiel and L. v. Loyen;<br />
Characterization of a laser-produced plasma source<br />
for a laboratory EUV reflectometer; SPIE Proc. 5037<br />
(<strong>2003</strong>) 670-81<br />
Ste03a: G. Steinmeyer; Brewster-angled chirped mirrors<br />
for high-fidelity dispersion compensation and bandwidths<br />
exceeding one optical octave; Optics Express<br />
11 (<strong>2003</strong>) 2385-96<br />
Ste03b: G. Steinmeyer; Carrier-envelope dynamics and<br />
stabilization of few-cycle laser sources; IEEE LEOS<br />
Newsletter 17 (<strong>2003</strong>) 8-9<br />
Ste03c: G. Steinmeyer; A review of ultrafast optics and<br />
optoelectronics; J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 5 (<strong>2003</strong>) R1-R15<br />
Ste03d: G. Steinmeyer; Dispersion oscillations in ultrafast<br />
phase-correction devices; IEEE J. Quantum Elect.<br />
39 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1027-34<br />
STM03: M. P. Semtsiv, G. G. Tarasov, W. T. Masselink, H.<br />
Kissel and M. Woerner; Midinfrared intersubband<br />
absorption in strain-compensated InGaP/InGaAs<br />
superlattices on (001) GaAs; Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (<strong>2003</strong>)<br />
3418-20<br />
TGM03a: J. W. Tomm, A. Gerhardt, R. Müller, V.<br />
Malyarchuk, Y. Sainte-Marie, P. Galtier, J. Nagle and J.-<br />
P. Landesman; Spatially-resolved spectroscopic strain<br />
measurements on high-power laser diode bars; J. Appl.<br />
Phys. 93 (<strong>2003</strong>) 1354-62<br />
TGM03b: J. W. Tomm, A. Gerhardt, R. Müller, M. L.<br />
Biermann, J. P. Holland, D. Lorenzen and E. Kaulfersch;<br />
Quantitative strain analysis in AlGaAs-based devices;<br />
Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (<strong>2003</strong>) 4193-5<br />
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TMF03: K. Teuchner, S. Mueller, W. Freyer, D. Leupold, P.<br />
Altmeyer, M. Stuecker and K. Hoffmann; Femtosecond<br />
two-photon excited fluorescence of melanin; SPIE Proc.<br />
4797 (<strong>2003</strong>) 211-9<br />
TMT03: J. W. Tomm, T. Elsaesser, Y. I. Mazur, H. Kissel, G.<br />
G. Tarasov, Z. Y. Zhuchenko and W. T. Masselink; Transient<br />
luminescence of dense InAs/GaAs quantum dot arrays;<br />
Phys. Rev. B 67 (<strong>2003</strong>) 045326/1-8<br />
TRK03: A. Thoss, M. Richardson, G. Korn, M. Faubel, H.<br />
Stiel, U. Vogt and T. Elsaesser; kHz sources of hard xray<br />
and fast ions with femtosecond laser-plasmas; J.<br />
Opt. Soc. Am. B 20 (<strong>2003</strong>) 224-8<br />
TRT03: J. W. Tomm, F. Rinner, E. Thamm, C. Ribbat, R.<br />
Sellin and D. Bimberg; Analysis of heat flows and their<br />
impact on the reliability of high-power diode lasers;<br />
SPIE Proc. 4993 (<strong>2003</strong>) 91-9<br />
TSL03: G. Turri, G. Snell, B. Langer, M. Martins, E. Kukk,<br />
S. E. Canton, R. C. Bilodeau, N. Cherepkov, J. D. Bozek<br />
and N. Berrah; Probing the molecular environment<br />
using spin-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy; in AIP<br />
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TSS03: S. Ter-Avetisyan, M. Schnürer, H. Stiel and P. V.<br />
Nickles; A high-density sub-micron liquid spray for laser<br />
driven radiation sources; J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36<br />
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TVS03: S. Ter-Avetisyan, U. Vogt, H. Stiel, M. Schnürer,<br />
I. Will and P. V. Nickles; Efficient extreme ultraviolet<br />
emission from xenon-cluster jet targets at high repetition<br />
rate laser illumination; J. Appl. Phys. 94 (<strong>2003</strong>) 5489-96<br />
VBB03: L. v. Loyen, T. Boettger, S. Braun, H. Mai, A.<br />
Leson, F. Scholze, J.Tuemmler, G. Ulm, H. Legall, P. V.<br />
Nickles, W. Sandner, H. Stiel, C. E. Rempel, M. Schulze,<br />
J. Brutscher, F. Macco and S. Muellender; New<br />
laboratory EUV reflectometer for large optics using a<br />
laser plasma source; SPIE Proc. 5038 (<strong>2003</strong>) 12-21<br />
WBG03: W. Widdra, D. Bröcker, T. Gießel, I. V. Hertel, W.<br />
Krüger, A. Liero, F. Noack, V. Petrov, D. Pop, P. M. Schmidt,<br />
R. L. Weber, I. Will and B. Winter; Time-resolved core level<br />
photoemission: Surface photovoltage dynamics of the<br />
SiO 2 /Si(100) interface; Surf. Science 543 (<strong>2003</strong>) 87-94<br />
WKD03: W. Werncke, V. Kozich, J. Dreyer, M. Rini, A.<br />
Kummrow and T. Elsaesser; Vibrational excitation and<br />
energy redistribution due to back-electron transfer<br />
in para-nitroaniline; in Recent advances in ultrafast<br />
spectroscopy; Proceedings of the 'XII UPS Conference',<br />
S. Califano, P. Foggi, and R. Righini eds. (Leo S. Olschki,<br />
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WWF03: I. Waldmüller, M. Woerner, J. Förstner and A.<br />
Knorr; Theory of the lineshape of quantum well intersubband<br />
transitions: optical dephasing and light propagation<br />
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WWH03: R. Weber, B. Winter, I. V. Hertel, B. Stiller, S.<br />
Schrader, L. Brehmer and N. Koch; Photoemission from<br />
azobene alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers; J.<br />
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ZGM03: N. Zhavoronkov, Y. Gritsai, P. Micheev, A.<br />
Savelev, G. Korn and T. Elsaesser; High repetition rate<br />
femtosecond laser driven hard X-ray source and its<br />
application for diffraction experiments; in UFO IV<br />
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in press<br />
Bau: D. Bauer; Plasma formation through field ionization<br />
in intense Laser-Matter Interaction; Laser Part. Beams<br />
BGW: D. Bröcker, T. Gießel and W. Widdra; Charge carrier<br />
dynamics at the Si=2/Si(100) surface: A time -resolved<br />
photoemission study with combined laser and synchrotron<br />
radiation; J. Chem. Phys.<br />
BKK: I. A. Begishev, M. P. Kalachnikov, V. Karpov, I. A.<br />
Kulagin, P. V. Nickles, H. Schönnagel and T. Usmanov;<br />
Limitation of second harmonic generation of<br />
femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser pulses; Journal of the<br />
Optical Society of America<br />
BSRa: N. M. Bulgakova, R. Stoian, A. Rosenfeld, I. V.<br />
Hertel and E. E. B. Campbell; Electronic transport and<br />
consequences for material removal in ultrafast pulsed<br />
laser ablation of material; Phys. Rev. B<br />
EHH: T. Elsaesser, K. Heyne, N. Huse and E. T. J.<br />
Nibbering; Ultrafast vibrational dynamics of hydrogen<br />
bonded dimers in solution; in Time-Resolved<br />
Vibrational Spectroscopy XI<br />
Elsa: T. Elsaesser, K. Heyne, N. Huse and E. T. J.<br />
Nibbering; Ultrafast vibrational dynamics of hydrogenbonded<br />
dimers in solution; in Ultrafast molecular events<br />
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Elsb: T. Elsaesser; Femtosecond mid-infrared spectroscopy<br />
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FEC: M. Fiebig, V. Eremenko and I. Chupis (eds.),<br />
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FFL: M. Fiebig, D. Fröhlich, T. Lottermoser and S.<br />
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Fie: M. Fiebig; Magnetoelectric interaction in crystals<br />
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FLG: M. Fiebig, T. Lottermoser, A. V. Goltsev and R. V.<br />
Pisarev; Structure and interaction of domain walls in<br />
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FPi: M. Fiebig and R. V. Pisarev; Nonlinear optics – a<br />
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FRN: H. Fidder, M. Rini and E. T. J. Nibbering; The role of<br />
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Widdra, D. Gerlich, U. Becker and E. Rühle; New setup<br />
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HFU: K. Heister, S. Frey, A. Ulman, M. Grunze and M.<br />
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HGP: O. Henneberg, T. Geue, U. Pietsch, M. Saphiannikova<br />
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Nickles; Review of state-of-the-art and about<br />
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W. Sandner, R. E. King, G. J. Pert and P. V. Nickles; Output<br />
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KSS: E. Koudoumas, M. Spyridaki, R. Stoian, A.<br />
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Influence of pulse temporal manipulation on the<br />
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LAM: V. Lehtovuori, J. Aumanen, P. Myllyperkiö, M. Rini,<br />
E. T. J. Nibbering and J. Korppi-Tommola; Transient mid-<br />
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LSSa: H. Lippert, V. Stert, C. P. Schulz, I. V. Hertel and<br />
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NJS: P. V. Nickles, K. A. Janulewicz and W. Sandner;<br />
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PBS: V. Petrov, V. Badikov, G. Shevyrdyaeva, V. Panyutin<br />
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PNS: V. Petrov, F. Noack, D. Shen, F. Pan, G. Shen, X.<br />
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clusters; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
SEH: C. Stanciu, R. Ehlich and I. V. Hertel;<br />
Photopolymerization of C 60 and Li@C 60 studied by<br />
second harmonic generation and infrared<br />
spectroscopy; Appl. Phys. A<br />
SKe: G. Steinmeyer and U. Keller; Optical comb<br />
dynamics and stabilization; in Femtosecond Optical<br />
Frequency Comb: Principle, Operation, and<br />
Applications, J. Ye, and S. Cundiff eds. (Kluwer<br />
Academic Publishing, Norwell, MA)<br />
SSH: C. P. Schulz, A. Scholz and I. V. Hertel; Ultrafast<br />
energy redistiribution in photoexcited sodium-ammonia<br />
clusters; Isr. J. Chem.<br />
SSV: G. Sansone, G. Steinmeyer, C. Vozzi, S. Stagira,<br />
M. Nisoli, S. D. Silvestri, K. Starke, D. Ristau, B. Schenkel,<br />
J. Biegert, A. Gosteva and U. Keller; Mirror dispersion<br />
control of a hollow fiber supercontinuum; Appl. Phys. B<br />
Stea: G. Steinmeyer; Ultrafast Optoelectronics; in<br />
Handbook of Optoelectronics, J. Dakin, and R. Brown<br />
eds. (IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK)<br />
Steb: G. Steinmeyer; Nonlinear and short pulse effects;<br />
in Handbook of Optoelectronics<br />
TGB: J. W. Tomm, A. Gerhard, M. L. Biermann and J. P.<br />
Holland; Quantitative spectroscopic strain analysis of<br />
AlGaAs-based high-power diode laser devices; The<br />
European Physical Journal - Applied Physics<br />
TSG: J. W. Tomm, V. Strelchuk, A. Gerhard, U. Zeimer, M.<br />
Zorn, H. Kissel, M. Weyers and J. Jiménez; Properties<br />
of As + implanted and annealed GaAs and InGaAs<br />
quantum-wells: structural and band-structure modifications;<br />
J. Appl. Phys.<br />
TSL: G. Turri, G. Snell, B. Langer, M. Martins, E. Kukk,<br />
S. E. Canton, R. C. Bilodeau, N. Cherepkov, J. D. Bozek,<br />
A. L. Kilcoyne and N. Berrah; Probing the molecular<br />
environment using spin-resolved photoelectron<br />
spectroscopy; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
UML: T. Unold, K. Müller, C. Lienau and T. Elsaesser;<br />
Space and time resolved coherent optical<br />
spectroscopy of single quantum dots; Semicond. Sci.<br />
Technol.<br />
USZ: S. Ullrich, T. Schultz, M. Z. Zgieski and A. Stolow;<br />
Direct observation of electronic relaxation dynamics in<br />
Adenine via time-resolved photoelecton spectroscopy;<br />
J Am. Chem. Soc.<br />
VCL: J. Viefhaus, S. Cvejanovic, B. Langer, T. Lischke,<br />
G. Prümper, D. Rolles, A. V. Golovin, A. N. Grum-<br />
Grzhimailo, N. M. Kabachnik and U. Becker; Energy<br />
and angular distributions of electrons emitted by direct<br />
double Auger decay; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
WKV: W. Werncke, V. Kozich, A. I. Vodchits and J. Dreyer;<br />
Ultrafast excitation of out-of-plane vibrations and<br />
vibrational energy redistribution after internal conversion<br />
of 4-nitroaniline; in Time-Resolved Vibrational<br />
Spectroscopy XI<br />
WRE: M. Woerner, K. Reimann and T. Elsaesser;<br />
Coherent charge transport in semiconductor quantum<br />
cascade structures; J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
WRW: Z. Wang, K. Reimann, M. Woerner, T. Elsaesser,<br />
D. Hofstetter, J. Hwang, W. J. Schaff and L. F. Eastman;<br />
Femtosecond intersubband dynamics of electrons in<br />
AlGaN/GaN-based high-electron-mobility transistors;<br />
Semicond. Sci. Technol.<br />
WWW: B. Winter, R. Weber, W. Widdra, M. Dittmar, M.<br />
Faubel and I. V. Hertel; Full valence band photoemission<br />
from liquid water using EUV synchrotron radiation; J.<br />
Phys. Chem. B<br />
ZKo: N. Zhavoronkov and G. Korn; Regenerative<br />
amplification of femtosecond laser pulses in Ti:sapphire<br />
at multi-kHz repetition rates; Opt. Lett.<br />
ZRH: T. Zemojtel, M. Rini, K. Heyne, T. Dandekar and E. T.<br />
J. Nibbering; NO bound myoglobin: Structural diversity<br />
and dynamics of the NO ligand; J. Am. Chem. Soc.<br />
submitted<br />
ASA: A. Aznar, R. Solé, M. Aguiló, F. Diaz, U. Griebner,<br />
R. Grunwald and V. Petrov; Growth, optical<br />
characterization and laser operation of epitaxial<br />
Yb:KY(WO 4 ) 2 /KY(WO 4 ) 2 composites with monoclinic<br />
structure; Appl. Phys. Lett.<br />
BSRb: N. M. Bulgakova, R. Stoian, A. Rosenfeld, E. E. B.<br />
Campbell and I. V. Hertel; Model description of surface<br />
charging during ultrafast laser ablation of materials;<br />
Appl. Phys. A<br />
BST: S. Busch, O. Shirjaev, S. Ter-Avetisyan, M. Schnürer,<br />
P. V. Nickles and W. Sandner; Ion energy modulations in<br />
ultrashort and intense laser matter interaction -<br />
simulation versus experiment; Appl. Phys. B<br />
ELR: E. Eremina, X. Liu, H. Rottke, W. Sandner, M. G.<br />
Schätzel, A. Dreischuh, G. G. Paulus, H. Walther, R.<br />
Moshammer and J. Ullrich; Influence of molecular<br />
structure on double ionization of N 2 and O 2 by high<br />
intensity ultra-short laser pulses; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
FLB: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, X. Liu, W. Becker<br />
and H. Schomerus; Coulomb repulsion and quantumclassical<br />
correspondence in laser-induced nonsequential<br />
double ionization; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
FLS: C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, X. Liu, H. Schomerus<br />
and W. Becker; Electron-electron dynamics in laserinduced<br />
nonsequential double ionization; Phys. Rev. A<br />
Fre: W. Freyer; Novel phthalocyanines undergo retrodiels-alder<br />
reaction; Organic Letters<br />
FSM: S. Fossier, S. Salaün, J. Mangin, O. Bidault, I.<br />
Thenot, J.-J. Zondy, W. Chen, F. Rotermund, V. Petrov, P.<br />
Petrov, J. Henningsen, A. Yelisseyev, L. Isaenko, S.<br />
Lobanov, O. Balachninaite, G. Slekys and V. Sirutkaitis;<br />
Optical, vibrational, thermal, electrical, damage and<br />
phase-matching properties of lithium thioindate; J. Opt.<br />
Soc. Am. B.<br />
GKe: R. Grunwald and V. Kebbel; Micro-optical beam<br />
shaping of supershort-pulse lasers; in Springer Series<br />
in Optical Sciences, Vol. 'Microoptics - From Technology<br />
to Applications', J. Jahns ed. (Springer-Verlag, <strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
Germany)<br />
GKGa: U. Griebner, P. Klopp, R. Grunwald, H. Schönnagel<br />
and E. Erbert; Laser applying cladding pump<br />
scheme for short planar waveguides; Appl. Phys. Lett.<br />
GKN: R. Grunwald, V. Kebbel, U. Neumann, U. Griebner,<br />
M. Piché, Y. Sheng and P. Ambs; Ultrafast spatiotemporal<br />
processing with thin-film microoptics; Opt. Eng.<br />
Jan: K. A. Janulewicz; State-of-the-art and output<br />
characteristics of table-top lasers; X-ray Spectrometry<br />
JNK: K. A. Janulewicz, P. V. Nickles, R. E. King and G. J.<br />
Pert; Influence of pump pulse structure on transient<br />
collisionally pumped nikellike X-ray laser; Phys. Rev. A<br />
LFa: X. Liu and C. Figueira de Morisson Faria;<br />
Nonsequential double ionization with few-cycle laser<br />
pulses; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
LKL: D. Leupold, M. Krikunova, H. Lokstein, K. Teuchner,<br />
H. Scheer, A. Moskalenko and A. Razjivin; Excitation<br />
energy transfer from a bacteriochlorophyll higher<br />
excited state to carotenoids in LH2 of Chromatium;<br />
Photochem. Photobiol.<br />
LSSb: H. Lippert, V. Stert, C. P. Schulz, I. V. Hertel and<br />
