eFlight Journal 1 2020

Electric Aviation, VTOLS, Multicopter, te 

Rotor or wings, Fixed Wing, Hybrid Technilogy, Rule making news, Test Reports * Electric Aviation, VTOLS, Multicopter, Rotorwings, Hybrid Technology, Rule making 

Quarterly Vol. 1-2020 

Exclusive: 

Interview Joby boss 

JoeBen Bevirt 

EASA 

SC VTOL 

AERO 2020 

e-Flight-Expo 

e-Flight-Rallye 

First Images 

Joby’s eVTOL 

www.e-fl ight-journal.com 

Scan 2 read 

online 

Cover image composed from 2 original images from Joby Aviation

editorial 

The Races are on 

Since Uber introduced its elevate concept eVTOLs and Urban 

Air Mobility are in the public discussion. In the last years several 

Manufacturers made their first flights and started test-programs. 

Most recently, Joby Aviation’s $590 Million Dollar new financing 

caught the headlines around the world in the third week of January 

2020. Other companies from the eVTOL sector will likely follow. 

Some others like WISK, with its shareholders Boeing and Google 

do not need much external funding. Undoubtedly, the funding is 

heavily influencing who will be the first who can certify an eVTOL 

and put it into operation. But there are more races at the moment 

going on than just the one of the manufacturers of the airframes. 

There is also the competition of the certification authorities on 

the certification matters which is as important for the enabling of 

the operations as the eVTOL design and production. As of today 

the approach which FAA and EASA has taken are fairly different. 

EASA released and explained its views of its SC-VTOL at the EASA 

Rotorcraft Symposium in Cologne / Germany last December. 

Besides EASA and FAA, the Chinese regulator CAAC has its own 

approach as well. 

Another competition is happening between countries for test areas 

and also the potential early adopter cities as well. Will it be 

Dallas, Singapore, LA or Paris or a totally different city which can 

offer the first UAM service? In the background there is another 

field which also has to be done before the service can start: the 

development of a common air traffic system for the eVTOLs which 

has to interact with the conventional air traffic system of airliners 

and general aviation as well with the growing unmanned sector. 

In order to make the UAM dream come true, all the factors mentioned 

above have to be addressed. But as we can see, global efforts 

are being made. The races are on and it is exciting to see 

who will be the first winner. Who will you put your money on? 

Willi Tacke 

Xin Gou 

1 / 2020 e Flight Journal 3

ot 

p 

te 

r, 

Content / Imprint 

Electric Aviation, VTOLS, Multicopter, t Rotor or wings, Fixed Wing, Hybrid Technilogy, Rule making news, Test Reports * Electric Aviation, VTOLS, Multicopter, Rotorwings, Hybrid Technology, Rule making 

Quarterly Vol. 1-2020 

Exclusive: 

Interview Joby boss 

JoeBen Bevirt 

EASA 

SC VTOL 

AERO 2020 

e-Flight-Expo 

e-Flight-Rallye 

First Images 

Joby’s eVTOL 

www.e-fl ight-journal.com 

Scan 2 read 

online 

3 • Editorial 

The Races are on 

6 • eNews around the world 

12 • Interview with 

JoeBen Bevirt / Joby Aviation 

Cover image composed from 2 original images from Joby Aviation 

Cover image composed 

from 2 original images from 

Joby Aviation 

16 • Vienna Conference: 

The Future of Transportation 

World Conference 

22 • 3rd e-flight Forum in China: 

We the e Flight Journal (e FJ) founders 

are a team of aviation journalists and 

enthusiasts who created Flying-Pages. 

Publishing several aviation publications 

around the world. It started with the interest 

in electric flying in 2009. We cofounded 

the e-Flight-Expo in Friedrichshafen/Germany 

as part of the AERO, 

and established it as the largest show 

for electric aviation worldwide. 

The e FJ is supported by the GAMA 

EPIC committee, Rolls-Royce, Rotax 

and many others. 

Certification is the Key 

30 • eVTOL summary for 2019 

36 • SC VTOL -The European way 

4 3 • 4 1. 9 eFlight Rallye 

World premiere in Friedrichshafen for 

the 11th e-flight-expo 

e Flight Journal 

www.flying-pages.com 

Publisher, Flying-pages GmbH, Buttersteig 11, 

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• phone: D-033931/80 60 27, Fax.: D-030/34 70 91 24 

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ADVERTISING 

Worldwide Willi Tacke, • phone :+49 (0)8841 / 487 515, 

mob:+49 (0)171 69 808 71, fax:+49(0)8841 / 496 012, 

US Cell: +1 920 385 8495 • willi@flying-pages.com 

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EDITORIAL 

Robby Bayerl, Marino Boric, Greg Bowls, René Coulon, Dimitri Delemarle, Jan 

Fridrich, Mike Friend, Xin Guo, Martin Hardung, Dan Johnson, Klaus Köhmstedt, 

Germán Larrarte, Werner Pfändler, Peter Raab, Jan Otto Reimers, Torkell 

Saetervade, Christian Tacke, Julia Tacke, Willi Tacke, Dave Unwin, Qinyin 

Zhang, Markus Villinger, Jean-Marie Urlacher (Photo). 

Managing Editor, Design: Bettina Cosima Larrarte 

Technical Proofreader/USA: Renée Larrarte 

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responsibility for the data, facts, wording, addresses, prices and spelling of 

the items published and do not claim the market survey to be complete. The 

publisher has made every effort to ensure its accuracy and completeness, and 

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Cover News Story 

Hyundai and Uber unveiled UAM solution 

Hyundai Motor Company and Uber Elevate displayed a 

complete urban air mobility (UAM) electric vertical takeoff 

& landing (eVTOL) concept vehicle called S-A1, autonomous 

pods, and a hub ecosystem at the Consumer Electronics 

Show (CES) in January 2020. Hyundai also revealed 

its Purpose Built Vehicle (PBV) concept, capable 

of adapting to specific lifestyle needs of passengers and 

reducing time wasted on congested highways. Hyundai 

is the first Uber Elevate partner with automotive manufacturing 

capabilities to mass produce such electric aircraft 

and autonomous pods. S-A is designed for a cruising 

speed up to 180 miles/hr (290 km/hr), a cruising altitude 

of around 1,000-2,000 feet (300 - 600 mt) above ground, 

and to fly trips up to 60 mile (100 km). Hyundai will produce 

and deploy the S-A1 using its automotive manufacturing 

capability. Hyundai set up a dedicated UAM department 

and recruited Jaiwon Shin, the former NASA 

associate administrator, as the Head of Hyundai’s Urban 

Air Mobility (UAM) Division last year. 

