GineersNow Oil Refineries, March2020 chemical, crude, fuel, drilling, exploration, LNG, energy, offshore, onshore, petroleum, lubricant, petrochemical, energy, refineries, upstream, midstream, downstream
GineersNow Oil & Gas Leaders magazine is featuring the latest technologies in oil refining
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GineersNow Oil & Gas Leaders magazine is featuring the latest technologies in oil refining
Read the latest GineersNow articles and stories about chemical, crude, fuel, drilling, exploration, LNG, energy, offshore, onshore, petroleum, lubricant, petrochemical, storage, refineries, upstream, midstream and downstream at www.gineersnow.com
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C O V E R S T O R YFrom being mounted on controlled equipment back in the early 1900s to switchingto digital devices by the latter part of the 1950s, the automatic feedback controls hadsteadily developed throughout the previous decades.Today, computer networks are the ones responsible for manipulating hundreds uponhundreds of variables, but still, a whopping 85 to 95% of feedback control loopsremain largely based on the 1930s Proportional-Integrative-Derivative (PID)system. Even the flow rates of various gases and liquids depend on the pneumaticvalve controls.The advancement of controls in the oil industry can mean a lot in terms ofincreasing the plant’s profit and reducing emissions. In fact, using advanced controlscan dramatically contribute to a ten to 20% increase in profit margin and anapproximately 70% decrease in emissions. Such advanced controls are furtherexplained below.44
PID Tuning OptimizationThe PID controls, which have been developedaround the 1930s, still prove to be one of themost commonly used control in the chemicaland petrochemical plants. This is because ofthe controls’ easy implementation andsturdiness. The controller works by takinga corrective action according to the error’smagnitude. It will take a proportional action tocut off most of the errors, an integral action tominimize steady-state errors or off-sets, and aderivative action to reducemaximum overshoot.PID controls can usually use two strategies:centralized and decentralized. The latter iswhen the PID acts as a separate controller foreach one of the variables, while the former iswhen the PID is used as a single controller forall of the variables. To tune the PID to findproper parameters, several tuning techniquesthat date back to the 1940s are still in usetoday.The techniques can be subdivided into two, theClassical methods (which include the Cohenand Coon Method and Ziegler and NicholsMethod) and the Artificial Intelligent methods,some of which are the Differential EvolutionAlgorithms and Genetic Algorithms.45
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PID Tuning Optimization
The PID controls, which have been developed
around the 1930s, still prove to be one of the
most commonly used control in the chemical
and petrochemical plants. This is because of
the controls’ easy implementation and
sturdiness. The controller works by taking
a corrective action according to the error’s
magnitude. It will take a proportional action to
cut off most of the errors, an integral action to
minimize steady-state errors or off-sets, and a
derivative action to reduce
maximum overshoot.
PID controls can usually use two strategies:
centralized and decentralized. The latter is
when the PID acts as a separate controller for
each one of the variables, while the former is
when the PID is used as a single controller for
all of the variables. To tune the PID to find
proper parameters, several tuning techniques
that date back to the 1940s are still in use
today.
The techniques can be subdivided into two, the
Classical methods (which include the Cohen
and Coon Method and Ziegler and Nichols
Method) and the Artificial Intelligent methods,
some of which are the Differential Evolution
Algorithms and Genetic Algorithms.
45
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