W. Radloff; Photoinduced hydrogen transfer dynamics<br />
in indole-ammonia clusters at different excitation<br />
energies; Phys .Chem. Chem. Phys.<br />
MML: R. Müller, V. Malyarchuk and C. Lienau; A<br />
theoretical study on the optical near field in a metal film<br />
with a periodic nanohole array excited by ultrashort<br />
light pulses; Optics Express<br />
MPA: X. Matios, V. Petrov, M. Aguiló, R. Solé, J. Gavaldà,<br />
J. Massons, F. Diaz and U. Griebner; Continuous wave<br />
laser oscillation of Yb 3+ in monoclinic KLu(WO 4 ) 2 ; IEEE<br />
J. Quantum Elect.<br />
MPB c: D. B. Milosevic, G. G. Paulus and W. Becker;<br />
Metering the absolute phase of a few-cycle pulse via<br />
its high-order above-threshold ionization spectrum;<br />
Laser Physics Letters<br />
MWM: T. Moritz, W. Widdra, D. Menzel, K.-B. Bohnen<br />
and R. Heid; Adsorbate-induced surface stiffening: Surface<br />
lattice dynamics of Ru(001)-(1x1)-O; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
Nib: E. T. J. Nibbering; Femtosecond condensed phase<br />
spectroscopy: Structural dynamics; in Encyclopedia of<br />
Modern Optics, B. Guenther, L. Bayvel, and D. Steel<br />
eds. (Elsevier)<br />
PNB: V. Petrov, F. Noack, V. Badikov, G. Shevyrdyaeva, V.<br />
Panyutin and V. Chizhikov; Phase-matching and femtosecond<br />
difference-frequency generation in the<br />
quaternary semiconductor AgGaGe 5 Se 12 ; Appl. Opt.<br />
65
66<br />
PWF: D. Pop, B. Winter, W. Freyer, R. Weber, W. Widdra<br />
and I. V. Hertel; Photoelectron spectroscopy on thin films<br />
of extended copper porphyrazines; J. Phys. Chem. B<br />
RCF: H. Ruhl, T. Cowan and J. Fuchs; The physics of the<br />
generation of images of surface structures by laseraccelerated<br />
protons; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
RCG: H. Ruhl, T. Cowan, M. Geisel, E. Brambrink, M.<br />
Hegelich, R. Johnson, J. Fernandez, J. Cobble and J.<br />
Fuchs; The physics of the generation of rings in RFCstacks<br />
by laser-accelerated proton flow; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
RMP: M. Rini, B.-Z. Magnes, E. Pines and E. T. J.<br />
Nibbering; Direct observation of bimodal intermolecular<br />
proton transfer in photoacid-base pairs in water; in<br />
Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy XI<br />
Ruha: H. Ruhl; Probing of electromagnetic fields with<br />
laser generated proton beams; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
Ruhb: H. Ruhl; Transport in a laser irradiated foil; Phys.<br />
Rev. Lett.<br />
SES: C. Stanciu, R. Ehlich, G. Y. Slepyan, A. A.<br />
Khrutchinski, S. A. Maksimenko, F. Rotermund, V. Petrov,<br />
O. Steinkellner, F. Rohmund, E. E. B. Campbell, J.<br />
Herrmann and I. V. Hertel; Third-harmonic generation<br />
in carbon nanotubes: theory and experiment; SPIE<br />
Proc.<br />
SFR: C. Schweitzer, D. Fröhlich, K. Reimann, T. Böttcher,<br />
S. Einfeldt, D. Hommel, P. Prystawko, M. Leszczynski<br />
and T. Suski; Nonlinear optical spectroscopy of exciton<br />
polaritons in GaN; Phys. Rev. B<br />
SKN: G. Y. Slepyan, V. P. A. A. Krutchinski, A. N.<br />
Nemilentsau, S. A. Maksimenko and J. Herrmann;<br />
Nonlinear optical properties of carbon nanotubes:<br />
quantum-mechanical approach; Phys. Rev. A<br />
SLR: V. Stert, H. Lippert, H.-H. Ritze and W. Radloff;<br />
Femtosecond time-resolved dynamics of the electronically<br />
excited ethylene molecule; Chem. Phys. Lett.<br />
SRH: R. Stoian, A. Rosenfeld, I. V. Hertel, N. M. Bulgakova<br />
and E. E. B. Campbell; Comments on the "Coloumb<br />
explosion in femtosecond laser ablation of Si(111)”;<br />
Appl. Phys. Lett.<br />
STB: M. Schnürer, S. Ter-Avetisyan, S. Busch, W. Sandner<br />
and P. V. Nickles; MeV-proton emission from ultrafast<br />
laser driven microparticles; Appl. Phys. B<br />
Stec: G. Steinmeyer; Dispersion compensation by<br />
microstructured optical devices in ultrafast optics; Appl.<br />
Phys. A<br />
SUQ: T. Schultz, S. Ullrich, J. Quenneville, T. J. Martinez,<br />
M. Z. Zgierski and A. Stolow; Azobene photoisomerization:<br />
Two states and two relaxation pathways<br />
explain the violation of Kasha's rule; in Femtochemistry<br />
IV, Ultrafast Molecular Events in Chemistry and Biology<br />
TSB: S. Ter-Avetisyan, M. Schnürer, S. Busch, P. V. Nickles<br />
and W. Sandner; Modulation in ion emission spectra<br />
from intense femtosecond laser driven multi electrontemperature<br />
plasmas; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
UML: T. Unold, K. Mueller, C. Lienau, T. Elsaesser and<br />
A. D. Wieck; Optical stark effect: Ultrafast control of single<br />
exciton polarizations; Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
WFL: I. Waldmüller, J. Förstner, S. C. Lee, A. Knorr, M.<br />
Woerner, K. Reimann, R. A. Kaindl, T. Elsaesser, R. Hey<br />
and K. H. Ploog; Optical dephasing of coherent<br />
intersubband transitions in a quasi-two-dimensional<br />
electron gas; Phys. Rev. B<br />
WWSa: R. L. Weber, B. Winter, P. M. Schmidt, W. Widdra,<br />
I. V. Hertel, M. Dittmar and M. Faubel; Photoemission<br />
from aqueous alkali-halide using EUV synchrotron<br />
radiation; J. Phys. Chem.<br />
ZLZ: Z. Y. Zhuchenko, M. P. Lisitsa, G. G. Tarasov, Y. I.<br />
Mazur, G. J. Salamo, M. Xiao, J. W. Tomm, H. Kissel and<br />
W. T. Masselink; Correlation of Raman scattering and<br />
strain distribution during 2D - 3D growth transition in<br />
InAs/GaAs systems; J. Appl. Phys.<br />
ZTo: N. Zhavoronkov and K. Tominaga; All-solid-state<br />
compact laser system based on a new cavity-dumped<br />
oscillator design; Opt. Lett.<br />
Diploma- and PhD theses, Habilitations<br />
Diploma theses<br />
Hen03: P.- A. Henry; Femtosecond pulse shaping<br />
(Supervisor: I. V. Hertel, E. Audouard, and C. P. Schulz),<br />
Freie Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Diplomarbeit <strong>2003</strong>-08-15<br />
Mer03: A. Mermillod-Blondin; Optimized ion generation<br />
in ultrafast laser ablation of silicon via adaptive temporal<br />
pulse shaping (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel, E. Audouard,<br />
and R. Stoian), Physikalisches <strong>Institut</strong>, Freie Universität<br />
<strong>Berlin</strong>, Diplomarbeit <strong>2003</strong>-08<br />
Pia03: M. Piantek; Aufbau einer Falle zur Speicherung<br />
von Ionen aus einem lasererzeugten Ablationsplasma<br />
(Supervisor: U. Eichmann, and G. v. Oppen), Technische<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Diplomarbeit <strong>2003</strong>-11<br />
Win03: S. Winkler; Anregungskanäle von Elektronen<br />
in transparenten Dielektrika durch ultrakurze Laserpulse<br />
(Supervisor: R. Stoian), Technische Universität<br />
<strong>Berlin</strong>, Diplomarbeit <strong>2003</strong>-07
PhD theses<br />
Bee03: W. Beenken; Theory of nonlinear polarization<br />
spectroscopy in the frequency domain (NLPF) with<br />
applications to photosynthetic antennae (Supervisor:<br />
R. Zimmermann), Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
<strong>2003</strong><br />
Gue03: T. Günther; Femtosekunden-Nahfeldspektroskopie<br />
an einzelnen Halbleiterpunkten (Supervisor: T.<br />
Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
<strong>2003</strong><br />
Mal03: V. Malyarchuk; Near-field spectroscopy of semiconductor<br />
devise structures and plasmonic crystals<br />
(Supervisor: T. Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
Dissertation <strong>2003</strong><br />
Pop03: D. Pop; Photoemission studies on porphyrazine<br />
compounds (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel, and B. Winter), Freie<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation <strong>2003</strong>-02<br />
Rin03: M. Rini; Femtosecond mid-infrared spectroscopy<br />
of elementary photoinduced reactions (Supervisor: T.<br />
Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
<strong>2003</strong><br />
Ste03: O. Steinkellner; Ultraschnelle Vibrationsanregung<br />
und zeitaufgelöste Untersuchungen zur Dissoziation<br />
von Wasser in der Gasphase (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel),<br />
Freie Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation <strong>2003</strong>-12<br />
Tho03: A. Thoss; X-Ray emission and particle acceleration<br />
from a liquid jet target using a 1-kHz ultrafast<br />
laser system (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel, and G. Korn), Freie<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation <strong>2003</strong>-05<br />
Web03: R. Weber; Photoelectron spectroscopy of liquid<br />
water and aqueons solutions in free microjets using<br />
synchrotron radiation (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel, and B.<br />
Winter), Freie Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation <strong>2003</strong>-06-04<br />
Sch03: R. Schneider; Aufbau eines Laserverstärkersystems<br />
und Anwendung bei Photoionisationsexperimenten<br />
(Supervisor: W. Sandner), Technische<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation <strong>2003</strong>-08<br />
Habilitations<br />
Lie03: C. Lienau; Optische Nahfeldspektroskopie von<br />
Halbleiter-Nanostrukturen, Fachbereich Physik,<br />
Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Habilitation <strong>2003</strong>-06<br />
67
68<br />
Appendix 2<br />
External talks, teaching<br />
Invited lectures at conferences<br />
D. Bauer, F. Ceccherini and F. Cornolti; OSA Topical<br />
Meeting "Applications of High Field and Short<br />
Wavelength Sources X" (Biarritz, France, <strong>2003</strong>-10-14):<br />
Enhanced harmonic generation by atoms in a two-color<br />
laser field scheme<br />
W. Becker; 33rd Winter Colloquium on the Physics of<br />
Quantum Electronics (Snowbird, Utah, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-09-<br />
01): Quantum-path survey of the relativistic laser-atom<br />
interaction<br />
W. Becker; 12. International Laser Physics Workshop<br />
(Hamburg, <strong>2003</strong>): Compilation of experimental data<br />
and theoretical approaches and results on nonsequential<br />
double ionization<br />
W. Becker, D. B. Milosevic and G. G. Paulus; International<br />
Symposium on Ultrafast Intense Laser Science 2:<br />
Propagation and Interaction (Lac Delage, Quebec,<br />
Canada, <strong>2003</strong>): Above-threshold ionization with fewcycle<br />
pulses<br />
W. Becker, D. B. Milosevic and G. G. Paulus; Workshop<br />
"Atomic Physics" (Dresden, <strong>2003</strong>): Few-cycle pulses<br />
with specified "absolute phase"<br />
E. E. B. Campbell together with C. P. Schulz; Symposium<br />
R6, "Energetics and structures", 203rd Meeting of The<br />
Electrochemical Society (Paris, France, <strong>2003</strong>-04-27):<br />
Photoionisation dynamics of C 60<br />
U. Eichmann, T. Gallagher and R. Konik; DAMOP <strong>2003</strong><br />
(Boulder, USA, <strong>2003</strong>): Fano Lineshapes Revisited<br />
T. Elsaesser; Photonics West <strong>2003</strong> (San José, USA,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-01): Ultrafast coherent and incoherent dynamics<br />
of intersubband excitations in semiconductor quantum<br />
wells<br />
T. Elsaesser; 5th Int. Topical Conference on Optical<br />
Probes of Conjugated Polymers and Organic and Inorganic<br />
Nanostructures (OP <strong>2003</strong>) (Venice, Italy, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
02): Femtosecond infrared spectroscopy<br />
T. Elsaesser; Frühjahrstagung der Deutschen<br />
Physikalischen Gesellschaft <strong>2003</strong>, Fachausschüsse<br />
Plasma- und Kurzzeitphysik (Aachen, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
03): Ultrafast coherent and incoherent dynamics of<br />
electron plasmas in semiconductors (plenary talk)<br />
T. Elsaesser together with N. Huse, K. Heyne, J. Dreyer,<br />
and E. T. J. Nibbering; Femtochemistry VI-Conference<br />
(Paris, France, <strong>2003</strong>-07): Coherent vibrational excitations<br />
of intermolecular hydrogen bonds studied by ultrafast<br />
infrared spectroscopy<br />
T. Elsaesser; 11th Int. Conference on Time-Resolved<br />
Vibrational Spectroscopy (TRVS <strong>2003</strong>) (Florence, Italy,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-05): Ultrafast coherent vibrational dynamics of<br />
hydrogen bonds<br />
T. Elsaesser; Conference on Lasers and Electrooptics<br />
(CLEO) (Baltimore, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-06): Femtosecond<br />
pulses in the mid-infrared - generation and applications<br />
in condensed matter research (tutorial)<br />
T. Elsaesser; ULTRA School on Ultrafast Processes in<br />
Photochemistry and Pholobiology (European Science<br />
Foundation) (Torun, Poland, <strong>2003</strong>-08): Photoinduced<br />
electron transfer processes in large molecules<br />
T. Elsaesser; ULTRA School on Ultrafast Processes in<br />
Photochemistry and Photobiology (European Science<br />
Foundation) (Torun, Poland, <strong>2003</strong>-08): Ultrafast<br />
dynamics of hydrogen bonds and hydrogen transfer<br />
reactions<br />
T. Elsaesser; Swiss Graduate Schools in Chemistry,<br />
Convention intercantonale romande (Universities of<br />
Geneva, Basel, and Lausanne, Switzerland, <strong>2003</strong>-09):<br />
5 lectures on: Ultrafast molecular dynamics in the<br />
condensed phase<br />
T. Elsaesser; Colloque Paris-Biophotonique (Paris,<br />
France, <strong>2003</strong>-10): Ultrafast spectroscopy and its<br />
application to biomolecular analysis<br />
T. Elsaesser; Korean-German Seminar on Applied<br />
Mathematics and Physics (Pyongyang, Korea, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
11): Ultrafast processes in solids - physics and<br />
applications<br />
T. Elsaessser; March-Meeting of the American Physical<br />
Society (Austin, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-03): Femtosecond coherent<br />
carrier dynamics in quantum cascade lasers<br />
E. Eremina; XVIII International Seminar on Ion-Atom<br />
Collisions (ISIAC) (Stockholm-Helsinki, <strong>2003</strong>): Subthreshold<br />
non-sequential double ionization<br />
M. Faubel together with B. Winter; ACS 225th National<br />
Meeting; VUV Symposium (New Orleans, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
03-27): Photoelectron spectroscopy of solvate ions in<br />
aqueous solutions, using EUV, VUV radiation<br />
M. Faubel together with B. Winter; ACS Fall National<br />
Meeting (New York, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-09-11): The conduction<br />
band in liquids and disordered solids<br />
M. Fiebig; CERC-ERATO International Workshop on<br />
Phase Control of Correlated Electron Systems (Maui,<br />
USA, <strong>2003</strong>-10): Nonlinear optical probing of magnetic<br />
structures - novel developments
M. Fiebig; Magnetoelectric interaction phenomena in<br />
crystals (MEIPIC-5) (Sudak, Ukraine, <strong>2003</strong>-09):<br />
Magnetoelectric interaction in crystals observed by<br />
nonlinear magneto-optics<br />
M. Fiebig; Quantum Complexities in Condensed Matter<br />
(Int. Workshop and Conference) (Bukhara, Usbekistan,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-08): Nonlinear optics for the investigation of<br />
magnetic structures<br />
M. Fiebig; International Conference on Magnetism<br />
(Rome, Italy, <strong>2003</strong>-07): Nonlinear optics - a powerful<br />
tool for the investigation fo magnetic structures<br />
M. Fiebig; Workshop on Ultrafast Magnetization<br />
Processes (Bad Honnef, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-04): Spin<br />
dynamics of antiferromagnets - what can nonlinear<br />
optics contribute?<br />
P. Glas; 2nd International Symposium on High-Power<br />
Fiber Lasers and Their Applications (St.Petersburg,<br />
Russia, <strong>2003</strong>-07): Experiments with microstructure<br />
optical (holey) fibers<br />
U. Griebner together with P. Klopp, and V. Petrov; 12th<br />
International Laser Physics Workshop (LPHYS'03)<br />
(Hamburg, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-08): Lasing properties of<br />
Yb 3+ in a stoichiometric double tungstate published in<br />
Book of abstracts p.220<br />
R. Grunwald together with V. Kebbel, U. Neumann, U.<br />
Griebner, and M. Piché; SPIE's 48th <strong>Annual</strong> Meeting,<br />
Wave Optics and Photonic Devices for Optical Information<br />
Processing (AM201) (San Diego, CA, <strong>2003</strong>-08):<br />