CityAirbus Makes First Untethered Flight 

Airbus’ all-electric, four-seat multicopter demonstrator, 

CityAirbus, made its first untethered flight in December 

2019 in Donauwörth, Germany. Eight pitch rotors are 

powered by eight specially designed Siemens SP200D 

direct-drive 100 kW units relying on four 140 kW batteries 

developed by Airbus’ Defense 

and Space arm. The 

CityAirbus will carry up to four 

passengers with a cruise speed 

of 75 mph (120 km/h). The model 

currently will have 15 minutes 

of flight time. The vehicle is designed 

to fly autonomously. The 

four carbon fiber ducted co-axial 

propeller configuration will contribute 

to a low acoustic foot- 

print. Each duct provides 881 lb (400 kg) of thrust for a 

payload of up to 551 lb (250 kg).The first unmanned tethered 

flight of CityAirbus took place in May 2019 at the Airbus 

Helicopters flight test facility in Donauwörth, Bavaria, 

Germany. 



News 

D3: New German startup develops 

ATM for Drones and eVTOLs 

The problem is clear, next to Certification and the developing 

of the physical and electrical ground infrastructure 

the Challenge for bringing eVTOLs into service is developing 

an Air Traffic management (ATM) - system that 

connects the conventional ATM-System for the airliners 

and GA together with the new vertical traffic of drones 

and manned eVTOLs. D3 is the name of a new German 

start-up from Munich which wants to solve this problem. 

Several eVTOL manufacturers like Volocopter or Embraer 

and also the taxi ride share company UBER are 

working on such a system; buts it’s unlikely that the system 

from one of the competitors can be the system for 

everybody. Cities and countries probably will look for a 

system from a neutral developer which will be open for 

all manufacturers. 

This is the part of the market where D3 searches his 

place. “We have a strong team of developers and programmers“ 

says CEO Corvin Huber, ”and we see an 

openness as well on the sides of the manufacturers and 

the operators and countries”. 

European Helicopter Association and EASA to launch 

EUROPEAN ROTORS fair in November 2020 

The European Helicopter Association (EHA) and the European 

Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) will organize 

the first EUROPEAN ROTORS fair in Cologne in November 

10-12 2020. It will also integrate the renowned 

EASA Rotorcraft and VTOL Symposium. The fair will include 

both conventional helicopter and fast-growing eV- 

IF YOU ARE ROTORS 

WE GOT IT! 

Exhibitor Information 

www.europeanrotors.eu 

Nov. 10 – 12, 2020 

Koelnmesse | Germany 

TOL. The venue for EUROPEAN ROTORS will be Hall 8 and the Congress 

Centre North of Koelnmesse, Germany. The motto of EUROPEAN 

ROTORS 2020 is “It’s for everyone”. The market leaders Airbus, Bell, 

Leonardo and Safran are supporting the new format both through their 

presence as exhibitors and with an advisory function. The fair aims to 

offer operators, manufacturers, aviation authorities, the supporting industry, 

mechanics, pilots, customers and suppliers 

the opportunity to network and also to be informed 

on state-of-the-art equipment and services, and direct 

exchange with manufacturers, operators, Approved 

Training Organisations (ATOs) and maintenance 

organisations. Visitors will additionally have 

the chance to discuss present and future regulations 

as well as to participate in dedicated training. 

The three-day event will also include the renowned 

EASA Rotorcraft and VTOL Symposium. Beside the 

organizers, the service partner is Messe Friedrichshafen, 

an experienced exhibition and fairs company, 

which also stages the established aviation show 

AERO Friedrichshafen. Further information, including 

in cooperation with 

opening times and prices, is available at www.europeanrotors.eu. 

organised by 

1 / 2020 


7


WISK wants to pursue full autonomous flight from the 

beginning 

The joint venture between Boeing and Larry Page-backed 

Kitty Hawk wants to bypass pilots in its WISK eVTOL and 

fly fully autonomously at the beginning. WISK CEO Gary 

Gysin confirmed in a recent interview with eVTOL.com 

that WISK are going direct to autonomy. Instead of taking 

the step-by-step approach like many eVTOL are doing, 

WISK wants to fly autonomously on its two-seat eV- 

TOL. This bold approach is understandable considering 

that WISK’s current model has only two seats and it only 

makes commercial sense to devote both seats to paid 

passengers. However this means that WISK will have to 

pursue certification for autonomous filght at the beginning. 

According to WISK’s chief marketing officer Becky 

Tanner, WISK has made more than 1,000 unmanned test 

flights. 

Terrafugia unveiled new 

eVTOL design 

Terrafugia has recently made a sub-scale prototype 

which first flew in mid-December 2019 in China to validate 

the design of the new TF-2A all electric vertical takeoff 

and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. According to Terrafugia, 

TF-2A has a wingspan of 4.5 meters (14.8 ft), maximum 

take-off weight of 60 kg (132 lb), and a cruising speed of 

about 100 kilometers per hour (62 mph). The TF-2A eV- 

TOL aircraft will have eight (8) lift-propellers and one (1) 

rear pusher-prop for forward flight, a cruise speed of up 

to 180 km/h (112 mph), a maximum range of 100 km (62 

miles), capacity for two (2) passengers and luggage, a 

maximum payload weight of 200 kg (440 lb). The subscale 

model has a MTOW 60kg and can cruise up to 

100km per hour. 



The leading show 

FOR GENERAL AVIATION 

April 1 – 4, 2020 

Friedrichshafen | Germany 

www.aero-expo.com 

#aerofriedrichshafen 

EDNY: N 47 40.3 E 009 30.7 

Supported by


UK granted £9m to develop 

hybrid electric propulsion 

system for Islander airplane 

Image credit: Frank Schwichtenberg 

A consortium of British business has received a £9m 

grant from the government to help design, manufacture 

and integrate a hybrid-electric propulsion system into a 

nine-seater Britten-Norman (B-N) Islander aircraft, which 

is typically used on short flights such as island-hopping. 

The Project Fresson consortium brings together: Rolls- 

Royce, which will supply the power management system; 

the Denis Ferranti Group, which will supply the 

electric motors; Delta Motorsport, providing the battery 

packs; WMG (University of Warwick), which will perform 

battery testing; Cranfield Aerospace Solutions (CAeS), 

an aircraft integrator specialising in green commercial 

aviation; and the plane-maker, Britten-Norman. CAeS’ 

parent Cranfield University will research key technologies 

during the 30-month project. 

The £9m grant is being provided through the ATI Programme 

– a partnership of the Aerospace Technology 

Institute (ATI), the Department for Business, Energy 

& Industry Strategy, and Innovate UK, which is aimed 

at maintaining and expanding the UK’s position in civil 

aerospace design and manufacturing. 

EASA released Proposed 

Electric Propulsion Units for 

certified aircraft regulation 

On January 7, 2020 EASA released “Proposed Electric 

Propulsion Units for CS-22 Sailplanes and Powered Sailplanes, 

CS-LSA Light Sport Aeroplanes, CS-VLA Very 

Light Aeroplanes and CS-23 Normal, Utility, Aerobatic 

and Commuter Aeroplanes up to Level 1”. 



The Future of Aviation 

April 1- 4, 2020 

Friedrichshafen - Germany 

即将开启 

coming soon 

eVTOLs flying 

The e-flight-expo is part of the annual 

AERO in Friedrichshafen / Germany. 

You will find the most advanced electric, hybrid, fuel-cell 

and solar aircraft and propulsion systems. 

www.e-flight-expo.com

Cover Market e Founder Story Watch 

JOBY AVIATION 

+ US$ 590 MILLION 

JoeBen Bevirt started his company Joby Aviation 

back in 2009, but already thought about 

developing an eVTOL long before. In 2015 the 

first designs were made which inspired many 

others to follow. After that it was very quiet 

around the Californian company and you only 

heard about it when Intel and Toyota invested 

in them in 2018. On January 17th, 2020 the 

next round of investments was published and 

they are in the focus again: with a record of 

590 Million Dollars from investors from the c- 

round they are definitely the talk in the global 

eVTOL towns and beyond. Although still many 

of the developments continue secret, eFlight 

Journal had the chance to ask JoeBen Bevirt 

(46) some questions in an exclusive Interview 

at the Transformative Vertical Flight 2020 Symposium 

in San Jose (CA) in January 2020: 

Visionaries among themselves: JoeBen 

Bevirt (left in the photo) with Willi Tacke 

(flying-pages) at the Transformative Vertical 

Flight 2020 Symposium in San Jose (CA). 

eFlightJournal: When did you have the 

first idea for an eVTOL? 

J 

JoeBen Bevirt: First time in 1992 – the inspiration 

came from the flying car in “Back to 

the future”. I started building - and crashing 

vehicles after school. I realized that I have to 

learn more. 

eFJ: How did it continue ? 

JoeBen Bevirt: I went to the library and realized 

I have to get more Know how. So I studied 

and finished my Master in Mechanical 

Engineering Design of Stanford University. 

eFJ: When did the first eVtol fly? 

JoeBen Bevirt: At the University we devel- 



e Founder 

2009-2014 

Joby Aviation is founded in 2009 to revolutionize personal 

transportation with electric VTOL aircraft. Over the following 

years, Joby develops simultaneous capabilities in rapid prototyping, 

advanced carbon fiber structures, high-fidelity aerodynamics 

analysis, and electric motor design. Through analysis 

and subscale flight tests, Joby designs and evaluates many 

different electric VTOL aircraft configurations. 

2014-2017 

Joby settles on the optimal configuration and begins developing 

technology demonstrators. Early subscale testing followed 

by hundreds of full-scale test flights throughout the hover, 

transition, and wingborne flight regimes prove the design is 

reliable, quiet, efficient, and well-suited to the air taxi mission. 

2017-Present 

Joby develops and begins flight testing production prototypes 

on the path towards polished products ready for certification, 

production, and operation. Joby opens its formal certification 

program with the FAA. 

The inspiration for Joby: The flying car in “Back to the 

future”. 

Kolin Schunk (left) and Klaas Klasen(right, Lufthansa 

Innovations) with JoeBen Bevrit. 

oped an eVTOL quacopter which did fly but energy density 

was too low. 

eFJ: and from there directly to Joby aviation? 

JoeBen Bevirt: No! First I started a company on Robotics, 

after that another one with camera tripods named 

Joby which was successful and gave me the funding of 

Joby aviation 

eFJ: When did the first prototype fly? 

JoeBen Bevirt: We had a glider based eVTOL the single 

seated Monarch which did fly in 2013. But regarding 

speed and performance it was not good for our goal. 

eFJ: How long did it take to get to the Joby S4. 

JoeBen Bevirt: We tried out about more than 100 configurations 

and Designs in larger and smaller models as 

well as prototypes. 

eFJ: How many seats will you have in your first product 

on the market? 

JoeBen Bevirt: 4 seats and a pilot. 

eFJ: When did the S4 fly? 

JoeBen Bevirt: In 2017. 200 MPH, 150+ MILES, on a 

single charge, 100× quieter than conventional aircraft, 0 

carbon emissions. 

eFJ: Wisk (before Kitty Hawk & Cora) says that their 

eVTOL will never fly piloted but autonomous from the 

beginning – will Jobys first transport flights be piloted? 

The impressive 

picture of 

investors. 

JoeBen Bevrit: 

after being silent 

for several years 

he proved in 

San Jose that he 

is also a great 

entertainer. 



13

Cover e Founder Story 

The very first image of the Joby S4 release flying picture of the 

real aircraft flying manned in 2017. 

Industrial robots from the German company Kuka 

used for being able to do Mass production. 

JoeBen Bevirt: Our aircraft will have a pilot. 

EFJ: What do you think: In which country the first eV- 

TOL will be certified? And where will we see the first 

commercial service? 