Spatio-temporal processing of femtosecond laser<br />
pulses with thin-film micro-optics<br />
C. Heiner; EUROFET - TMR Meeting (Varenna, Italy,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-09-30): Photoemission using combined laser/<br />
synchrotron pulses: Sexithiophene on gold(110)<br />
J. Herrmann together with A. Husakou; Conference on<br />
Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), QELS <strong>2003</strong><br />
(Baltimore, Maryland, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-06-01): Nonlinear<br />
optical processes in photonic crystal fibers<br />
J. Herrmann; Workshop: Nanoscience and Photonics,<br />
PhD Graduate School (Fuglsocentret, Ebeltoft, Dänemark,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-10-10): Photonic crystal fibers<br />
I. V. Hertel; 34th Meeting of the Division of Atomic,<br />
Molecular and Optical Physics (DAMOP03) (Boulder,<br />
Colorado, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-05-20): Ultrafast Dynamics and<br />
Rydberg States in C 60<br />
I. V. Hertel together with M. Boyle, C. P. Schulz, M. Héden,<br />
and E. E. B. Campbell; International Symposium on Ultrafast<br />
Intense Laser Science 2 (Quebec, Canada, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
09-28): Multielectron excitation and Rydberg states in C 60<br />
I. V. Hertel, Abschlußworkshop Sfb 276 (Universität<br />
Freiburg, Fakultät für Physik, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-10-06):<br />
Anregungs- und Ionisationsdynamik von C 60 in mittelstarken<br />
Laserfeldern<br />
I. V. Hertel, Abschlussworkshop SFB 276 (Universität<br />
Freiburg, Fakultät für Physik, <strong>2003</strong>-10-06): Historischer<br />
Überblick über die Entwicklung und Geschichte des<br />
Sfb<br />
K. A. Janulewicz, A. Lucianetti, R. Kroemer, G. Priebe,<br />
W. Sandner and P. V. Nickles; OSA Topical Meeting<br />
"Applications of High Field and Short Wavelength<br />
Sources X" (Biarritz, France, <strong>2003</strong>-10-13): Achievement<br />
of high tranverse spatial coherence in a transient Nilike<br />
Ag X-ray laser<br />
M. P. Kalachnikov; Workshop on Technological Bottlenecks<br />
in Compact High-Intensity Short-Pulse Lasers<br />
(Paris, France, <strong>2003</strong>-04): <strong>MBI</strong> activities for high peak<br />
power Ti:Sa lasers<br />
D. Leupold; 2nd German-Belarus Symposium 'Development<br />
and Function of the Photosynthetic Apparatus'<br />
(Egsdorf, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-10): Bx fluorescence of<br />
(bacterio)chlorophylls in photosynthetic antenna<br />
complexes<br />
C. Lienau; HCIS 13, 13th International Conference on<br />
Nonequilibrium Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductors<br />
(Modena, Italy, <strong>2003</strong>-07): Space and time-resolved<br />
optical spectroscopy of semiconductor nanostructures<br />
C. Lienau; Gordon Research Conference "Nonlinear<br />
Optics and Lasers" (New London, New Hampshire,<br />
USA, <strong>2003</strong>-08): Ultrafast spectroscopy of single<br />
nanostructures<br />
C. Lienau; Euro Workshop on Quantum Computers:<br />
Nanoscopic implementation; perspectives and open<br />
problems (Turino, Italy, <strong>2003</strong>-02): Ultrafast nano-optics:<br />
Probing and manipulating excitonic quantum bits on<br />
ultrafast time scales<br />
C. Lienau; Euro Workshop on Quantum Computers:<br />
Nanoscopic implementation; perspectives and open<br />
problems (Turino, Italy, <strong>2003</strong>-02): Ultrafast space and<br />
time-resolved spectroscopy<br />
C. Lienau; International Workshop on Innovative Laser<br />
Technologies for Materials Diagnostic (Florence, Italy,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-02): Coherent spectroscopy of single quantum<br />
dots<br />
C. Lienau; Growth, electronic and optical properties of<br />
low-dimensional semiconductor quantum structures,<br />
Workshop (Schloss Ringberg, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-02):<br />
Ultrafast nano-optics: Coherent spectroscopy of single<br />
quantum dots<br />
E. T. J. Nibbering together with N. Huse, K. Heyne, and<br />
T. Elsaesser; Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics<br />
(CLEO), QELS <strong>2003</strong> (Baltimore, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-06): Ultrafast<br />
coherent vibrational response of intermolecular<br />
hydrogen bonded molecular complexes in solution<br />
P. V. Nickles, K. Janulewicz, G. Priebe, A. Lunianetti, W.<br />
Sandner and G. Pert; CLEO Europe (München, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
06-23): What does make hope for X-ray lasers<br />
69
70<br />
P. V. Nickles, K. A. Janulewicz, A. Lucianetti, G. Priebe, J.<br />
Tümmler, W. Sandner and G. Pert; SPIE <strong>Annual</strong> Meeting<br />
(San Diego, California USA, <strong>2003</strong>-08-03): Status of <strong>MBI</strong><br />
activities will transient collisional X-ray lasers with high<br />
repetition rate come soon?<br />
K. Reimann; 7th International Conference on Intersubband<br />
Transitions in Quantum Wells (Evolène, Switzerland,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-09): Rabi oscillations of intersubband<br />
transitions in a quasi-two-dimensional electron gas<br />
F. Rotermund and V. Petrov together with V.<br />
Pasiskevicius; Optical Society Korea <strong>Annual</strong> Meeting<br />
<strong>2003</strong> (Inha Univ. Incheon, Korea, <strong>2003</strong>-02-13): PPKTP<br />
based optical parametric chirped pulse amplification<br />
at the optical communication range about 1.57 mm<br />
F. Rotermund and V. Petrov together with V.<br />
Pasiskevicius; <strong>Annual</strong> Meeting <strong>2003</strong> of The Korean<br />
Physical Society (Kyungpook University, Daegu, Korea,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-10-24): Application of PPKTP for efficient<br />
femtosecond IR pulse generation<br />
H. Rottke; LPHYS ‘03 (Hamburg, <strong>2003</strong>-8-29): Strong<br />
field non-sequential atomic and molecular double<br />
ionization investigated close to and below the threshold<br />
for electron impact ionization<br />
W. Sandner; European Strategic Forum on Research<br />
Infrastructures Workshop on: "FELs up to the UV and<br />
soft X-rays" (Daresbury, UK, <strong>2003</strong>-02): Lasers for<br />
photoinjectors and pump-probe user experiments:<br />
architecture, pulse shaping and synchronization<br />
W. Sandner; First Canadian Workshop on Ultrafast<br />
Dynamic Imaging (Sherbrooke, Kanada, <strong>2003</strong>-10-02):<br />
FEL and application to imaging biological systems<br />
W. Sandner; ESFRI XFEL Workshop (DESY, Hamburg,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-10): Advanced laser technology - Challenges and<br />
solutions<br />
W. Sandner; IUPAP Council Meeting <strong>2003</strong> (Trieste,<br />
Italien, <strong>2003</strong>-10-25): Ultrahigh Intensity Lasers<br />
W. Sandner; International School of Quantum<br />
Electronics, 37. course, Atoms and Plasmas in Super-<br />
Intense Laser Fields (Erice, Sizilien, Italien, <strong>2003</strong>-07-<br />
12): Atomic physics in strong laser fields<br />
W. Sandner; International School of Quantum<br />
Electronics, 37. course, Atoms and Plasmas in Super-<br />
Intense Laser Fields (Erice, Sizilien, Italien, <strong>2003</strong>-07-<br />
12): Strong field double ionization<br />
W. Sandner; Trends in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science<br />
and Technology (Lac Delage, Quebec, Kanada, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
09-25): Ultra-high Intensity laser development within<br />
the EU-Network LASERLAB-EUROPE<br />
W. Sandner; Trends in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science<br />
and Technology (Lac Delage, Quebec, Kanada, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
09-26): Ultra-high intensity laser research in Germany<br />
M. Schnürer, S. Ter-Avetisyan, S. Busch, W. Sandner<br />
and P. V. Nickles; OSA Topical Meeting "Applications of<br />
High Field and Short Wavelength Sources X" (Biarritz,<br />
France, <strong>2003</strong>-10-13): MeV – proton emission from<br />
ultrafast laser driven micro-particles<br />
C. P. Schulz together with H. Lippert, V. Stert, L. Hesse,<br />
I. V. Hertel, and W. Radloff; XX International Symposium<br />
on Molecular Beams (Lisbon, Portugal, <strong>2003</strong>-06-08):<br />
Time resolved photoelectron spectra of indoleammonia<br />
complexes published in Book of Abstracts<br />
pp.64-5<br />
G. Steinmeyer; BIPM Workshop on Comb Technology<br />
(Sèvres, France, <strong>2003</strong>-03): Pulse generation and<br />
dispersion compensation<br />
G. Steinmeyer; <strong>2003</strong> LEOS Summer Topical Meeting<br />
on Photonic Time/Frequency Measurement and Control<br />
(Vancouver, BC, Canada, <strong>2003</strong>-07): Physics and<br />
stabilization of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle<br />
lasers<br />
H. Stiel; PRORA <strong>2003</strong> (<strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>): Quellen für<br />
zeitaufgelöste Röntgentechniken in der Grundlagenforschung<br />
H. Stiel, (TU <strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>): Laserbasierte Röntgenquellen<br />
für zeitaufgelöste Absorptionsuntersuchungen<br />
F. Stienkemeier together with G. Droppelmann, and C.<br />
P. Schulz; XX International Symposium on Molecular<br />
Beams (Lisbon, Portugal, <strong>2003</strong>-06-08): Stability<br />
properties of mixed alkali clusters on helium nanodroplets<br />
R. Stoian together with A. Rosenfeld, M. Boyle, and I. V.<br />
Hertel; Symposium F1 "Science and Technology of<br />
Dielectrics in Emerging Fields", 203rd Meeting of The<br />
Electrochemical Society (Paris, France, <strong>2003</strong>-04-27):<br />
Temporal pulse shaping and optimization in ultrafast<br />
laser ablation of materials<br />
R. Stoian; 53rd Meeting of the Austrian Physical Society<br />
(Salzburg, Austria, <strong>2003</strong>-01-10): Optimized laser<br />
material processing using temporally tailored ultrafast<br />
laser pulses<br />
R. Stoian; MRS <strong>2003</strong> Spring Meeting of the Material<br />
Research Society (San Francisco, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-04-21):<br />
Temporal pulse shaping and optimization in ultrafast<br />
laser ablation of materials<br />
S. Ter-Avetisyan, P. V. Nickles, M. Schnürer, H. Stiel, S.<br />
Busch, W. Sandner, D. Hilscher and U. Jahnke; International<br />
Workshop on the Physics of High Energy<br />
Density in Matter (Hirschegg, Austria, <strong>2003</strong>): Ion acceleration<br />
dynamics of short pulse laser heated water droplets<br />
I. Will, H. Redlin, R. Schumann and M. Kalachnikov;<br />
Sub-Picosecond X-ray Experiments Development<br />
Workshop (Lisbon, Portugal, <strong>2003</strong>-09): Development<br />
of an optical, wavelength-tuneable laser for pumpprobe<br />
experiments at the TASLA FEL
B. Winter; EUROFET - TMR Meeting (Thurnau, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
03-12): Time-resolved laser/synchrotron photoemission:<br />
Perspectives.<br />
M. Woerner together with K. Reimann, C. W. Luo, T.<br />
Elsaesser, R. Hey, and K. H. Ploog; 11th International<br />
Conference on Terahertz Electronics (Sendai, Japan,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-09): Ultrashort THz transients with MV/cm field<br />
amplitudes: Rabi oscillations of intersubband transitions<br />
in a quasi-2D electron gas<br />
Invited external talks at seminars and colloquia<br />
D. Bauer, together with A. Macchi; Applications of High<br />
Field and Short Wavelength Sources X (Biarritz, France,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-10-12): Dynamical ionization ignition of clusters<br />
D. Bauer, together with A. Macchi; Conference on Super<br />
Intense Laser Atom Physics SILAP03 (Southfork<br />
Ranch, Dallas, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-11): Ionization dynamics of<br />
clusters at long and short wavelengths<br />
W. Becker; Laser Seminar (ETH Zürich, <strong>2003</strong>): Quantum<br />
orbits in intense-laser atom physics<br />
W. Becker; Theoriekolloquium (TU Darmstadt, <strong>2003</strong>):<br />
Atome in starken elektrischen Feldern<br />
D. Bröcker; Seminar über Methoden der Oberflächenphysik<br />
(Halle, <strong>2003</strong>-01-16): Time- and angle-resolved<br />
electron detectors for experiments with combined laser<br />
and synchrotron radiation<br />
D. Bröcker; Universität Zürich, FK-Seminar (Zürich,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-10-29): Charge carrier dynamics at the SiO 2 /<br />
Si(100) surface probed with combined laser and<br />
synchrotron radiation<br />
J. Dreyer; Seminar, <strong>Institut</strong> für Physikalische und Theoretische<br />
Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität,<br />
Group: Prof. G. Stock (Frankfurt / Main, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
05): Ab initio simulation of two-dimensional IR spectra<br />
E. Eichmann; Vortrag (University of Charlottesville,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>): Excitation routes and ionization dynamics of<br />
atoms in laserfields<br />
T. Elsaesser; Kolloquium Weierstraß-<strong>Institut</strong> für Angewandte<br />
Analysis und Stochastik (<strong>Berlin</strong>, Germany,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-03): Nichtlineare Dynamik optischer Anregungen<br />
und Impulspropagation auf ultrakurzen Zeitskalen<br />
T. Elsaesser; Forum "Forschung und Entwicklung - ein<br />
Beitrag zum nachhaltigen Wirtschaften" (Umwelt-<br />
Technologie-Zentrum (UTZ), <strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-05): Optoelektronik:<br />
Neue Trends in Forschung und Anwendung<br />
E. Eremina; Seminar Atomphysik: Dynamik & Struktur<br />
(MPI-K, Heidelberg, <strong>2003</strong>): Sub-Threshold Double<br />
Ionisation in Strong Laser Fields<br />
M. Fiebig; Kolloquium bei Prof. Dr. B. Hillebrands,<br />
Universität (Kaiserslautern, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-01):<br />
Sublattice interaction and spin dynamics in antiferromagnets<br />
M. Fiebig; Kolloquium bei Prof. Dr. W. Hanke, Universität<br />
(Würzburg, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-01): Nichtlineare Optik als<br />
neue Methode zur Bestimmung magnetischer<br />
Strukturen und Wechselwirkungen<br />
M. Fiebig; Kolloquium bei Prof. Dr. J. Schoenes,<br />
Universität (Braunschweig, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-07):<br />
Nichtlineare Optik als neue Methode zur Bestimmung<br />
magnetischer Strukturen und Wechselwirkungen<br />
M. Fiebig; Kolloquium bei Prof. Dr. J. Wosnitza, Universität<br />
(Dresden, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-07): Nonlinear optics<br />
as method for the determination of magnetic structures<br />
and interactions<br />
M. Fiebig; Kolloquium bei Prof. Dr. W. Kleemann, Universität<br />
(Duisburg, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-06): Magnetoelectric<br />
interaction in crystals observed by nonlinear optics<br />
M. Fiebig; Kolloquium bei Prof. Dr. J. Ihringer, Universität<br />
(Tübingen, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-05): Nonlinear optics as<br />
method for the determination of magnetic structures<br />
and interactions<br />
M. Fiebig; Kolloquium bei Priv.-Doz. Dr. R. Valenti,<br />
Universität (Saarbrücken, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-02):<br />
Magnetic structure two-sublattice compounds RMnO 3<br />
and CuB 2 O 4 investigated by nonlinear magneto-optics<br />
U. Griebner; JENOPTIK GmbH (Jena, <strong>2003</strong>-05): Diodepumped<br />
femtosecond laser operation of Yb 3+ -doped<br />
tungstate and sesquioxide crystals<br />
U. Griebner; COPL, Université Laval (Québec, Canada,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-12): Unique laser properties and femtosecond<br />
laser operation of Yb 3+ -doped tungstate and sesquioxide<br />
crystals<br />
R. Grunwald; Seminar, Department of Electrical and<br />
Computer Engineering, University of California (San<br />
Diego, La Jolla, CA, <strong>2003</strong>-08): Ultrashort-pulse<br />
microoptics<br />
R. Grunwald; <strong>Institut</strong>skolloquium Prof. Michel Piché,<br />