JoeBen Bevirt: We are not in a position to guess the answer. 

We are working collaborative with several regulatory 

agencies. 

eFJ: In which year? 

JoeBen Bevirt: We are targeting initial commercial deployment 

by 2023. 

eFJ: You think there will be any private eVTOLs or will 

the aircraft only be operated by operators? 

JoeBen Bevirt: We expect to launch air taxi operations 

through either (1) our own rideshare service, or (2) in 

partnership with Uber and/or other rideshare companies. 

eFJ: Who do you think is your strongest competitor? 

JoeBen Bevirt: Competition is good; it’s a new market, 

new behavior on the part of consumers, new thinking in 

terms of regulation. It requires innovation - competition 

helps to raise the bar. But: We don’t comment on our 

competitors. 

eFJ: How many people work at Joby at the moment? 

JoeBen Bevirt: We don’t disclose our headcount. But we 

are hiring in many departments so if you are interested 

contact us. 

eFJ: When will Joby for the first time fly in public? 

JoeBen Bevirt: We are not disclosing details about our 

future plans. 

eFJ: Which cities are in the race? 

JoeBen Bevirt: We are not disclosing details about our 

future plans. 

eFJ: Have you ever thought in the beginning that your 

company would reach this height? 

JoeBen Bevirt: We always believed our dream would become 

a reality. 

eFJ: Toyota did also show their own eVTOL design - is 

this being continued? 

JoeBen Bevirt: We can’t comment on Toyota’s plans. 

(eFJ question also Toyota, also they did not comment) 

eFJ: Are you also considering certification with 

EASA? 

JoeBen Bevirt: Joby has been working with the FAA for 

Joby Aviation - the 

team. Right now 

they are hiring in 

many departments 

in different place 

around the world. 



eFounder 

several years and began a formal certification program in 

2018. The design certification process assures the safety 

of the design and typically takes 3 to 5 years. 

a.) Joby plans to establish a Part 135 commercial aircraft 

operation with the FAA to assure that once the design is 

certified, commercial operations can begin promptly afterwards. 

b.) Joby continues to evaluate key markets around the 

world and will pursue certification from the relevant regulatory 

authorities as required. Joby is in discussion with 

a number of international regulators regarding the commercial 

operation of its aircraft. 

c.) Joby will establish commercial aircraft operations in 

each country of operation and the best practices from 

each of these markets will be used to inform the overall 

safety of Joby’s aircraft operations around the world. 

eFJ: Why end up with a car company ny - and a Japanese 

car company? 

JoeBen Bevirt: Toyota Motor Corporation is a visionary in 

terms of sustainability and mobility. We have a shared vision 

of future modes of transportation. 

eFJ: What made Joby eVTOL design unique? 

JoeBen Bevirt: Joby Aviation’s aircraft is designed for 

four passengers plus a pilot. It can travel more than 150 

miles on a single charge, is 100 times quieter than conventional 

aircraft during takeoff and landing, and is nearsilent 

in flyover. 

eFJ: With the speculation on the market: the value of 

Joby is estimated between $700 Million USD and over 

Justin Paines, Chief Test Pilot Joby Aviation: price 

for developing the simplifies vehicle control for in 

harrier program. Price of AIAA and VFS with Joeben 

Bevrit and VFS director Mike Hirschberg. 

$1 Billion USD – Where do you see the value? 

JoeBen Bevirt: We don’t comment on our valuation. 

eFJ: Pilots in the eVTOL community were complaining 

that : after being very open with information in the 

communication in the first years of the company, in 

the last year you did not communicate much what you 

are doing. Will you be more open after the release of 

the images now? 

JoeBen Bevirt: Please excuse us for this and you will 

hear more from us in the near future. 

eFJ: Thank you JoeBen. 4 

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Expos / Fairs 

VIENNA CONFERENCE 

DIVERSIFIED & INTERCONNECTED 

eVTOL and UAM was 

undoubtedly a highlight 

of the conference 

as the introduction 

video played at 

the opening. 

A REPORT OF 

“THE FUTURE OF TRANSPORTATION 

WORLD CONFERENCE” 

It’s crowded. It’s distracting, in a good way. “The Future of Transportation 

World Conference” was held for the second time in Vienna 

last December. You had to choose from 9 sessions (called streams in 

the conference brochure) and over 170 speakers, all packed into two 

days, to attend. I can assure you that’s not an easy task. 



Expos / Fairs 

Among the myriad of presentations, there were also a 

glorious social night on the first day with fancy performances, 

free beers and a fair sized exhibition, which 

makes scheduling work even harder (especially during 

the morning sessions on the second day). Then you 

know you are at the right place because this is where 

you can listen to the presentations and bump into people 

from almost all sectors of transportation and a little 

beyond, from micro mobility, to urban air mobility (UAM) 

and eVTOL, to AI, 5G connectivity, electric distribution 

and anything in between. It’s very convenient to jump 

from a presentation about 5G to another one about road 

freight management in the next room. You just wish you 

could have a twin brother or sister, or even better a triplet. 

As Laila Hareb, the advisor to the General Civil Aviation 

Authority of UAE, presented, UAE is certainly an 

interesting place to explore for any transportation innovation 

entrepreneurs. UAE is one of the first countries 

in the world to approve for eVTOL trial flight 

and has been working with EASA for eVTOL certification. 

Among the diversification of all the topics, this conference 

clearly illustrated the strong interest in and prospect 

of UAM which is becoming part of the larger picture 

of electric mobility and urban transportation. One of the 

main reasons is that unlike conventional aircraft designs, 

eVTOL and UAM application shares technology and infrastructure 

with electric mobility such as autonomous 

control, digital connectivity, electric distribution, battery 

Mike Hirschberg of Vertical Flight Society made a good summary of eVTOL evolution. As of today there have 

been 231 eVTOL designs listed in VFS’s database. 



17

Cover Expos Story / Fairs 

and so on. In this sense, UAM may only prevail if it becomes 

part of the urban electric mobility infrastructure. 

Therefore, eVTOL and UAM fit in such conference right 

at home. 

Kaydon Stanzione, the CEO of Jaunt Air Mobility, listed the 

reasoning for the emerge of eVTOL and UAM application. 

Jaunt Air Mobility became Uber Elevate partner last June and 

has been working with BAE and Honeywell on their unique eV- 

TOL design with slow rotor technology. 

The close collaboration between UAM and urban transportation 

and other digital technologies also draw the attention 

of the transportation industry. It’s not a coincidence 

that the beginning scene and a large part of the 

promotional video of the conference was about aviation 

and a showcase of eVTOL and UAM. The first session of 

the conference is “urban and inter-urban eVTOL Air mobility” 

and it’s packed with audiences from many different 

backgrounds. I met a guy from a Japanese logistic 

management company and an American kit plane builder 

who wants to buy a demonstration ride in an eVTOL, 

to just give you an example. 

The two-day UAM sessions were moderated by Mike 

Hirschberg, the Executive Director of Vertical Flight Society 

(VFS), and Darrell Swanson, the Director of Swanson 

Aviation Consultancy respectively. Speakers in UAM 

sessions included representatives from Roland Berger, 

Jaunt Air Mobility (Uber Elevate partner), Volocopter, 

LIFT Aircraft, Porsche Consulting, Rohde & Schwarz, to 

name a few. 

Darrell Swanson of Swanson Aviation Consultancy was one of 

the few speakers at the conference mentioning electric fixedwing 

airplanes’ application in the user case of short-haul intercity 

transportation, as indicated in his slide of distributed aviation 

Balazs Kerulo of LIFT Aircraft illustrated the complexity of safety 

consideration and possible solutions in eVTOL design. LIFT 

is going to roll out experience ride across the US beginning in 

2020 in LIFT eVTOL which is compliant with Part 103 ultralight 

rule. 

Mike made a very good summary of the eVTOL evolution 

in his opening speech. VFS has been doing profound 

work in eVTOL update and analysis. The eVTOL database 

that VFS has built and offers for public use is the 

first stop for anyone interested in eVTOL. As of today, 

there have been 231 eVTOL designs listed in VFS’s database, 

a significant increase from last year. Despite the 

strong interest in eVTOL and UAM from investors, designers 

and entrepreneurs, certification and operation regulation, 

infrastructure and social acceptance remain to be 

the main barriers for eVTOL’s commercial deployment. In 

the efforts of the industry coalitions such as GAMA and 

VFS and the e-flight-forum organized by Flying Pages in 

China, regulators in major markets have been working 

on a solution for eVTOL certification and even trial operation. 

EASA and the Chinese regulator CAAC appear to be 

spearheading policy-making. EASA released the “Special 

Condition for Small-Category Vertical Take-Off and 

Landing (VTOL) Aircraft” (SC-VTOL) last July which is a 

big and the first such achievement of the regulator. CAAC 

has released several regulations concerning eVTOL and 

large drones in 2019. CAAC has permit trial operation of 

eVTOL in designated routes in several cities in China. 



一个联盟就是一个产业集群 

Host of the first Chinese electric 

aircraft forum with high participation. 

Tim Archer, the Alliance’s US representative 

and veteran general aviation expert, presented 

at the Alliance’s forum in Beijing. 

The Alliance has set up 

booth at EAA Airventure 

for two consecutive years. 

The Alliance’s booth at 

Beijing Aviation Expo. 

Z-Park Sky Innovations General Aviation Industrial 

Alliance is a nonprofit, non-government 

organization co-founded by numerous 

corporations and organizations representing 

the broad GA ecosystem in China including 

leading operators, research institutions as 

well as institutional investors. The Alliance 

is headquartered in Zhongguancun Science 

Since the foundation, the Alliance has been 

active in membership services, coordination 

between commercial sector and relevant 

government agencies, and global cooperation, 

including setting up the Alliance booth 

at EAA Airventure for two consecutive years, 

hosting the first "China General Aviation Forum 

in Beijing", the 2017 China International 

General Aviation Innovation and Startup 

Competition, and planning and organizing 

the National Flying Car Design Competition 

together with Qinghua University General 

Aviation Technology Research Center. 

The Alliance is aggressively promoting 

the general aviation development in China 

through the integration of the industry and 

finance, aligning the unique strengths and 

values of individual members. The Alliance 

is also committed to support technological 

innovation and crossover development of 

technologies in Beijing as well as in over 200 

industrial parks developed by Z-Park group. 

WWW.ZPARKGA.COM 

Mr.Jin Qiansheng, the Chairman 

of the Alliance, gave a 

speech at the Alliance forum

Cover Expos Story / Fairs 

Simon Whalley of Skyports gave an insightful presentation of 

their Vertiport design. Skyports has partnered with Volocopter 

to build a showcase Vertiport in Singapore last October. 

That said, detailed certification rules remain unclear as 

of today and thus is still a main subject at the presentation 

and panel discussion at the conference. One of the 

solutions according to the current rules is to make eV- 

TOL compliant with Part 103 ultralight rule in the US and 

in China where both regulators do not require any type 

certificate of Part 103 ultralight. There have been several 

such efforts including Kitty Hawk eVTOL (just terminated) 

and LIFT. Balazs Kerulo, the chief engineer of LIFT 

Aircraft, said in his presentation that LIFT is going to roll 

out experience ride across the US beginning in 2020 in 

LIFT eVTOL which is compliant with Part 103 ultralight 

and thus does not need certification. This kind of experience 

rides and demonstration flights can certainly help 

overcome the social acceptance barrier and collect flight 

data, but the operation model remains to be seen because 

Part 103 ultralight rule does not allow paid passengers 

or commercial operation of the aircraft. 

Dr. Limhi Somerville of Vertical Aerospace listed the technical 

standards involving eVTOL and battery requirement in his presentation. 

Last year Vertical Aerospace made the demonstration 

flight of their eVTOL capable of 250 kg payload. 

As the urban mobility and electric transportation are more 

and more interconnected at all levels from the ground to 

the air, it’d be very interesting to see what and who will 

appear at the conference this year. 4 



e Flight Journal 19

Cover Market eFlight Forum Story Watch 

3rd e-flight Forum in China 

CERTIFICATION 

IS THE KEY 

The Forum was held in Shijiazhuang, China on October 16-17th. Over 

30 speakers presented at the forum with topics ranging from certification, 

eVTOL, electric commuter airplanes, infrastructure, propulsion 

and batteries. Over 300 audiences from investors, city planners, 

regulators and automobile manufactures attended the two-day event. 