Centre d'optique, photonique et laser (COPL) (Université<br />
Laval, Quebec, Canada, <strong>2003</strong>-10): Recent developments<br />
in thin-film microoptics<br />
R. Grunwald; Vortrag, Department of Electrical and<br />
Computer Engineering, Photonics Group (University<br />
of Toronto, Canada, <strong>2003</strong>-10): Microoptical array<br />
components for UV-laser beam shaping and<br />
characterization<br />
C. Heiner, together with B. Winter, W. Widdra, I. V. Hertel,<br />
J. Dreyer, and N. Koch; Seminar (Universität Halle, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
10-16): Photoemission using combined synchrotron and<br />
laser pulses: sexithiophene on Au(110)<br />
71
72<br />
I. V. Hertel; Kolloquium (Universität Dortmund, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
01-30): Ultrakurze Lichtimpulse: Femtosekunden<br />
Dynamik von Molekülen und Clustern und potentielle<br />
technische Anwendung<br />
I. V. Hertel; Kolloquium (MPI für Physik komplexer<br />
Systeme, Dresden, <strong>2003</strong>-02-03): Ultrafast dynamics<br />
and H-transfer in clusters and biologically relevant<br />
molecules<br />
I. V. Hertel; Festkolloquium anl. 80. Geburtstag von Prof.<br />
Süptitz (Technische Universität Dresden, <strong>2003</strong>-06-03):<br />
Femtochemie und Femtophysik<br />
I. V. Hertel; Kolloquium (Steacie <strong>Institut</strong>e for Molecular<br />
Sciences, Ottawa, Canada, <strong>2003</strong>-09-24): Femtoseconds<br />
at the <strong>MBI</strong> and ultrafast dynamics in molecular<br />
cluster<br />
K. Heyne; Graduiertenkolleg H-Brücken, Freie Universität<br />
(<strong>Berlin</strong>, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-02): Introduction to<br />
infrared spectroscopy and its application to hydrogen<br />
bonded systems<br />
K. Heyne; SFB 450 Workshop, Freie Universität (<strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-03): Coherent vibrational dynamics of<br />
intermolecular hydrogen bonds: acetic acid dimers in<br />
solution<br />
K. Heyne; Seminar, Prof. Manz, Freie Universität (<strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-05): Coherent vibrational dynamics of<br />
coupled hydrogen bonds in carboxylic acid dimers in<br />
the liquid phase<br />
K. Heyne; SFB 450 Workshop, Freie Universität (<strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-06): Ultrafast processes in proteins and<br />
model systems<br />
M. P. Kalachnikov; SHARP-project meeting (Marseille,<br />
France, <strong>2003</strong>-06): <strong>MBI</strong> activities for the SHARP-project<br />
D. Leupold; PSI Workshop, SFB 498, Fachbereich Physik<br />
(FU <strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-05): Pigment-pigment interaction and<br />
energy transfer in light harvesting complexes<br />
C. Lienau; Center for Nanoscience, Oberseminar<br />
(München, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-12): Ultrafast nano-optics:<br />
Novel directions towards quantum information<br />
processing with semiconductor nanostructures<br />
C. Lienau; COBRA-Colloquium, Technische Universität<br />
(Eindhoven, the Netherlands, <strong>2003</strong>-10): Ultrafast nanooptics:<br />
Towards quantum information processing with<br />
semiconductor nanostructures<br />
C. Lienau; Seminar, <strong>Institut</strong> für Angewandte Physik,<br />
Technische Universität (Darmstadt, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-07):<br />
Ultraschnelle Nano-Optik: Neue Wege zur Quanteninformationsverarbeitung<br />
mit Halbleiter Nanostrukturen<br />
C. Lienau; Habilitationsvortrag, <strong>Institut</strong> für Physik der<br />
Humboldt-Universität (<strong>Berlin</strong>, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-06):<br />
Quanten-Informationsverarbeitung<br />
C. Lienau; Physikalisches Kolloquium, Universität<br />
(Regensburg, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-05): Ultraschnelle Raster-<br />
Nahfeldspektroskopie an einzelnen Quantenpunkten<br />
C. Lienau; Kolloquium, Humboldt Graduate School on<br />
Structure, Function and Application of New Materials<br />
(<strong>Berlin</strong>, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-02): Ultrafast nanooptics<br />
C. Lienau; Seminar, IV. Physikalisches <strong>Institut</strong>, Universität<br />
(Göttingen, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-01): Ultraschnelle Nanooptik:<br />
Neue Wege zur Quanteninformationsverarbeitung in<br />
Halbleiter-Nanostrukturen<br />
H. Lippert; Seminar (LMU München, <strong>2003</strong>-12-11): Die<br />
Bedeutung des ps* Zustandes in Indol-Ammoniak und<br />
Indol-Wasser Clustern<br />
E. T. J. Nibbering; Seminar (J. Troe / K.A. Zachariasse),<br />
<strong>Max</strong>-Planck-<strong>Institut</strong> für biophysikalische Chemie (Karl-<br />
Friedrich-Bonhoeffer-<strong>Institut</strong>) (Göttingen, Germany,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-01): Excited state intra- and intermolecular proton<br />
transfer: Site-specific observation with ultrafast midinfrared<br />
spectroscopy<br />
E. T. J. Nibbering; Sfb 450 'Analyse und Steuerung<br />
ultraschneller photoinduzierter Reaktionen': Seminarreihe<br />
Wintersemester 2002/<strong>2003</strong>, Freie Universität<br />
(<strong>Berlin</strong>, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-02): Essentials of photon echo<br />
experiments<br />
P. V. Nickles; <strong>Institut</strong>skolloquium (MPI, IPP Garching,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-06): Particle generation in short pulse laser driven<br />
hot dense plasmas<br />
V. Petrov; NLO-Seminar (Wolfersdorf, <strong>2003</strong>-10-25): 10<br />
Jahre Femtosekunden OPA<br />
W. Radloff; Seminar (Centre d' Etudes de Saclay, France,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-11-27): Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron<br />
spectroscopy of photoexcited ethylene molecules and<br />
indole-ammonia(water) clusters<br />
M. B. Raschke; Seminar bei Prof. Y.R. Shen, Department<br />
of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, (CA,<br />
USA, <strong>2003</strong>-03): Apertureless near-field optical<br />
spectroscopy<br />
M. B. Raschke; Seminar bei Prof. Niehus, <strong>Institut</strong> für<br />
Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu <strong>Berlin</strong> (Germany,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-05): Tip-sample coupling in elastic light scattering<br />
M. Rini together with J. Dreyer, A. Kummrow, B. Magnes,<br />
E. Pines, and E. T. J. Nibbering; Seminar, Addis Ababa<br />
University, Department of Physics, Group: Prof. Araya<br />
(Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, <strong>2003</strong>-12): Ultrafast mid-IR<br />
spectroscopy of inter- and intra-molecular proton<br />
transfer<br />
M. Rini together with J. Dreyer, A. Kummrow, B. Magnes,<br />
E. Pines, and E. T. J. Nibbering; Seminar, <strong>Institut</strong> für<br />
Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Group:<br />
Prof. Schwentner (<strong>Berlin</strong>, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-10): Ultrafast<br />
spectroscopy of photoinduced proton transfer reactions
M. Rini together with J. Dreyer, A. Kummrow, B. Magnes,<br />
E. Pines, and E. T. J. Nibbering; Seminar, Lawrence<br />
Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Energy,<br />
Group: Dr. Schoenlein (Berkeley, CA, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-04):<br />
Ultrafast mid-IR spectroscopy of inter- and intramolecular<br />
proton transfer<br />
M. Rini together with J. Dreyer, A. Kummrow, B. Magnes,<br />
E. Pines, and E. T. J. Nibbering; Seminar, MIT, Department<br />
of Chemistry, Group: Prof. A. Tokmakoff (Cambridge,<br />
MA, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-04): Ultrafast mid-IR spectroscopy of<br />
inter- and intra-molecular proton transfer<br />
M. Rini together with J. Dreyer, A. Kummrow, B. Magnes,<br />
E. Pines, and E. T. J. Nibbering; Seminar, Columbia<br />
University, Department of Physics, Group: Prof. T. F. Heinz<br />
(New York, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-04): Ultrafast mid-IR spectroscopy<br />
of inter- and intra-molecular proton transfer<br />
A. Rosenfeld; Workshop Laserverbund <strong>Berlin</strong>-Brandenburg<br />
(<strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-09-12): Abtragen mit Photonen<br />
M. Schnürer; Tag der Naturwissenschaften an der<br />
Robert-Havemann Oberschule (<strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>): Sternenfeuer<br />
im Labor<br />
T. Schultz; Seminar (MPI für Biophysikalische Chemie,<br />
Göttingen, <strong>2003</strong>-11): Investigating excited state<br />
dynamics by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy<br />
R. Stoian; Seminar (Air Force Laboratory and University<br />
of Sayton, Dayton, USA, <strong>2003</strong>-12-01): Temporal pulse<br />
manipulation and adaptive optimization in ultrafast<br />
laser processing of materials<br />
R. Stoian; Seminar (<strong>Institut</strong>e of Applied Physics,<br />
Johannes-Keppler-University, Linz, Austria, <strong>2003</strong>-09-<br />
29): Optimized laser material processing using<br />
temporally tailored ultrafast laser pulses<br />
R. Stoian; Seminar (TSI (Traitement du Signal et<br />
Instrumentation) Laboratory, Jean Monnet University,<br />
St. Etienne, France, <strong>2003</strong>-05-16): Controle temporal<br />
d'impulsions ultra brèves pour les procédés laser<br />
R. Stoian; Seminar (<strong>Institut</strong>e of Applied Physics, Bern,<br />
Switzerland, <strong>2003</strong>-01-23): Temporal pulse tailoring and<br />
optimization in ultrafst laser abaltion of materials<br />
S. Ter-Avetisyan, P. V. Nickles, M. Schnürer, H. Stiel, S.<br />
Busch, W. Sandner, D. Hilscher and U. Jahnke; Seminar<br />
zur Physik dichter Plasmen mit Schwerionen- und<br />
Laserstrahlen (GSI Darmstadt, <strong>2003</strong>): Ion dynamics of<br />
35 fs laser pulse heated water droplets<br />
S. Ter-Avetisyan, P. V. Nickles, M. Schnürer, H. Stiel, S.<br />
Busch, W. Sandner, D. Hilscher and U. Jahnke, Seminar<br />
(<strong>Institut</strong>e for Physical Research, Ashtarak, Armenien,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>): Ion acceleration with ultrafast lasers<br />
S. Ter-Avetisyan, M. Schnürer, S. Busch, W. Sandner<br />
and P. V. Nickles; Workshop (Schloss Ringberg, <strong>2003</strong>):<br />
Modulations of ion spectra from plasma driven by<br />
intense fs-laser pulses<br />
J. W. Tomm; Seminar am Walter-Schottky-<strong>Institut</strong><br />
(Technische Universität, München, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-05):<br />
Spektroskopische Analytik an Diodenlaserfacetten<br />
J. W. Tomm; Seminar am <strong>Max</strong>-Planck-<strong>Institut</strong>e of<br />
Microstructure Physics (Halle, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-11):<br />
Recombination kinetics in semiconductor nanostructures<br />
P. Tzankov, together with A. Ogrodnik; Seminar (Freie<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-07-08): Mechanisms of charge<br />
separation and protein relaxation in photosynthetic<br />
reaction centers<br />
F. Weik together with J. W. Tomm; Seminar bei DILAS<br />
Diodenlaser GmbH (Mainz, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-05):<br />
Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an cm-Barren im<br />
Pulsbetrieb<br />
M. Woerner; Seminar, Universität (Innsbruck, Austria,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-01): Ultrafast coherent electron transport in GaAs/<br />
AlGaAs quantum cascade laser structures<br />
M. Woerner; Seminar, Universität (Jena, Germany,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-10): Femtosekunden Röntgenbeugung<br />
M. Woerner; Seminar, Universität (Hamburg, Germany,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-11): Femtosekunden Röntgenbeugung<br />
M. Woerner; Seminar, <strong>Max</strong>-Planck-<strong>Institut</strong> für Biochemie,<br />
Abt. Molekulare Strukturbiologie, Martinsried (München,<br />
Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-12): Ultrashort THz transients with MV/<br />
cm field amplitudes: Rabi oscillations of intersubband<br />
transitions in a quasi-2D electron gas<br />
M. Zhavoronkov; Seminar (National <strong>Institut</strong> for Solid-<br />
State Physic, Minsk, Belarus, <strong>2003</strong>-10-24): Timeresolved<br />
diffraction<br />
Academic teaching<br />
U. Eichmann; Vorlesung, 4 Semester-Wochenstunden<br />
(Technische Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-WS): Seminar zur<br />
Atom- und Molekülphysik I<br />
T. Elsaesser; Vorlesung, 2 Semesterwochenstunden<br />
(Humboldt Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-Sommersemester):<br />
Kurzzeitspektroskopie I<br />
T. Elsaesser; Vorlesung, 2 Semesterwochenstunden<br />
(Humboldt Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-Wintersemester<br />
<strong>2003</strong>/04): Kurzzeitspektroskopie II<br />
M. Fiebig; Vorlesung, 1 Semesterwochenstunde (Universität<br />
Dortmund, <strong>2003</strong>-Sommersemester): Nichtlineare<br />
Magnetooptik in Theorie und Experiment<br />
U. Griebner; Course on Material Science, University<br />
Roira i. Virgili (URV) (Tarragona, Spain, <strong>2003</strong>-07): Laser<br />
Physics (6 lectures)<br />
73
74<br />
U. Griebner; Photonics Master Course, Technische<br />
Fachhochschule (Wildau, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-11): Erzeugung<br />
kurzer optischer Impulse<br />
U. Griebner; Course on laser physics for undergrades<br />
students, COPL, Université Laval (Québec, Canada,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-12): Generation of short laser pulses<br />
R. Grunwald; Photonics Master Course, Technische<br />
Fachhochschule (Wildau, Germany, <strong>2003</strong>-11): Design,<br />
Charakterisierung und Anwendung von Dünnschicht-<br />
Mikrooptiken<br />
I. V. Hertel together with W. Radloff, F. Noack, and R. Stoian;<br />
Lehrseminar B, 2 Semesterwochenstunden (FU <strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-WS 03/04): Kurzpulslaser und Anwendungen<br />
W. Sandner; Vorlesung, 3 (Technische Universität<br />
<strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-WS <strong>2003</strong>/04): Angewandte Optik und<br />
Photonik: Höhere Experimentalphysik III<br />
W. Sandner; Vorlesung, 2 +Übungen (Technische<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, -SS <strong>2003</strong>): Angewandte Optik und<br />
Photonik: Höhere Experimentalphysik III<br />
J. W. Tomm; 5 two-hour lectures at the DAAD-International<br />
Summer School Vernadskiy Tavricheskiy National<br />
University of Simferopol, 2 Semesterwochenstunden<br />
(Alushta, Ukraine, <strong>2003</strong>-August 25th - September 19th):<br />
Physics of optoelectronic structures and devices<br />
General talks (popular science, science politics etc.)<br />
I. V. Hertel; <strong>Berlin</strong>er Wirtschaftsgespräche e.V. und TSB<br />
Technologiestiftung <strong>Berlin</strong>, 1. Veranstaltung der Reihe<br />
"Zukunft Neue Technologien" (BBAW, <strong>2003</strong>-02-10):<br />
Optische Technologien / OptecBB-Plattform für die<br />
Entwicklung von Zukunftstechnologien<br />
I. V. Hertel; Besuch Bundesministerium für Forschung<br />
und Technologie, Wissenschaftsattacheés der dt.<br />
Auslandsvertretungen und Vertretern des BMBF und<br />
Fachreferenten der Bundestagsfraktion (WISTA, <strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-04-10): Vorstellung <strong>Berlin</strong> Adlershof – Entwicklung,<br />
Perspektiven, Status<br />
I.V. Hertel; Besuch von Wissenschaftlicher Delegation<br />
aus Lettland (<strong>Berlin</strong>-Adlershof, BESSY, <strong>2003</strong>-03-17):<br />
Präsentation der Forschung in Adlershof<br />
I. V. Hertel; Studiogespräch zum Wissenschaftsmagazin<br />
"Projekt Zukunft" (Deutsche Welle, Voltastraße 6, 13355<br />
<strong>Berlin</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-06-27): Fortschritte, Perspektiven der<br />
Laserforschung speziell auf medizinischem Gebiet<br />
W. Sandner; <strong>Berlin</strong>er Wirtschaftsgespräche e.V. und TSB<br />
Technologiestiftung <strong>Berlin</strong>, 1. Veranstaltung der Reihe<br />
"Zukunft Neue Technologien" (BBAW, <strong>2003</strong>-02-10):<br />
BMBF Programm "Optische Technologien für das 21.<br />
Jahrhundert<br />
W. Sandner; Inauguration meeting of the EU integrated<br />
Infrastructure Initiative LASERLAB-EUROPE (Prag,<br />
Czech Republic, <strong>2003</strong>-11-21): Getting LASERLAB-<br />
EUROPE started<br />
W. Sandner; 4th meeting of the OECD Global Science<br />
Forum Committee on Ulta-High Intensity Lasers<br />
(Quebec, Kanada, <strong>2003</strong>-09-26): Ultrahigh-Intensity<br />
lasers in Europe
Appendix 3<br />
Ongoing Diploma- and PhD theses, Habilitations<br />
Diploma theses<br />
L. Ehrentraut; Polieren von Oberflächen dielektrischer<br />
Materialien mit fs-Lasern (Supervisor: A. Rosenfeld),<br />
Technische Fachhochschule Wildau, Diplomarbeit<br />
PhD theses<br />
O. Berndt; Laserspektroskopie hochangeregter molekularer<br />
Elektronenzustände (Supervisor: W. Sandner),<br />
Technische Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
F. Bortolotto; Hybridly pumped soft X-ray lasers (Supervisor:<br />
W. Sandner), Technische Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
Dissertation<br />
M. Boyle; Femtosecond pulseshaping and its application<br />
to fullerenes (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel), Freie<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
D. Bröcker; Photoelektronenspektroskopische Untersuchungen<br />
an organischen Adsorbaten auf Halbleiteroberflächen<br />
(Supervisor: W. Widdra), Martin-Luther-<br />
Universität Halle-Wittenberg <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
S. Busch; Wechselwirkung intensiver Laserstrahlung mit<br />
Materie (Supervisor: W. Sandner), TU <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
E. Eremina; Korrelation in atomarer und molekularer<br />
Vielfachionisation (Supervisor: W. Sandner), Technische<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
S. Gerlach; Speicherung von metastabilen Heliumatomen<br />
in elektrischen Feldern zur Untersuchung von<br />
kalten Stößen (Supervisor: U. Eichmann, and W.<br />
Sandner), Technische Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
R. Glatthaar; Züchtung und Charakterisierung von<br />
Bleisalzschichten für optoelektronische Bauelemente<br />
(Supervisor: T. Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
Dissertation<br />
E. Gubbini; Ionisationsdynamik bei relativistischen<br />
Laserintensitäten (Supervisor: W. Sandner), Technische<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
C. Heiner; Order and symmetries of sexithiophene<br />
within thin films studied by angle-resolved photoemission<br />
(Supervisor: W. Widdra, and B. Winter), Freie<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
N. Huse; Femtosekunden-Schwingungsspektroskopie<br />
von Wasserstoffbrücken in kondensierter Phase (Supervisor:<br />
T. Elsaesser), International Humboldt Graduate<br />
School, Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
R. Jung; Experimente mit ultralangsamen metastabilen<br />
Heliumatomen (Supervisor: G. v. Oppen, and U.<br />
Eichmann), Technische Universität, Dissertation<br />
P. Klopp; Neue Yb-dotierte Lasermaterialien und ihre<br />
Anwendungen in modensynchronisierten Lasern<br />
(Supervisor: T. Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
Dissertation<br />
T. Kwapien; Ionisationsdynamik höher geladener Ionen<br />
(Supervisor: U. Eichmann, and W. Sandner), Technische<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
H. Lippert; Ultrakurzzeitspektroskopie von Chromophoren<br />
in einer Solvathülle (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel, and<br />
W. Radloff), Freie Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
O. F. Mohammed; Femtosecond ir spectroscopy of<br />
photochromic molecules in solution (Supervisor: N.<br />
Ernsting), Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
L. Molina-Luna; Räumliche höchstauflösende optische<br />
Spektroskopie an Nanosystemen (Supervisor: T.<br />
Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
M. Mönster; Erregung ultrakurzer Lichtimpulse in<br />
photonischen Strukturen (Supervisor: T. Elsaesser),<br />
Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
K. Müller; Femtosekundennahfeldspektroskopie an<br />
Halbleitern und Nanostrukturen (Supervisor: T.<br />
Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
C.-C. Neacsu; Apertulose Nahfeldsondenmikroskopie<br />
an Festkörpern (Supervisor: T. Elsaesser), Humboldt-<br />
Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
H. Prima Garcia; Adsorption und Dynamik ungesättigter<br />
Kohlenwasserstoffe auf Vanadiumoxidoberflächen<br />
(Supervisor: W. Widdra, and I. V. Hertel), Freie Universität<br />
<strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
I. Sänger; Magnetische Wechselwirkungen mehrfach<br />
geordneter Systeme (Supervisor: M. Fiebig), Universität<br />
Dortmund, Dissertation<br />
T. Satoh; Resonance enhanced sum frequency generation<br />
in centrosymmeric magnetic oxides (Supervisor:<br />
M. F. K. Miyano), Universität Tokyo, Dissertation<br />
I. Shchatsinin; Free clusters in strong shaped laser fields:<br />
multielectron dynamics and forced nuclear motion (Supervisor:<br />
I. V. Hertel), Freie Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
P. M. Schmidt; The triiodide equilibrium in water investigated<br />
by photoemission (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel,<br />
and B. Winter), Freie Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
75
76<br />
R. Schumann; Laserkühlung metastabiler He-Atome<br />
(Supervisor: G. v. Oppen), Technische Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
Dissertation<br />
A. Stalmashonak; Linear and nonlinear processes in<br />
molecular systems induced by shaped, ultrashort laser<br />
pulses in hollow wave guides (Supervisor: I. V. Hertel),<br />
Freie Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>, Dissertation<br />
G. Stibenz; Entwicklung und Anwendung eines Hohlfaserkompressors<br />
zur Erzeugung kurzer Lichtpulse<br />
(Supervisor: T. Elsaesser), Humboldt-Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
Dissertation
Appendix 4<br />
Guest Lectures at the <strong>MBI</strong><br />
B. Abel, <strong>Institut</strong> für Physikalische Chemie der Universität<br />
Göttingen; Seminar Kurzzeitspektroskopie an Molekülen,<br />
Clustern und Oberflächen (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-10-<br />
15): Laserinduzierte Flüssigstrahldesorption von großen<br />
Biomolekülen und ihren Komplexen: Mechanismen<br />
und Anwendungen<br />
L. Abtin, Royal <strong>Institut</strong>e of Technology, Kista, Stockholm;<br />
Seminar Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter<br />
Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-02-07): Scanning<br />
spreading resistance measurement of Al-implanted<br />
4H-SiC<br />
M. Achermann, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA;<br />
Seminar Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter<br />
Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-09-01): Multiexcitons<br />
and optical gain in semiconductor nanocrystals<br />
N. E. Andreev, Russian Academy of Science; Seminar<br />
Höchstfeldlaserphysik (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-05-30):<br />
Extreme states of matter and particle acceleration with<br />
short intense laser pulses<br />
C. Ascheron, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg; Seminar<br />
Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<br />
<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-06-23): Elektronisches Publizieren<br />
A. Assion, Universität Kassel; Sonderkolloquium des<br />
SFB 450 (FU) und des <strong>MBI</strong> (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
11-11): Wechselwirkung ultrakurzer Laserpulse mit<br />
Materie: Vom Atom bis zur Sonnenblume<br />
M. Bauer, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Kaiserslautern;<br />
Sonderkolloquium des SFB 450 (FU) und des<br />
<strong>MBI</strong> (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-11-18): New approaches<br />
to the investigation and manipulation of ultrafast<br />
processes at surfaces<br />
G. Birkl, Universität Hannover; Kolloquium (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-07-09): ATOMICS - Mikrostrukturphysik<br />
mit atomaren Quantensystemen<br />
M. Bonn, Universität Leiden, Niederlande; Seminar<br />
Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<br />
<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-08-06): THz probing of excitations<br />
and polarons in semiconducting polymers<br />
M. Bonn, <strong>Institut</strong>e of Chemistry, University of Leiden,<br />
Netherlands; Sonderkolloquium des SFB 450 (FU) und<br />
des <strong>MBI</strong> (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-11-11): Novel phase<br />
transition in a biomimetic lipid monolayer and electron<br />
dynamics in nanoparticle systems<br />
N. Bulgakova, Universität Novosibirsk; Seminar Kurzzeitspektroskopie<br />
an Molekülen, Clustern und Oberflächen<br />
(<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-07-02): Modeling of<br />
electron dynamics under ultrashort laser irradiation of<br />
materials<br />
J. H. Eberly, University of Rochester; Kolloquium (<strong>Max</strong>-<br />
<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-09-02): Possible approaches to high<br />
quantum entanglement, and the EPR limit<br />
W. Elsäßer, TU Darmstadt; Kolloquium (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-12-10): Dem Schrotrauschen ein Schnippchen<br />
schlagen - Quantenoptik an und mit Halbleiter-Emittern<br />
B. Fainberg, Holon Academic <strong>Institut</strong>e of Technology,<br />
Department of Exact Sciences (Physics), Holon, Israel;<br />
Seminar Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter Materie<br />
(<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-03-14): Coherent population<br />
transfer in dissipative systems: molecules in solution<br />
and semiconductors<br />
A. Föhlisch, <strong>Institut</strong> für Experimentalphysik, Universität<br />
Hamburg; Sonderkolloquium des SFB 450 (FU) und des<br />
<strong>MBI</strong> (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-11-18): Probing ultrafast<br />
dynamic processes on surfaces: Resonant spectroscopy<br />
with soft X-rays and stroboscopic experiments with<br />
accelerator based short pulse facilities<br />
T. Frauenheim, Universität Paderborn; Seminar Kurzzeitspektroskopie<br />
an Oberflächen und dünnen Filmen<br />
(<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-01-15): A densitiy-functionbased<br />
minimal basis approach to complex materials<br />
properties, functions and biomolecular processes<br />
S. Haacke, <strong>Institut</strong> de Physique, Universität Lausanne;<br />
Sonderkolloquium des SFB 450 (FU) und des <strong>MBI</strong><br />
(<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-11-11): Ultrafast chromophore -<br />
protein interactions and the physics of biological<br />
photosensors<br />
D. C. Hanna, University of Southampton, UK; Seminar<br />
Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<br />
<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-09-25): Synchronously pumped<br />
parametric oscillators in the near- and mid-infrared<br />
A. Hartschuh, Universität GH Siegen; Seminar Nichtlineare<br />
Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-07-24): Near-field Raman spectroscopy<br />
of single-walled carbon nanotubes<br />
T. Hertel, Fritz-Haber-<strong>Institut</strong> der MPG; Kolloquium<br />
(<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-11-05): Ultrafast spectroscopy<br />
of carbon Nanotubes<br />
P. Hobza, <strong>Institut</strong>e of Physical Chemistry, Prague;<br />
Kolloquium (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-11-26): Structure,<br />
dynamics and energetics of DNA bases and DNA base<br />
pairs: Calculations and experiment<br />
R. A. Kaindl, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab. and Univ.<br />
of California, Berkeley, USA; Seminar Nichtlineare Prozesse<br />
in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
04-02): Quasiparticle correlations and dynamics probed<br />
with ultrashort THz pulses<br />
77
78<br />
K. Karrai, LMU München; Kolloquium (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-04-30): Optics of quantum dots: Beyond<br />
the artificial atom model<br />
V. Kebbel, BIAS, Universität Bremen; Seminar Nichtlineare<br />
Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-06-12): Spatially resolved autocorrelation<br />
of ultrashort pulses<br />
F. Kronast, BESSY GmbH; Seminar Kurzzeitspektroskopie<br />
an Oberflächen und dünnen Filmen<br />
(<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-04-10): Optically induced<br />
magnetization dynamics in the ferromagnetic semiconductor<br />
(GaMn)As: Combined laser and synchrotron<br />
radiation<br />
A. Lagendijk, Universität Twente; <strong>Institut</strong>skolloquium<br />
(<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-05-14): Trapping light in<br />
photonic structures<br />
S. Lochbrunner, Ludwig-<strong>Max</strong>imilians-Universität<br />
München, LS BioMolekulare Optik, Sektion Physik;<br />
Seminar Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter<br />
Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-09-18): Controllling<br />
the spectral phase of tunable light pulses for the<br />
spectroscopy of ultrafast reactions<br />
R. J. D. Miller, Dept.of Physics, University of Toronto,<br />
Canada; Seminar Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter<br />
Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-02-24):<br />
Ultrafast wavepacket propagation and diffraction:<br />
Towards making the "Molecular Movie"<br />
K. Morgenstern, Freie Universität <strong>Berlin</strong>; Seminar<br />
Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter Materie<br />
(<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-04-10): STM investigation of<br />
electronic and structural properties of molecule metal<br />
systems<br />
M. Motzkus, <strong>Max</strong>-Planck-<strong>Institut</strong> für Quantenoptik,<br />
Garching; Seminar Nichtlineare Prozesse in<br />
kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-02-21):<br />
Kohärente Steuerung molekularer Dynamik mittels<br />
modulierten Femtosekundenimpulsen<br />
G. Mussler, Paul-Drude-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>Berlin</strong>; Seminar<br />
Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<br />
<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-06-19): Ga(As,N): grown and<br />
properties<br />
A. Nazarkin, FSU Physik - IOQ, Universität Jena;<br />
Seminar Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter<br />
Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-05-08): Time-resolved<br />
selective control of multilevel systems using optical<br />
interference<br />
H. Nishimura, <strong>Institut</strong>e of Laser Engineering (ILE),<br />
Osaka, Japan; Seminar Höchstfeldlaserphysik (<strong>Max</strong>-<br />
<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-10-02): Recent laser-matter interaction<br />
research at ILE<br />
K. Osvay, University of Szeged, Hungary; Seminar<br />
Höchstfeldlaserphysik (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-09-19):<br />
Temporal contrast of ultrashort laser pulses<br />
M. Quack, ETH Zürich, Schweiz; Kolloquium (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-06-25): Intramolekulare Kinetik aus hochauflösender<br />
Spektroskopie: Primärprozesse zwischen<br />
Attosekunden und Sekunden<br />
H. R. Reiss, Physics Dept. American University,<br />
Washington, D.C. and Dept. de Fisica aplicada, Univ.<br />
Salamanca; Seminar Höchstfeldlaserphysik (<strong>Max</strong>-<br />
<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-10-28): Three-dimensional Dirac<br />
relativistic above-threshold ionization rates, spectra,<br />
and angular distribution by analytical means<br />
M. Romanovsky, General Physics <strong>Institut</strong>e, Moscow;<br />
Seminar Höchstfeldlaserphysik (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-12-03): Corrections of electron impact ionization<br />
rates by plasmas electric microfield<br />
B. Schmidt, RheinAhrCampus Remagen; Seminar<br />
Höchstfeldlaserphysik (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-09-01):<br />