Lindbergh Foundation proposed an electric air rally from New York to 

Paris in 2027 at the forum. 

CConsidering the rapid development of all types of electric 

aircraft design and market prospective, it is no surprise 

that certification becomes an urgent need. At the forum 

Mr. XuChaoqun, the Director General and the No.1 guy 

at the airworthiness certification department of the Chinese 

regulator CAAC and Dr. Javier Vicedo,EASA representative 

in China presented each regulator’s thoughts 

on the certification of electric aircrafts. Mr.Xu is known 

as a supporter of general aviation innovation in China. 

Under his leadership, CAAC has been quite aggressive 

in electric aviation. For example, CAAC already certified 

the homegrown RX-1E electric LSA four years ago, released 

a series of new rules last year including the trial 

operation rule for eVTOL last year, the new LSA rule 

increasing MTOW from 600kg to 700kg (750kg for seaplanes), 

and the certification draft for large cargo drones. 

Mr. Xuadmitted the situation that there currently has little 

basis for electric aircraft certification especially eVTOL, 

but he stated that CAAC regarded electric aviation industry 

standards and practices, as well as the risk-based certification 

methods as important elements to facilitate the 

policy making. 

Dr. Javier Vicedo introduced the situation and development 

of certification policy making at EASA which has 

been trying to spearhead the global efforts of electric aircraft 

certification. EASA released the draft for new VTOL 

certification framework policy last November and published 

the formal rule “Special Condition for Small-Cate- 



Market Watch 

A solar-powered multi motor UAV designed by OXAI Aircraft in Shanghai at the display at the forum. This 

prototype has a wing span of 15 m and MTOW of 70 kg. It made the maiden flight earlier this year. 

gory VTOL Aircraft” (SC-VTOL-01) this July. Javier mentioned 

that EASA is trying to Combine small rotorcraft 

(CS27) and normal-category aero planes (CS-23) in the 

rulemaking process of eVTOL. Both regulators stated the 

support for innovation and the importance of “learning 

by doing”certification approach. 

Electric commuter is the highlight 

Electric commuting airplanes became an unexpected 

hot topic at the forum. Eric Lithun of Elflyfrom Norway introduced 

Norway’s ambition of emission free flying and 

the promising market for short-range electric commuter 

airplanes. Nordic Network for Electric Aviation (NEA), including 

SAS, Finnair and Avinor, was formed this September 

to promote electric aviation in Nordic countries. 

Eric, along with many players in electric aviation, believes 

that despite the limit of power density of current battery 

technology, Pure electric fixed wing airplanes with multiple 

seats are mature enough to be commercially operational 

on specific short-range routes and there are quite 

a few such routes in Nordic countries and around the 

world. Such full electric commuters with as little as 6-seat 

could already make economic sense and are much easier 

to certify under the current rules. 

Anders Forslund of HEART Aerospace from Sweden presented 

ES-19 electric commuter design. As the name 

suggests, it is a 19-seat pure electric design with 400km 

range in mind. Susan Ying of Ampaire presented the de- 

A roadable 

eVTOL design 

by 

BUAA at the 

display. 



23

Cover eFlight Forum Story 

velopment of their electric commuter design. The prototype 

of Ampaire, which is based on a Cessna 337, made 

the maiden flight in June this year. Susan said that the 

reason for using an existing model is for quick STC and 

operation. Ampaire is working IKHANA for the STC of 

electric converted hybrid Cessna 337. Ampaire will develop 

a 9-seat clean-sheet design next and a 40-seat 

model down the road. Karl Käse, a design consultant of 

Eviation, presented some design details of Eviation’s Alice 

11-seat pure electric airplane which was the show 

star at Paris Airshow this year. 

Electric trainer is imminent 

Eric Lithun of Elfly from Norway introduced Norway’s ambition 

of emission free flying and the promising market for shortrange 

electric commuter airplanes. His presentation drew a big 

interest from the audience. 

Derek Chang of Airbus UAM revealed Airbus’ UAM ambition in 

China. Airbus will launch VOOM on-demand helicopter rideshare 

service in Shenzhen-Hong Kong region in early 2020. 

Matthias Betsch of Flight Design presented the F2e twoseat 

prototype which had the first flight in June this year. 

F2e is based on the popular CT series ultralight design 

but with many improvement and new features and will 

apply for EASA Part23 certification. Danny Wu of Pipiestral 

presented Alpha Electro’s current operation situation. 

Alpha Electro is already the most popular full electric aircraft 

in the world with customers in Europe, Australia, 

Canada, USA. According to Danny, the total hourly flying 

cost of Alpha Electro including battery replacement 

and airframe depreciation is 33 euro which is much lower 

than its combusion engineer sibling which is already 

one of the most efficient two-seat airplane in its class. RX- 

1E, a two-seat LSA from Liaoning General Aviation Academy 

(LGAA) was the first certified electric airplanein China 

and has begun series production since 2016. At the 

forum LGAA unveiled their 4-seat design RX4E. The prototype 

made the maiden flight right after the forum on 

October 30th. RX4E has 1.2 ton MTOW with a flight duration 

of 1.5 hours. RX4E will undergo CAAC Part23 certification. 

eVTOL continues to be popular 

Willi Tacke of Flying Pages has been carrying out the duty as 

the moderator at the forum since the 1st forum in 2017. 

Derek Cheng of Airbus UAM presented the current development 

and plan of Airbus’s urban air mobility (UAM) 

projects. He believes that China will become a very good 

user case of UAM application. Airbus has set up its first 

innovation center outside of Europe in Shenzhen, China 

last year and one of the first projects the innovation center 

in Shenzhen is UAM application. Derek revealed that 

Airbus will begin trial operation of Voom on-demand helicopter 

rideshare project in Shenzhen-Hong Kong region 

as soon as the end of 2019 and will begin larger scale 

operation early next year and will consider to expand to 

more locations in China down the road. This will be the 

third Voom project besides Brazil and the US. 



eFlight Forum 

Tian Yu of AutoflightXpresented the 2-seat V600 fixed 

wing eVTOL prototype which was first unveiled at AERO/ 

e-flight-expo in Friedrichshafen this April. Tian said V600 

will begin test flight as soon as the year end. Tian revealed 

two new eVTOL designs at the forum: V880 unmanned 

cargo version and V1000 manned version. Both 

models share similar modular base designs. V880 will 

have 1000kg MTOW. Tian even brought a full size mockup 

of V880 to the forum. 