Konzept zur Kohärenzmessung im EUV-Bereich<br />
H. Schmidt-Böcking, Universität Frankfurt/M.; Kolloquium<br />
(<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-10-22): Geheimnisse<br />
tunnelnder Elektronen - Visualisierung der korrelierten<br />
Bewegung von Elektronen in Atomen und Molekülen<br />
T. Schultz, National Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada;<br />
Sonderseminar (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-02-12):<br />
Observing reactions with time-resolved photoelectron<br />
spectroscopy: Proton, electron transfer and isomerization<br />
B. Scremin, University of Venice, Italy; Seminar Nichtlineare<br />
Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-05-20): Charge transfer molecular<br />
aggregates: An insight into optical properties<br />
T. Seideman, Northwestern University; Kolloquium<br />
(<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-07-16): Current-driven<br />
dynamics in molecular-scale devices<br />
R. Shimano, University of Tokyo, Japan; Seminar Nichtlineare<br />
Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-03-03): Ultrafast mid- and far-infrared<br />
spectroscopy of photo-induced phenomena in solids<br />
Y. Silberberg, Weizmann <strong>Institut</strong>e, Israel; Seminar<br />
Kurzzeitspektroskopie an Molekülen, Clustern und<br />
Oberflächen (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-10-10): Coherent<br />
control with femtosecond pulses<br />
S. de Silvestri, Physics Dept., Politecnico di Milano,<br />
Italy; Kolloquium (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-04-16): Few<br />
optical cycle pulses in strong field ionization and<br />
nonlinear optics<br />
B. M. Smirnov, <strong>Institut</strong>e of High Temperatures, Moscow;<br />
Seminar Höchstfeldlaserphysik (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-08-08): Nucleation processes and generation of<br />
clusters<br />
C. Stöckl, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University<br />
of Rochester, USA; Seminar Höchstfeldlaserphysik<br />
(<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-12-18): Fast ignitor research<br />
at laboratory for laser energetics (LLE)
A. Stolow, National Research Council, Ottawa, Kanada;<br />
Sonderkolloquium (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-03-19):<br />
Molecules in non-pertubative laser fields: Dynamic and<br />
control<br />
A. Tokmakoff, Dept. of Chemistry Massachusetts <strong>Institut</strong>e<br />
of Technology, Cambridge, USA; Seminar Nichtlineare<br />
Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-05-21): Two dimensional infrared spectroscopy<br />
of small molecules and beta sheets<br />
L. Tolbert, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>e of Technology, Atlanta, GA. USA; Seminar<br />
Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<br />
<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-11-07): Proton transfer with super<br />
photoacids<br />
M. H. Vos, Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole<br />
Polytechnique-ENSTA, France; Seminar Nichtlineare<br />
Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>,<br />
<strong>2003</strong>-04-15): Ultrafast studies of functional dynamics<br />
in heme proteins<br />
D. V. Vysotskii, State Research Center of Russia, Troitsk<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>e for Innovation and Fusion Research; Seminar<br />
Nichtlineare Prozesse in kondensierter Materie (<strong>Max</strong>-<br />
<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-02-20): Phase locking of multicore<br />
fiber lasers<br />
M. Weinelt, <strong>Institut</strong> für Angewandte Physik, Universität<br />
Erlangen-Nürnberg; Sonderkolloquium des SFB 450<br />
(FU) und des <strong>MBI</strong> (<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-11-18):<br />
Electron dynamics at metal and seminconcutor surfaces<br />
P. Wernet, BESSY, <strong>Berlin</strong>; Seminar Kurzzeitspektroskopie<br />
an Molekülen, Clustern und Oberflächen (<strong>Max</strong>-<br />
<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-06-25): The local structure of water<br />
from ambient to supercritical conditions: New insight<br />
from X-ray spectroscopy<br />
D. F. Zaretsky, Kurchatov <strong>Institut</strong>e Moscow, <strong>Institut</strong>e of<br />
Molecular Physics; Seminar Höchstfeldlaserphysik<br />
(<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>2003</strong>-11-12): Coulomb explosion of<br />
a laser-irradiated cluster in a magnetic trap<br />
79
80<br />
Appendix 5<br />
Staff, extended research visits of <strong>MBI</strong> staff at external institutions, visiting scientists at the<br />
<strong>MBI</strong> and users of the application laboratories<br />
A. Staff<br />
M M B<br />
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Scientists 32 15 - 20 - 67 67<br />
67<br />
Graduatestudents- 8 - 11 1 20 20<br />
20<br />
1 Guest scientists<br />
- 1 - 1 5 7<br />
Nonscientific staff<br />
64 132 - 6 33 86 86<br />
86<br />
t t o<br />
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37 - 38 38<br />
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8<br />
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than<br />
one<br />
( typically<br />
6 to<br />
12)<br />
month<br />
at<br />
the<br />
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including<br />
fellowship<br />
holders;<br />
2 3 including apprentices<br />
and<br />
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helpers;<br />
diploma<br />
students<br />
t t o<br />
o t<br />
t a<br />
a l<br />
l
<strong>Max</strong> <strong>Born</strong> <strong>Institut</strong>e<br />
for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy<br />
in the Forschungsverbund <strong>Berlin</strong> e. V.<br />
(Member of the Leibniz Association)<br />
81
82<br />
B. Extended research visits of <strong>MBI</strong> staff at external institutions<br />
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D3. <strong>MBI</strong> – Bessy-Beamline
93<br />
Appendix 6<br />
Grants and contracts <strong>2003</strong><br />
Total amounts spent in <strong>2003</strong>: 3.361.860 Euro
94<br />
Appendix 7<br />
Activities in scientific organizations<br />
W. Becker<br />
Member of Program Committee and Co-chair of Strong<br />
Field Seminar, LPHYS <strong>2003</strong> (Hamburg) until <strong>2003</strong><br />
Member of Editorial Board, Physical Review A, from<br />
2002 until 2004<br />
T. Elsaesser<br />
Vorstandssprecher, Forschungsverbund <strong>Berlin</strong> e. V.<br />
from 2001-05-01 until <strong>2003</strong>-04-30<br />
Subcommittee Chair 'Ultrafast Phenomena', European<br />
Quantum Electronics Conference (EQEC), <strong>2003</strong><br />
(Munich, Germany)<br />
Member, Program Committee Quantum Electronics and<br />
Laser Science Conference (QELS) <strong>2003</strong> (Baltimore,<br />
USA)<br />
Member Advisory Board, Conference on Hot Carriers<br />
in Semiconductors 13, <strong>2003</strong> (Modena, Italy)<br />
Sprecher, DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm 1134 "Aufklärung<br />
transienter Strukturen in kondensierter Materie<br />
mit Ultrakurzzeit-Röntgenmethoden"<br />
Stellvertretender Sprecher, Sonderforschungsbereich<br />
296 "Wachstumskorrelierte Eigenschaften niederdimensionaler<br />
Halbleiterstrukturen" Technische<br />
Universität (<strong>Berlin</strong>)<br />
Member, Prize Committee, Ellis R. Lippincott Award for<br />
Vibrational Spectroscopy, Optical Society of America<br />
Vorsitzender, Programmkomitee Laser und Optik <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
(LOB) 2004 (<strong>Berlin</strong>-Adlershof, Germany)<br />
Sprecher, Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Strahlungsquelle<br />
ELBE (Forschungszentrum Rossendorf,<br />
Germany)<br />
Member, Science Facility Access Panel, Rutherford<br />
Laboratory (Didcot, UK)<br />
Mitglied des Sprecherkreises, Initiative WissenSchafft<br />
Zukunft (<strong>Berlin</strong>, Germany)<br />
Mitglied, Apparateausschuss der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft<br />
Mitherausgeber, Applied Physics A, Springer Verlag<br />
(Heidelberg)<br />
Member of Editorial Board, ChemPhysChem<br />
Member of Editorial Board, Chem. Phys. Lett.<br />
Member of Editorial Board, Chem. Phys.<br />
M. Fiebig<br />
Member of Program Committee, Quantum Complexities<br />
in Condensed Matter (Int. Workshop and Conference)<br />
(Bukhara, Usbekistan)<br />
Organizer, Magnetoelectric Interaction Phenomena in<br />
Crystals (Conference MEIPIC-5) (Sudak, Ukraine)<br />
I. V. Hertel<br />
Geschäftsführender Direktor des <strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>s,<br />
from 2001-05<br />
Sprecher, Initiativgemeinschaft der außeruniversitären<br />
Forschungseinrichtungen Adlershof (IGAFA)<br />
Vorstandsvorsitzender, Optec-<strong>Berlin</strong>-Brandenburg<br />
(OpTecBB) e.V. (<strong>Berlin</strong>) from 2000-09-14<br />
Mitglied "An morgen denken", Wissenschaft & Wirtschaft<br />
gemeinsam für <strong>Berlin</strong>, from 2001-05-01<br />
Mitglied in der ständigen Auswahlkomission für den<br />
Otto-Klung-Weberbank-Preis<br />
Mitglied, Kuratorium des Magnushauses - Deutsche<br />
Physikalische Gesellschaft e.V.<br />
Mitglied, des Kuratoriums "Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften"<br />
Mitglied, im Beirat des James Franck Binational<br />
German-Israeli Programm in Laser-Matter Interaction<br />
Member of Program Commitee of the 3th International<br />
Symposium on Laser Precision Microfabricaation (LPM<br />
<strong>2003</strong>), (München) from <strong>2003</strong>-06-21 until <strong>2003</strong>-06-24<br />
Editor in Chief, together with G. Grynberg, and F. T.<br />
Arecchi, Eur. Phys. J. D Edition Physique and Springer<br />
Verlag (Paris, Heidelberg) from 1998-01-01 until <strong>2003</strong>-<br />
03-31<br />
External Advisor, Eur. Phys. J. D Edition Physique and<br />
Springer Verlag (Paris, Heidelberg) from <strong>2003</strong>-04-01<br />
J. Kändler<br />
Vertreter im Ausschuss "Technologietransfer" der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft<br />
Deutscher Forschungszentren für<br />
die WGL, (Bonn) from 1997-09-26<br />
Vertreter der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft im Gutachterausschuss<br />
des EEF-Fonds, Forschungszentrum<br />
Karlsruhe GmbH (Karlsruhe) from 2002-11-28
M. P. Kalachnikov<br />
Member of Program Committee Workshop on Interaction<br />
of Complex Plasmas with Superstrong Electromagnetic<br />
Radiation<br />
C. Lienau<br />
Organizer, First German-Japanese Symposium on<br />
Nano-Optics (<strong>Berlin</strong>, Germany)<br />
Member of Program Committee, Seventh International<br />
Conference on Near-field-optics (Rochester, N.Y., USA)<br />
from 2002-08<br />
P. V. Nickles<br />
Conference section chair SPIE <strong>Annual</strong> Meeting, (San<br />
Diego, USA) from <strong>2003</strong> until <strong>2003</strong><br />
Conference section chair EURO CLEO, (München) from<br />
<strong>2003</strong> until <strong>2003</strong><br />
F. Noack<br />
Organisator - Programme NLO-Auswärtsseminar,<br />
(Wolfersdorf)<br />
V. Petrov<br />
Member of Program Committee, CLEO <strong>2003</strong> and CLEO<br />
2004<br />
W. Sandner<br />
Member of Editorial Board, Laser Physics from 1999<br />
Member Steering Committee, 12th International Laser<br />
Physics Workshop (Hamburg, <strong>2003</strong>)<br />
Wissenschaftlicher Beirat BESSY, <strong>Berlin</strong>er Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft<br />
für Synchrotronstrahlung<br />
(<strong>Berlin</strong>) from 2000-10<br />
Vorstandsmitglied, Kompetenznetz Optec <strong>Berlin</strong>-<br />
Brandenburg (<strong>Berlin</strong>) from 2000-09<br />
Sprecher des Arbeitskreises der Fachverbände Atomphysik,<br />
Molekülphysik, Quantenoptik, Massenspektroskopie,<br />
Kurzzeitphysik und Plasmaphysik (AMOP) der<br />
Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, Mitglied des<br />
Vorstandsrats der DPG, Deutsche Physikalische<br />
Gesellschaft from 1996-03<br />
Vorstand, Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Lasertechnik<br />
e. V. (WLT) from 2001<br />
Mitglied im Programmausschuss, "Optische Technologien"<br />
des BMBF from 1999<br />
Coordinator, Network of European Large Scale Laser<br />
Facilities (LASERNET) and LIMANS Cluster of the<br />
European Commission 2000-2004<br />
Member, TESLA Collaboration Board (DESY, Hamburg)<br />
from 1997<br />
Member, OECD Coordinating Committee, Global<br />
Science Forum on "Compact High Intensity Lasers"<br />
from 2001<br />
Member, Steering Committee, FEMTO Programme,<br />
European Science Foundation from 1999 until <strong>2003</strong><br />
Coordinator, LASERLAB-EUROPE, Integrated Infrastructure<br />
Network, 6th Framework Programme, EU from<br />
<strong>2003</strong><br />
Sprecher, "Interdisziplinärer Forschungsverbund UVund<br />
Röntgentechnologien", (<strong>Berlin</strong>) from 2000 until<br />
<strong>2003</strong><br />
G. Steinmeyer<br />
Member, Int. Program Committee of the Conference on<br />
Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe <strong>2003</strong> - CLEO Europe<br />
(Munich, Germany) from 12-2001<br />
H. Stiel<br />
Organizer WE Seminar Excited state processes of<br />
carotenoids in photosynthesis, together with D. Leupold,<br />
HU <strong>Berlin</strong> (Bad Honnef)<br />
J. W. Tomm<br />
Member, Int. Program Committee of the Conference on<br />
Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe <strong>2003</strong> - CLEO Europe<br />
(Munich, Germany) from 12-2001<br />
Member, Int. Steering Committee of the International<br />
Conference on Defects - Recognition, Imaging and<br />
Physics of Semiconductors (DRIP) (Batz-sur-Mer,<br />
France) from 09-2001<br />
Appendix 8<br />
Honours and awards<br />
J. Stenger: Carl-Ramsauer-Preis <strong>2003</strong> für Dissertation<br />
"Ultrafast response of inter- and intramolecular<br />
hydrogen bonds in liquids: Vibrational quantum beats<br />
and dephasing", Physikalische Gesellschaft zu <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
95
96<br />
Appendix 9<br />
Cooperations<br />
University cooperations<br />
W. Becker: Kohärente kollektive Phanomene in Clustern<br />
in starken Laserfeldern; cooperation with S. V. Fomichev,<br />
S. Popruzhenko; Moscow State Engineering Physics<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>e; D. F. Zaretsky; Kurchatov <strong>Institut</strong>e Moscow<br />
K. Biermann, Z. Wang, M. Woerner and K. Reimann: IV-<br />
VI Microcavity Lasers; cooperation with Prof. W. Heiß,<br />
M. Böberl, Prof. G. Springholz, Prof. T. Schwarzl,<br />
Universität Linz<br />
J. Dreyer: Ab initio simulation of 2D-IR spectroscopy;<br />
cooperation with Prof. S. Mukamel, University of<br />
Rochester, NY, USA<br />
U. Eichmann: Ionisation dynamics at relativistic laser<br />
intensities; cooperation with Prof. Maquet, Laboratoire<br />
de Chimie Physique-Matiere et Rayonnement, Université<br />
Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris France<br />
U. Eichmann: Two electron dynamics in laser fields;<br />
cooperation with Profs. T. Gallagher, R. R. Jones;<br />
Department of Physics, University of Charlottesville,<br />
Charlottesville, USA<br />
U. Eichmann: Stöße in ultrakalten He-Gasen und<br />
Plasmen; cooperation with Prof. von Oppen, TU <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
T. Elsaesser and C. Lienau: Teilprojekt B6 Ladungsträgerdynamik<br />
in einzelnen Halbleiter-Nanostrukturen;<br />
Sonderforschungsbereich 296; "Wachstumskorrelierte<br />
Eigenschaften niederdimensionaler Halbleiterstrukturen"<br />
(TU <strong>Berlin</strong>)<br />
T. Elsaesser and E. Nibbering: Teilprojekt B2 Femtosekunden-Schwingungsspektroskopie<br />
zur ultraschnellen<br />
Dynamik von Protonen in der kondensierten<br />
Phase; Sonderforschungsbereich 450 "Analyse und<br />
Steuerung ultraschneller photoinduzierter Reaktionen"<br />
(FU <strong>Berlin</strong>)<br />
T. Elsaesser, M. Wörner and C. Lienau: Dynamik<br />
kohärenter Anregungen in Halbleitern; cooperation with<br />
Prof. T. Kuhn, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster<br />
M. Fiebig: Optical properties of colossal magnetoresistive<br />