Zhang Yan of Ehang presented the latest development of 

its 184/216 eVTOL models. Ehang became the first eV- 

TOL manufacturer to begin trial operation in China last 

year under the CAAC rules. Zhang claimed that Ehang 

has been working closely with CAAC and has made several 

thousand flights under different weather and geographic 

conditions. Ehang made the news headline 

when it announced the IPO plan and the first delivery of 

its eVTOL to customers in China this year. However, the 

certification remains a hurdle for any ambition of Ehang. 

Propulsion, battery and flight control are the 

enabler technologies 

The so-called “crossover” effect of electric aviation has 

drawn the attention of many relevant industries. The aviationstandard 

sets a high bar for any components suppliers, 

but it also provides a good opportunity to improve 

Marc Becker of Rotax presented at the forum. The slide indicated 

Rotax’s anticipation of hybrid electric market in the near future. 

the product quality, train the team, build the corporate 

image and make new friends. Several prominent players 

in different area presented at the forum, including CATL 

(the second largest battery manufacturer in the world 

and the tier-one supplier of Tesla, Porsche, Mercedes, 

BMW, Audi, VW and so on), Bosch, ATB (a leading industrial 

electric motor manufacturer in Austria acquired 

by the Chinese Wolong Group), along with the well-established 

names in aviation including Rolls Royce, Rotax, 

Continental. This forum is the first major event participated 

by Rolls Royce after its acquisition of Siemens 

eAircraft this year. 

Rolls Royce brought the electric 

motor to display at the forum, 

along with Bosch, Ampaire, Pipistrel, 

AERO/e-flight-expo. 



25


V880 heavy duty cargo eVTOLUAV by AutoflightX at 

the display. It has a MTOW of 1000 kg. 

Infrastructure is the basis 

The prospective of eVTOL use at large scale in cities will 

dramatically change theurban infrastructure. Not only 

takeoff and landing pads for eVTOL are important, but 

also the electric power demand and distribution. Paul 

Stith of Black & Veatchis the advisor to NASA’s UAM research. 

He said at the forum that if the requirement for 

power demand and distribution is not addressed in the 

near future, eVTOL may not be able to take off by then. 

Social acceptance is critical 

Danny Wu of Pipiestral China presented a rare cutaway graphic 

of 801 eVTOL 

Even though all technologies and regulation are in place, 

eVTOL cannot be in use if there is strong opposition from 

the society. Therefore, social acceptance is critical for 

the ultimate rollout of eVTOL and UAM. Erik Lindbergh 

of Lindbergh Foundation, the Chairman of the foundation 

and the grandson of the legendary aviation pioneer 

Charles Lindbergh, stressed the importance of social acceptance 

for electric aviation in his video presentation. 

Lindbergh Foundation launched the global campaign to 

decarbonizes and reduce noise in aviation at the 100th 

anniversary of Charles Lindbergh’s epic flight across Atlantic 

in 1919 to inspire the public for electric aviation 

and to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. In 

his video speech Erik proposed an air rally by an electric 

airplanefrom New York to Paris in 2027. 

Dr. Javier Vicedo of EASA presented 

the regulator’s thoughts on the certification 

of electric aircraft. 



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Erik Lindbergh made a recorded video presentation at the 

forum. He proposed an electric air rally from New York to 

Paris in 2027 and another electric air race as part of the 

100th anniversary of Charles Lindergh’s pioneering flight 

across Atlantic. 

Besides the presentations, there were more other activities 

at the forum this year. LGAA signed a sales agreement 

of 10 RX-1E to a Chinese operator. The advisory 

committee of electric aircraft certification to CAAC 

was formed at the forum. The advisory committee is the 

brainchild of Flying Pages and several key players in 

electric aviation. Its founding members include CAAC 

research institute, BUAA (the most prominent Chinese 

aeronautical university), CATL, Geely (the owner of Terrafugia 

flying car, Volvo, Lotus, and the largest shareholder 

of Mercedes), ATB, LGAA. There were also 

more products at the display this year including Rolls 

Royce motors, Pipistrel, AutoflightX V880 cargo drone, 

a large solar-powered drone and even a provocative 

roadableeVTOL flying car model designed by a BUAA 

team. With the fast development in technology and policy 

making, what else may surprise us at the e-flight-forum 

this year? 4 

Zhang Qinyin of Rolls Royce presented at the forum. 

This was Rolls Royce’s first presence at a major 

electric aviation event after its acquisition of Siemens 

eAircraft. 

Dr. Freddy Gyllensten of Wolong Group presented 

at the forum. Wolong, the owner of ATB in Austria, 

is a new but ambitious and competent player 

in electric aviation. 



eFlight Forum 

As the second largest battery 

manufacturer in the 

world, CATL presented for 

the first time at an electric 

aviation event. CATL showed 

a strong ambition for a leading 

role in electric aviation. 

Ehang introduced the flight test and trial operation of 

their eVTOL. 

Group photo of most presenters. 

The advisory committee of electric aircraftcertification 

to CAAC was formed at the forum. The committee 

will be the communication channel between electric 

aviation industry andCAAC. 



29

Cover Market Story 

Watch 

EVTOL SUMMARY 

FOR 2019 

Lilium made 

the first test 

of its fullscale, 

allelectric 

five-seater 

eVTOL in 

May 2019. 