oxides; cooperation with Prof. Y. Tokura,<br />
University of Tokyo, Japan<br />
M. Fiebig: Nonlinear optical properties of manganite<br />
thin films; cooperation with Prof. K. Miyano, University<br />
of Tokyo, Japan<br />
M. Fiebig: Microscopic mechanisms of nonlinear<br />
magneto-optical coupling processes in various highly<br />
correlated systems; cooperation with Prof. R. Valenti,<br />
Universität Frankfurt<br />
M. Fiebig: Influence of growth conditions on magnetic<br />
microstructure; cooperation with Prof. M. Bieringer,<br />
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada<br />
M. Fiebig: Spin dynamics and nonlinear optics on<br />
antiferromagnetic compounds; cooperation with Prof.<br />
W. Hübner, Universität Kaiserslautern<br />
M. Fiebig: Nonlinear optics and sublattice interactions<br />
of frustrated compounds; cooperation with Dr. T. Kato,<br />
Chiba University, Chiba, Japan<br />
W. Freyer, A1: Special dyes for ophthalmology; cooperation<br />
with Dr. C. Haritoglou, Prof. A. Kampik,<br />
Ludwig-<strong>Max</strong>imilians-Universität, München<br />
T. Gießel, A1: Electronic structure and magnetism in<br />
transition metal clusters; cooperation with Dr. K. Fauth;<br />
G. Schütz, Universität Würzburg<br />
P. Glas: Untersuchungen zu den nichtlinearen optischen<br />
Eigenschaften von LT-GaAs; cooperation with Prof.<br />
R. Menzel, H. Legall, Universität Potsdam<br />
U. Griebner: High average power ultra-fast fiber chirped<br />
pulse amplification system; cooperation with Prof. A.<br />
Tünnermann, <strong>Institut</strong> für Angewandte Physik, Friedrich-<br />
Schiller-Universität Jena<br />
U. Griebner and R. Grunwald: Nanokristalline Schichten<br />
für SHG; cooperation with Dr. W. Seeber, Friedrich-<br />
Schiller-Universität Jena<br />
U. Griebner and V. Petrov: Laserkristalle auf Wolframatbasis;<br />
cooperation with Prof. F. Diaz, University of<br />
Taragona<br />
R. Grunwald: Charakterisierung von Mikrooptiken für<br />
Diodenlaser; cooperation with Dr. B. Ozygus, F. Scholz,<br />
Technische Universität <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
R. Grunwald: Interferometry of semiconductor disorders;<br />
cooperation with Dr. V. Raab, Universität Potsdam<br />
R. Grunwald: VUV beam shaping and materials<br />
processing; cooperation with Prof. P. Herman, Dr. J. Li,<br />
University of Toronto<br />
R. Grunwald, U. Griebner and U. Neumann: Spatiotemporal<br />
beam-shaping of fs-lasers; cooperation with<br />
Prof. M. Piché, University Laval, Quebec, Canada<br />
R. Grunwald and U. Neumann: Herstellung und Präparation<br />
von ZnO Vergleichsproben; cooperation with<br />
J. Sölle, Humboldt-Universität zu <strong>Berlin</strong>
K. Heister, A1: Electron dynamics studies of PTCDA<br />
layers on Si (001); cooperation with Prof. L Johannsson,<br />
Karlstad University, Sweden; Prof. T. Andersson,<br />
Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden<br />
B. Langer, A1: Aufbau und Test eines Meßstandes zur<br />
Untersuchung gespeicherter Nanopartikel mit Synchrotronstrahlung;<br />
BMBF Verbundforschungsvorhaben<br />
(Förderschwerpunkt kondensierte Materie); cooperation<br />
with Prof. E. Rühl*, R. Flesch, Universität<br />
Osnabrück (* jetzt Univ. Würzburg); Prof. D. Gerlich, M.<br />
Grimm, S. Schlemmer, TU Chemnitz; Prof. U. Becker,<br />
Fritz-Haber-<strong>Institut</strong><br />
D. Leupold: Exzitonen in photosynthetischen Antennen;<br />
cooperation with Prof. A. Razjivin, Belozerskij-<strong>Institut</strong><br />
für Biophysikalische Chemie, Univ. Moskau, Russia<br />
D. Leupold: Femtosekundenspektroskopie des Melanins;<br />
cooperation with Dr. K. Hoffmann, Dr. M. Stücker,<br />
Dermatologische Klinik, Univ. Bochum<br />
D. Leupold: Nichtlineare Spektroskopie an Photosynthesepigmenten<br />
und photosynthesischen Antennen;<br />
cooperation with Prof. H. Scheer, LMU München<br />
D. Leupold: Teilprojekt A2, Lichtsammlung und Energiedissipation<br />
in nativen und definiert veränderten<br />
photosynthetischen Antennensystemen; Sonderforschungsbereich<br />
429 "Molekulare Physiologie,<br />
Energetik und Regulation primärer pflanzlicher<br />
Stoffwechselprozesse" (FU <strong>Berlin</strong>)<br />
C. Lienau: Nahfeldspektroskopie an V-Graben<br />
Quantenfäden; cooperation with Prof. R. Cingolani,<br />
Universität Lecce, Italy<br />
C. Lienau: Spektroskopie an Quantengräben; cooperation<br />
with Prof. A.D. Wieck, Universität Bochum<br />
C. Lienau: Spektroskopie an zweidimensionalen<br />
Elektronengasen; cooperation with Dr. A. Goni, Prof. C.<br />
Thomsen, Technische Universität <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
C. Lienau: Nahfeldspektroskopie an metallischen<br />
Nanostrukturen; cooperation with Prof. D.S. Kim,<br />
Universität Seoul, Korea<br />
C. Lienau: Nahfeld-Autokorrelationsspektroskopie an<br />
Quantendrähten; cooperation with T. Otterburg, Prof. E.<br />
Kapon, EPFL Lausanne<br />
C. Lienau: Femtosecond near-field spectroscopy of<br />
semiconducting polymers; cooperation with D. Polli,<br />
Prof. G. Cerullo, Prof. G. Lanzani and Prof. S. de Silvestri,<br />
Politecnico di Milano<br />
C. Lienau and T. Elsaesser: Korrelationsspektroskopie<br />
an Halbleiter-Nanostrukturen; cooperation with Dr. V.<br />
Savona, Dr. E. Runge, Prof. R. Zimmermann, Humboldt-<br />
Universität, <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
U. Neumann and R. Grunwald: AFM-Untersuchungen<br />
zu Nanokristalliten für nichtlinear - optische<br />
Anwendungen; cooperation with Prof. A. Richter,<br />
Technische Fachhochschule Wildau<br />
U. Neumann and R. Grunwald: Herstellung von dotierten<br />
und undotierten ZnO Dünnschichten durch RF<br />
Sputtering; cooperation with G. Schoer, Technische<br />
Universität Hamburg<br />
E. T. J. Nibbering: Femtochemistry vibrational studies of<br />
the reaction dynamics of photochromic switches; cooperation<br />
with Dr. H. Fidder, University of Uppsala, Sweden<br />
E. T. J. Nibbering: Photodissociation dynamics of<br />
metallo-carbonyl complexes; cooperation with Prof. Dr.<br />
J. Korppi-Tommola, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland<br />
E. T. J. Nibbering: CO and NO photodissociation and<br />
recombination dynamics of hemoproteins; cooperation<br />
with T. Zemojtel, Dr. J. Scheele, Universitätsklinikum<br />
Freiburg<br />
P. V. Nickles: Ultrashort x-ray emission from gas clusters<br />
irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses; Gilcut Project<br />
(German-Israeli cooperation in Ultrafast Laser Technologie)<br />
(Coordinator: A. Zigler); cooperation with<br />
Racah <strong>Institut</strong>e, University of Jerusalem, Israel<br />
P. V. Nickles: X-ray lasers; Gilcut Project (German-Israeli<br />
cooperation in Ultrafast Laser Technologies);<br />
cooperation with A. Zigler, Racah <strong>Institut</strong>e, University<br />
of Jerusalem, Israel<br />
P. V. Nickles: New pumping mechanisms of x-ray lasers;<br />
cooperation with H. Fiedorowicz, <strong>Institut</strong>e of Applied<br />
Physics of Military Academy Warsaw, Polen<br />
V. Petrov, A3: New VUV transparent nonlinear crystals<br />
for sum-frequency mixing with femtosecond pulses;<br />
cooperation with Prof. R. Komatsu, Yamaguchi<br />
University, Japan<br />
V. Petrov, A3: Periodically poled KTP for femtosecond<br />
OPG applications and chirped pulse parametric<br />
amplification; cooperation with Dr. V. Pasiskevicius,<br />
Royal <strong>Institut</strong>e of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden<br />
V. Petrov, A3: Chirped pulse optical parametric<br />
amplification; cooperation with Prof. F. Rotermund, Ajou<br />
University, Suwon, Korea<br />
V. Petrov, A3: Mixed nonlinear crystals; cooperation with<br />
Dr. V. V. Badikov, Kuban State University, Krasnodar,<br />
Russia<br />
W. Radloff and C. P. Schulz, A2: Teilprojekt A4; Sonderforschungsbereich<br />
450 "Analyse und Steuerung ultraschneller<br />
photoinduzierter Reaktionen" (FU-<strong>Berlin</strong>);<br />
cooperation with Prof. L. Wöste<br />
M. Raschke and C. Lienau: Aperturlose Nahfeldmikroskopie<br />
an metallischen Nanostrukturen;<br />
cooperation with Prof. D. Kern, Universität Tübingen<br />
97
98<br />
K. Reimann, M. Woerner and T. Elsaesser: Electro-optic<br />
sampling of THz transients with MV/cm amplitudes;<br />
cooperation with R.P. Smith, Georgia <strong>Institut</strong>e of<br />
Technology, Prof. A.M. Weiner, Purdue University<br />
A. Rosenfeld, A1: WTZ Deutschland, Kanada; cooperation<br />
with Dr. P. Herman, Toronto University,<br />
Canada<br />
D. A. Rosenfeld, A1: AFM-Untersuchungen an dünnen<br />
Schichten; cooperation with Prof. Eichler, Technische<br />
Universiät <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
H. Rottke: Multiple ionization in few-cycle laser pulses;<br />
cooperation with H. Lezius and F. Krausz, TU Wien<br />
W. Sandner and W. Becker: Control of Atomic Processes<br />
with Strong Fields; cooperation with A. Sofradzija, and<br />
D. B. Milosevic, Faculty of Sciences, Dept. of Physics,<br />
University of Sarajevo<br />
C. P. Schulz, A2: Quantum chemical calculation of<br />
excited sodium-water clusters; cooperation with Dr. K.<br />
Hashimoto, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Computer<br />
Center and Department of Chemistry<br />
C. P. Schulz, A2: Dynamic processes in alkali-doped<br />
He clusters; cooperation with Dr. F. Stienkemeier; Universität<br />
Bielefeld<br />
H. Stiel: Anwendung gepulster, harter Röntgenstrahlung;<br />
cooperation with Dr. B. Kannegießer, TU <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
J. W. Tomm: Transiente Spektroskopie an Halbleiterstrukturen,<br />
die mit 'Gas-source-MBE' gewachsen<br />
wurden; cooperation with Prof. W.T. Masselink,<br />
Humboldt-Universität zu <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
J. W. Tomm: Untersuchung der Lumineszenz von Sbhaltigen<br />
Halbleiterstrukturen; cooperation with Prof. M.<br />
Amann, Walter-Schottky-Insitut, TU München<br />
J. W. Tomm: Defect spectroscopy in semiconductor<br />
devices; cooperation with Prof. E. Larkins, University of<br />
Nottingham<br />
J. W. Tomm: Raman spectroscopy of semiconductor<br />
nanostructures; cooperation with Prof. J. Jiminez,<br />
University of Valladolid, Spain<br />
J. W. Tomm: Strain analysis in semiconductor nanostructures;<br />
cooperation with Prof. M. Biermann, US Naval<br />
Academy Annapolis, USA<br />
Z. Wang, K. Reimann, M. Woerner and T. Elsaesser:<br />
Femtosecond intersubband dynamics of electrons in<br />
AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors;<br />
cooperation with Prof. D. Hofstetter, University of<br />
Neuchatel, J. Hwang, W.J. Schaff, L.F. Eastman, Cornell<br />
University<br />
R. Weber and B. Winter, A1: Electronic structure of water;<br />
cooperation with Dr. K. Godehusen, BESSY<br />
W. Widdra, A1: Development of fast multi-angle<br />
photoelectron spectrometers; cooperation with Prof. D.<br />
Menzel, Technische Universität München<br />
B. Winter, A1: Photoemission from ultrathin organic films;<br />
cooperation with Prof. Dr. D. Zahn; Dr. T. Kampen, TU<br />
Chemnitz<br />
B. Winter, A1: Photoemission from self-assembled azobenzene<br />
alkane thiols; cooperation with Dr. S. Schrader,<br />
Prof. L. Brehmer, Universität Potsdam<br />
B. Winter, A1: Photoemission from polymer surface relief<br />
gratings; cooperation with Prof. Pietsch, Universität<br />
Potsdam<br />
B. Winter, A1: Polythiphenes and effect of iodide doping:<br />
electronic structure by photoemission; cooperation with<br />
Dr. N. Koch, Humboldt Universität zu <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
B. Winter and T. Gießel, A1: Epitaxial growth of transition<br />
metals on GaAs; cooperation with Dr. N. Esser, Prof. W.<br />
Richter, Technische Universität <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
M. Woerner and T. Elsaesser: GaAs/AlGaAs quantum<br />
cascade structures; cooperation with Dr. K. Unterrainer,<br />
Dr. G. Strasser, <strong>Institut</strong> für Festkörperelektronik,<br />
Technische Universität Wien<br />
N. Zhavaronkov, G. Korn and I. V. Hertel, A3, A: Coherent<br />
Raman Scattering; GILCULT, German-Israelien Cooperation<br />
in Ultrafast Laser Technologies; cooperation<br />
with A. Silberberg, Weizmann <strong>Institut</strong>e, Israel<br />
N. Zhavoronkov, A3: X-ray target structuring; cooperation<br />
with Prof. A. Safeler, Moscow State University<br />
Cooperation with Research <strong>Institut</strong>ions<br />
W. Becker: High intensity light-atom interaction; cooperation<br />
with M. V. Fedorov, General Physics <strong>Institut</strong>e,<br />
Moskau<br />
T. Elsaesser and C. Lienau: Regionales Service- und<br />
Kompetenzzentrum für Nanoanalytik und Nanofaktur;<br />
cooperation with Prof. Rieder, FU <strong>Berlin</strong>, Prof. J. Rabe,<br />
HU <strong>Berlin</strong>, Prof. K. H. Ploog, PDI <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
T. Elsaesser, M. Wörner, C. W. Luo and K. Reimann:<br />
Ultrafast dynamics of coherent intersubband polarisations<br />
in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells; cooperation<br />
with Prof. K. Ploog, Dr. R. Hey, Paul-Drude-<strong>Institut</strong> <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
M. Fiebig, T. Lottermoser and I. Sänger: Nonlinear<br />
magneto-optical properties of matter - theory and<br />
experiment; cooperation with Prof. R.V. Pisarev, Dr. V.V.<br />
Pavlov, Dr. A.V. Goltsev, Ioffe-<strong>Institut</strong>e, St. Petersburg,<br />
Russia<br />
W. Freyer, A1: Mass spectra of phtalocyanines;<br />
cooperation with M. Bartoszek, <strong>Institut</strong> für Angewandte<br />
Chemie <strong>Berlin</strong>-Adlershof
P. Glas: Fasern mit speziellem Design; cooperation with<br />
Dr. Müller, <strong>Institut</strong> für Hochtechnologie (IPHT), Jena<br />
P. Glas: Kopplung vieler Laseremitter; cooperation with<br />
Prof. Napartovich, TRINITI Troitsk <strong>Institut</strong>e for Innovation<br />
and Fusion Research, Russia<br />
P. Glas: Spezielle Halbleiterstrukturen für modelocking;<br />
cooperation with Dr. Walther, IAF Freiburg<br />
U. Griebner: Testung Hochleistungsbreitstreifendioden;<br />
cooperation with Dr. G. Erbert, Ferdinand-Braun-<strong>Institut</strong><br />
<strong>Berlin</strong><br />
R. Grunwald: Charakterisierung mikrooptischer<br />
Bauelemente; cooperation with Prof. W. Jüptner, V.<br />
Kebbel, Dr. H.-J. Hartmann, BIAS Bremen<br />
R. Grunwald: Mikrooptik zur Verbesserung der Laserdiodenkollimation;<br />
cooperation with Dr. T. Poßner, FhG<br />
IOF Jena<br />
R. Grunwald and U. Griebner: Fs-Meßtechnik und<br />
digitale Holografie im fs-Bereich; cooperation with Prof.<br />
W. Jüptner, V. Kebbel, BIAS Bremen<br />
R. Grunwald and U. Neumann: Wellenfront-Sensorik<br />
und VUV-Optik; cooperation with Dr. K. Mann, Laser-<br />
Laboratorium Göttingen<br />
K. Janulewicz: X-ray laser at 14.7 nm; cooperation with<br />
GSI, Darmstadt, Dr. T. Kühl<br />
D. Leupold: Laser spectroscopy of chlorophyll-lipid<br />
interaction; cooperation with Dr. R. Vladkova, <strong>Institut</strong>e<br />
of Biophysics, Bulgarian Acad. of Science<br />
C. Lienau: Near-field spectroscopy of single and<br />
coupled quantum dots; cooperation with Prof. J.-M.<br />
Gerard, Centre National d'Études des Télécommunications,<br />
Bagneux, France<br />
C. Lienau: Optische Eigenschaften strain-induzierter<br />
Nanostrukturen; cooperation with Dr. U. Zeimer, Prof. G.<br />
Tränkle, Ferdinand-Braun-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
R. Müller: Theoretische Untersuchungen der<br />
Bandstruktur von Halbleitern; cooperation with Dr. H<br />
Wenzel, Ferdinand-Braun-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
U. Neumann, M. Tischer and R. Grunwald: Dickenmessungen<br />
an strukturierten ZnO Schichten im sub-<br />
µm Bereich; cooperation with Dr. G. Wagner, <strong>Institut</strong> für<br />
Kristallzüchtung, <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
P. V. Nickles: Relativistic Plasma Dynamics (Coordinator:<br />
O. Shiryaev); cooperation with <strong>Institut</strong>e of General<br />
Physics of AS Russia, Moskau<br />
P. V. Nickles: Elektronentransport-Untersuchungen mit<br />
laserbeschleunigten Protonen: ein neues Transportverhältnis<br />
(Coordinator: W. Sandner); cooperation with<br />
H. Ruhl, and A. Kemp; General Atomics, Reno<br />
University, USA<br />
F. Noack and N. Zhavoronkov, A3: Technical consultation<br />
for fs XUV slicing laser setup (Coordinator: I. V. Hertel,<br />
<strong>Max</strong> <strong>Born</strong> <strong>Institut</strong>e); cooperation with BESSY<br />
V. Petrov, A3: Characterization of chalcopyrite nonlinear<br />
crystals; cooperation with Dr. J.-J. Zondy, Observatoire<br />
de Paris, France<br />
V. Petrov, A3: Lithium containing chalcopyrites in the<br />
femtosecond mid-infrared technology; cooperation with<br />
Prof. L. Isaenko, Design and Technological <strong>Institut</strong>e of<br />
Monocrystals, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia<br />
V. Petrov, A3: Nonlinear borate crystals; cooperation with<br />
Prof. C. Chen, Beijing Center for Crystal R & D, China<br />
A. Rosenfeld, A1: fs-Untersuchungen; cooperation with<br />
D. Ashkenasi, LMTB <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
H. Rottke: Correlation in multiple ionization in strong<br />
light pulses; cooperation with G. G. Paulus, MPI für<br />
Quantenoptik, Garching<br />
H. Rottke: Correlation in multiple ionization in strong<br />
light pulses (2); cooperation with R. Moshammer, J.<br />
Ullrich, MPI für Kernphysik, Heidelberg<br />
J. Tomm: Fourier-Transform-Spektroskopie an Halbleiterlaserstrukturen;<br />
cooperation with Dr. Irmscher,<br />
<strong>Institut</strong> für Kristallzüchtung <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
J. Tomm: Spektroskopie und thermische Eigenschaften<br />
von Hochleistungslaserdioden; cooperation with Dr.<br />
Erbert, Ferdinand-Braun-<strong>Institut</strong> <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
J. Tomm: Aufbautechnologie von Hochleistungslaserdioden;<br />
cooperation with M. Hutter, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft,<br />
<strong>Institut</strong> für Zuverlässigkeit und Mikrointegration<br />
(IZM) <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
J. Tomm: Alterungsanalytik an Laserdioden; cooperation<br />
with Dr. Baeumler, Fh-IAF Freiburg<br />
J. W. Tomm: Transiente Photolumineszenz an (In)GaNAs<br />
Strukturen; cooperation with Prof. K.H. Ploog, Paul-<br />
Drude-<strong>Institut</strong>, <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
J. W. Tomm: InAs Quantenpunkte in Silizium; cooperation<br />
with Dr. P. Werner, <strong>Max</strong>-Planck-<strong>Institut</strong> für Mikrostrukturphysik,<br />
Halle<br />
J. W. Tomm: Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an<br />
implantierten sättigbaren Absorbern; cooperation with<br />
Dr. M. Weyers, Dr. U. Zeimer, Ferdinand-Braun-<strong>Institut</strong>,<br />
<strong>Berlin</strong><br />
J. W. Tomm and F. Weik: Konvertermaterialien für das<br />
Mittlere Infrarot; cooperation with Dr. A. Lamprecht,<br />
Fraunhofer - IPM, Freiburg<br />
W. Werncke: Stimulated Raman scattering-frequency<br />
converter for ultrashort pulses; cooperation with Prof.<br />
Dr. Orlovich, Dr. A. Vodschitz, <strong>Institut</strong> of Physics,<br />
Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus<br />
99
100<br />
I. Will: Development of the photocathode laser for the<br />
TESLA Test Facility (TTF); cooperation with DESY<br />
Hamburg in the framework of the TESLA collaboration<br />
I. Will: Development of the photocathode laser for an<br />
RF gun with strongly optimized emittance; PITZ<br />
cooperation with Photoinjector Test Facility at DESY/<br />
Zeuthen<br />
I. Will: Development of the photocathode laser for a<br />
superconducting CW-RF-gun; cooperation with Forschungszentrum<br />
Rossendorf<br />
I. Will: Development of the recirculation cavity for a<br />
Gamma-Gamma-Collider for TESLA; cooperation with<br />
DESY<br />
I. Will: Technical Design for VUV-FEL (Coordinator: W.<br />
Sandner, <strong>Max</strong> <strong>Born</strong> <strong>Institut</strong>e); cooperation with BESSY<br />
B. Winter, A1: Photoemission from liquid surfaces;<br />
cooperation with Dr. M. Faubel, <strong>Max</strong>-Planck-<strong>Institut</strong> für<br />
Strömungsforschung, Göttingen<br />
B. Winter, A1: Development of efficient electron detection<br />
from liquid jet; cooperation with Dr. C. Pettenhofer, Hahn-<br />
Meitner-<strong>Institut</strong> <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
B. Winter, A1: Molecular dynamics simulations;<br />
cooperation with Prof. P. Jungwirth, Heyrovsk <strong>Institut</strong>e<br />
of Physical Chemistry, Prague, Czech<br />
N. Zhavoronkov, A3: Phase transition in solid-state<br />
material; cooperation with Prof. A. I. Sheley, National<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>e for Solid State Physic<br />
Participation in Research networks<br />
U. Eichmann: Speicherung von metastabilen Heliumatomen<br />
in elektrischen Fallen; DFG Schwerpunktprogramm<br />
"Wechselwirkung in ultrakalten Atom- und<br />
Molekülgasen"; cooperation with G. von Oppen, TU<br />
<strong>Berlin</strong><br />
U. Eichmann: Elementare Ionisationsprozesse in<br />
intensivsten Laserfeldern; DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm<br />
"Wechselwirkung intensiver Laserfelder mit<br />
Materie"<br />
M. Fiebig and K. Reimann: Magnetization dynamics of<br />
antiferromagnetic compounds by nonlinear optical<br />
spectroscopy; DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm "Ultraschnelle<br />
Magnetisierungsprozesse"<br />
R. Grunwald: Verbundprojekt: Realisierung und<br />
Charakterisierung nichtlinear-optisch aktiver Glas /<br />
Kristall-Komposite auf Basis halbleiterbeschichteter<br />
transparenter Gläser mit optimierter Lokalstruktur;<br />
cooperation with Dr. W. Seeber, Universität Jena, im<br />
fachübergreifenden DFG-Forschungsvorhaben<br />
'Keramik'<br />
R. Grunwald: CHOCLAB II (Instruments and Standard<br />
Test Procedure for Laser Beams and Optics<br />
Characterization); cooperation with Eureka EU 2359,<br />
International Project<br />
M. P. Kalachnikov and P. V. Nickles: SHARP; European<br />
R&D Projekt cooperation with LLC Lund, Schweden;<br />
LOA Palaiseau, France; RAL, UK, MPQ Garching<br />
C. Lienau: EU Network: SQID - Semiconductor - Based<br />
Implementation of Quantum Information Devices;<br />
cooperation with Prof. F. Rossi, ISI Turin, Prof. R.<br />
Cingolani, INFM Lecce, Prof. E. Molinari, Universität<br />
Modena, Prof. G. Bastard, ENS Paris, Prof. L. Jacak, TU<br />
Wroclaw, Prof. I. Prigoni, Int. Solvay Inst. Brüssel, Prof. J.<br />
Baumberg, Universität Southampton, Prof. T. Kuhn,<br />
Universität Münster<br />
P. V. Nickles: X-ray lasers and Applications; European<br />
TMR-network (Coordinator: S. Jaquemot) cooperation<br />
with LULI, Paris<br />
P. V. Nickles: Wechselwirkung intensiver Laserfelder mit<br />
Materie; DFG-Schwerpunkt; cooperation with Dr. U.<br />
Jahnke, Hahn-Meitner-<strong>Institut</strong> <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
K. Reimann: Nichtlineare Spektroskopie an Gruppe-<br />
III-Nitriden; DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm "Gruppe-III-<br />
Nitride und ihre Heterostrukturen: Wachstum, materialwissenschaftliche<br />
Grundlagen und Anwendungen;<br />
cooperation with Prof. D. Fröhlich, C. Schweitzer,<br />
Universität Dortmund<br />
W. Sandner (Vorstand und Sprecher des Schwerpunkts<br />
UV- u. Röntgentechnologien): OptecBB, Kompetenznetz<br />
Optische Technologien <strong>Berlin</strong> und Brandenburg<br />
(Coordinator: I. V. Hertel, Sprecher des Vorstands von<br />
OpTecBB); cooperation with universities and industry<br />
W. Sandner: LIMANS (Cluster of the Large Scale Laser<br />
Installations); cooperation with LENZ, Florenz; Lund<br />
Laser Center; ULF-FORTH, Heraklion; LIF-LOA,<br />
Palaiseau; CUSBO, Mailand; SLIC, Saclay<br />
W. Sandner (Coordinator, Vorstand OpTecBB): Neue<br />
Methoden und Geräteentwicklungen der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse<br />
und Röntgendiffraktometrie für den<br />
Einsatz in Industrie und Forschung funded by Förderprojekt<br />
IFV UVR, SenVerwWAF, <strong>Berlin</strong>; cooperation with<br />
Astro- und Feinwerktechnik Adlershof GmbH; IfG,<br />
<strong>Institut</strong> für Gerätebau GmbH; IAP, <strong>Institut</strong> für angewandte<br />
Photonik e.V.; Röntgenanalytik GmbH; Röntec GmbH;<br />
rtw, Dr. Warrighoff KG, BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung<br />
und -prüfung; BESSY GmbH; IZM,<br />
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft; <strong>MBI</strong>, <strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>; PTB,<br />
Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, <strong>Berlin</strong>, TUB,<br />
Technische Universität <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
W. Sandner (Speaker): UVR (Interdisziplinärer<br />
Forschungsverbund UV- und Röntgentechnologien)<br />
funded by SenWissForschKult, <strong>Berlin</strong>; cooperation with<br />
more then 40 SME's and scientific institutions
H. Stiel: Molekulare Physiologie, Energetik und<br />
Regulation primärer pflanzlicher Stoffwechselprodukte;<br />
cooperation with Dr. D. Leupold<br />
J. W. Tomm: Nanop Competence Center for Application<br />
of Nanostructures in Optoelectronic; cooperation with<br />
Prof. Dr. Bimberg, TU-<strong>Berlin</strong><br />
J. W. Tomm: Screening and packaging techniques for<br />
highly reliable laser-bars for telecommunication and<br />
industrial applications; EU-Powerpack Programm;<br />
cooperation with Thales Research & Technology<br />
France / ex-Thales Laboratoire Central de Recherches<br />
(TRT), Julien Nagle, Fraunhofer <strong>Institut</strong>e for Laser<br />
Technology (ILT), Konstantin Boucke, DILAS Diodenlaser<br />
GmbH (DILAS), Holger Muentz, THALES Laser<br />
Diodes (TLD), Thierry Fillardet, <strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong> (<strong>MBI</strong>),<br />
Jens W. Tomm, University of Nottingham (UNOTT), Eric<br />
Larkins, University of Valladolid (UVA), Juan Jimenez<br />
J. W. Tomm: Untersuchung geeigneter Materialien für<br />
Lumineszenzkonverter im mittleren Infrarot und deren<br />
Verwendung in kompakten Lichtquellenmodulen;<br />
BMBF-(NMT) Verbund-Projekt MIRKO, cooperation with<br />
IPM Freiburg und WSI der TU München<br />
I. Will: Development of an optical, wavelength-tuneable<br />
femtosecond burst-mode laser for use as a pump-probe<br />
laser at the X-ray FEL user facility at TTF at DESY<br />
Hamburg; XRAY FEL Pump/Probe network cooperation<br />
with DESY, MAXLAB (Lund), DCU Dublin, LURE and<br />
BESSY<br />
M. Woerner: Lichtemitter auf der Basis von Intersubbandübergängen;<br />
in: DFG-geförderte Forschergruppe<br />
in <strong>Berlin</strong>, cooperation with TUB, HUB, HHI, PDI<br />
M. Woerner and T. Elsaesser: Reversible structural<br />
changes of crystalline solids studied by ultrafast x-ray<br />
diffraction; DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm 1134<br />
"Aufklärung transienter Strukturen in kondensierter<br />
Materie mit Ultrakurzzeit-Röntgenmethoden"<br />
N. Zhavoronkov, A3: Ultrashort X-ray sources;<br />
cooperation with Prof. M. Richardson, School of Optics,<br />
University of Florida<br />
Cooperation with Industry<br />
W. Freyer, A1: Mass spectra of sensitive porphyrazines;<br />
cooperation with Agilent Technologies Deutschland<br />
GmbH, Waldbronn<br />
P. Glas: Faserherstellung; cooperation with M. Kreitel,<br />
Fa. Fiber-Technol., <strong>Berlin</strong>, M. Zoheid, Fiber-Tech, <strong>Berlin</strong>,<br />
Prof. Langhoff, IFG, <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
R. Grunwald: Charakterisierung von Mikrostrukturen<br />
für Laser- Ophthalmologie; cooperation with Dr. G. Korn,<br />
Katana Technologies GmbH<br />
R. Grunwald and U. Griebner: Fs-Meßtechnik; cooperation<br />
with E. Büttner, C. Lukas, APE GmbH <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
R. Grunwald and U. Griebner: Mikrosystemtechnologie<br />
für Dünnschicht-Mikrooptiken; cooperation with Dr. W.<br />
Rehak, Dr. H. Mischke, ASI GmbH <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
R. Grunwald and U. Griebner: Mikrooptische Dünnschicht-Bauelemente;<br />
cooperation with Dr. D. Schäfer,<br />
Quarterwave GmbH <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
R. Grunwald and U. Neumann: Fluoreszenz-Spektroskopie<br />
an ZnO-Nanolayers; cooperation with Dr. Scholz,<br />
Lasertechnik <strong>Berlin</strong> GmbH<br />
D. Leupold: Femtosekunden-Fluorometer zur Hautkrebs-Früherkennung;<br />
cooperation with Dr. M. Scholz,<br />
LTB Lasertechnik <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
U. Neumann: Fasertechnologie; cooperation with Dr. S.<br />
Spaniol, CERAM Optec GmbH, Bonn<br />
U. Neumann and R. Grunwald: Dickenmessungen an<br />
strukturierten ZnO Schichten im sub-µm Bereich;<br />
cooperation with M. Lindner und Sven Johannsen,<br />
m.u.t. GmbH, Wedel<br />
U. Neumann and R. Grunwald: Dickenmessungen<br />
strukturierter ZnO Schichten im sub-µm Bereich;<br />
cooperation with S. Peters, Sentech Instruments, <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
A. Rosenfeld, A1: Nanostrukturierung von Glasoberflächen;<br />
cooperation with <strong>Berlin</strong>er Glass GmbH and<br />
PTB, <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
H. Stiel: Aufbau und Entwicklung eines EUV-Reflektometers;<br />
cooperation with Dr. L. v. Loyen, FhG/IWS, Dr. F.<br />
Macco, Zeiss, Dr. F. Scholze, PTB <strong>Berlin</strong>, BESTEC,<br />
<strong>Berlin</strong><br />
H. Stiel: Aufbau und Entwicklung eines kompakten hard<br />
x-ray Spektrometers; cooperation with Prof. N. Langhoff,<br />
IfG GmbH<br />
J. Tomm and C. Lienau: Spektroskopische Analytik zur<br />
Charakterisierung von Laserdioden; cooperation with<br />
M. Behringer, J. Luft, Osram, Opto Semiconductors,<br />
Regensburg<br />
J. Tomm and C. Lienau: Grundlagenuntersuchungen<br />
zur Leistungs- und Lebensdauerbegrenzung, Alterung<br />
und Verspannung von Hochleistungslaserdioden;<br />
cooperation with D. Lorenzen, Jenoptik, Laserdiode<br />
GmbH<br />
J. W. Tomm: Spektroskopische Analytik zur Verspannung<br />
von Laserdioden; cooperation with J. Biesenbach,<br />
DILAS Diodenlaser GmbH, Mainz<br />
I. Will: Development of RF phase modulators; cooperation<br />
with Fehn, LINOS<br />
101
102<br />
Appendix 10<br />
Current patents and pending applications<br />
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111<br />
<strong>Max</strong> <strong>Born</strong> <strong>Institut</strong>e (<strong>MBI</strong>)<br />
for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy<br />
in the Forschungsverbund <strong>Berlin</strong> e. V.<br />
Mail Address:<br />
<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong><br />
<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-Straße 2 A<br />
12489 <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
Germany<br />
Phone: (++49 30) 6392 1505<br />
Fax: (++49 30) 6392 1519<br />
email: mbi@mbi-berlin.de<br />
http://www.mbi-berlin.de<br />
The Divisions of the <strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong>e<br />
Division A:<br />
Clusters and Interfaces<br />
Prof. Dr. I. V. Hertel<br />
Division B:<br />
Intense Laser Fields<br />
Prof. Dr. W. Sandner<br />
Division C:<br />
Nonlinear Processes in Condensed Matter<br />
Prof. Dr. T. Elsaesser<br />
Division Z:<br />
Technical and Administrative Infrastructure<br />
Dr. J. Kändler<br />
City district: <strong>Berlin</strong> Treptow-Köpenick<br />
Subdistrict: <strong>Berlin</strong>-Adlershof<br />
Site: <strong>Berlin</strong>-Adlershof<br />
Street: <strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-Straße 2 A<br />
S-Bahn: S45, S46, S6, S8 and S9<br />
Station: <strong>Berlin</strong>-Adlershof<br />
from there: Bus 360 to Magnusstraße<br />
Subway: U7<br />
Station: Rudow<br />
from there: Bus 360 to Magnusstraße
112
<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-<strong>Institut</strong><br />
für Nichtlineare Optik<br />
und Kurzzeitspektroskopie<br />
im Forschungsverbund <strong>Berlin</strong> e. V.<br />
<strong>Max</strong>-<strong>Born</strong>-Straße 2 A<br />
D-12489 <strong>Berlin</strong><br />
Tel.: (++49 30) 63 92 - 15 05<br />
Fax: (++49 30) 63 92 - 15 19<br />
e-mail: mbi@mbi-berlin.de<br />
http://www.mbi-berlin.de