2019 was the third year after the first Uber Elevate conference in 2016 

which unofficially marked the beginning of theeVTOL hype. After three 

years of evolution at the speed of the internet and digitalization age, 

what was the current status of eVTOL at the end of 2019? In our view, 

eVTOL industry has become more realistic and more clusteredover 

the past year. These were several important developmentsin eVTOL 

in 2019 according to our close observation and first-hand experience: 

Certificationprospective 

TThe focus of eVTOL industry is certainly on certification 

because without proper certification there is no commercial 

use prospect for the new technology. With the advocate 

of the industry coalitions such as GAMA EPIC 

and VFS, regulators in major markets are making steady 

progress in 2019. Though the progress might be much 

more conservative compare with Silicon Valley speed, for 

anyone familiar with aviation regulation, it is already quite 

encouraging. After all safety is the first priority in aviationand 

in many cases there is no shortcut but taking time to 

collect necessary test data for technical evaluation as the 

basis for the certification. 

In 2019, the biggest news in eVTOL certification was 

the “Special Condition for Small-Category Vertical Take- 

Off and Landing (VTOL) Aircraft” (SC-VTOL) issued by 

EASA in July. This highly-anticipated document was the 

first rule regarding eVTOL in the world. That said, this is 

a framework to be filled in with more technical details. 

Meanwhile, the Chinese regulator CAAC issued several 

rules in 2019 to promote technology and application related 

to eVTOL. In February 2019 CAAC released an AC 

“Specific Category UAV Trial Operation Management Requirement” 

which uses the specific operational risk assessment 

(SORA) method to conduct safety manage- 



Market Watch 

ment of high-risk UAV operations in order to gradually 

establish standards and a regulatory system. This rule 

literally paves the ground for trial operation of eVTOL in 

China. Ehang took the advantage to begin flying its eV- 

TOL even with passengers in several Chinese cities. 

eVTOL vision becoming more mature and 

realistic 

There has been a surge of eVTOL design concepts ever 

since Uber published the Elevate Whitepaper in 2016. 

According to VFS’ database, there are currently over 300 

all types of eVTOL designs in the world. While it is a fun 

to surf the VFS’ eVTOL database, it makes people wonder 

how many of those interesting and fancy designs will 

overcome the challenge of certification in the end and ultimately 

be put into serial production. Even some large 

corporations are attempting the learning curve. In October 

2019 Audi canceled the Pop.Up eVTOL project 

with Airbus due to the daunting and complex technology 

needed to make it a reality. Kitty Hawk stopped taking 

orders of its Flyer eVTOL. However,as time goes by 

and more lessons are learned, eVTOL community as a 

whole has become more mature in the past year. Airbus’ 

CityAirbus took flight for the first time in May 2019. Airbus 

completed all tests of Vahana eVTOL and moved on 

to the next stage. The flight data accumulated and the 

public interest generated throughout the Vahana project 

are invaluable. Bell unveiled its Nexus tilt-rotor eV- 

TOL mockup in full size in January 2019. Lilium and Volocopter 

both made some impressive flight tests and 

demo flights in 2019. Kitty Hawk launched a new eV- 

TOL called “Heaviside” which is a small, quiet design 

with eight tilting propellers. Kitty Hawk has gone a long 

way from the ultralight-type Flyer to Cora and then to 

Heaviside. Uber signed up more manufacturing partners 

in 2019 as it announced the partnership with Jaunt 

Air Mobility and Joby. 

Volocopter made debut urban flight in Stuttgart/ 

Germany in September 2019. 



31

Cover Market Story Watch 

Kitty Hawk 

unveiled its 

new 

eVTOL Wisk 

in October 

2019. 

Startups and aerospacepartners joined hands 

In 2019 an interesting trend is that eVTOL startups and 

newcomersmade joint efforts with partners of traditional 

aerospace companies for certification and mass production 

purposes. Boeing and Kitty Hawk set up a joint-venture 

Wisk in December. Boeing is also working together 

with Porsche to jointly develop an eVTOL. This indicates 

that eVTOL startups are beginning to realize that as certification 

and mass production are two prominent barriers 

for eVTOL’s success down the road, it is evitable to 

learn the experiences and expertise of traditional partners. 

It may be a growing pain to realize that aircraft design 

and production are very different from website and 

mobile app development. After all, very few products in 

the world are more regulated than aviation products for 

obvious safety reasons. 

UAM integrated into the auto industry’s urban 

transportation solution 

In 2019 we saw more automobile companies come into 

the game besides Audi’s Pop.Up project with Airbus and 

Toyota’s investment in Joby. Hyundai and Geely might 

be the most aggressive automobile manufacturers into 

UAM scene. Hyundai set up a dedicatedUAMdepartment 

Airbus unveiled 

CityAirbus in 

Ingolstadt/ 

Germany, 

where Audi 

is headquartered, 

in 

March 2019. 



Expos / Fairs 

HIGH POWER 

HIGH SCALABILITY 

AIRCRAFT 

HYBRID POWERTRAIN 

introducing the GA Hybrid Aircraft 

Find us at AERO Friedrichshafen Germany 

April 10 -13 April 2019 

A4-319 A3-301 A7-201 

more info on www.h3ps.eu 


H3PS (acronym for Ò High Power High Scalability Aircraft Hybrid PowertrainÓ ) is a project funded under 

the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Grant Agreement No. 769392. 

e Flight Journal 17


and recruited Dr.Jaiwon Shin, the former NASA Aeronautical 

Director, to head the new department. Hyundai also 

included UAM vision in its development roadmap to convert 

to a mobility solution provider rather than an automobilemanufacturer. 

As a market leader in electric cars 

in China, Geely has been invested in UAM earlier through 

acquired Terrafugia. In 2019, Geely also began a study 

of eVTOL design in China. In 2019 Porsche announced 

its eVTOL project together with Boeing.BMW presented 

Skai an eVTOL mockup, the world’s first hydrogen powered 

eVTOL design, which BMW participated in the design, 

at the BMW head office in Munich. As moreautomobile 

manufactures view themselves as integrated mobility 

service providers, UAM will have a greater chance to gain 

popularitywhen it evolves beyond the aviation domain. 

Bell unveiled tilt-rotor eVTOL Nexus in January 2019 

and again presented a new model of Nexus with four 

ducted fans in January 2020. 

As the new year and the new decade just began this 

month, we’ve already seen many exciting eVTOL news 

such as the Hyundai’s eVTOL design unveil, Bell’s new 

Nexus eVTOL design and the partnership between EmbraerX 

and Elroy Air. Boeing will host the GoFly eVTOLpersonal 

flight vehicle design competition finalein February. 

In no time Uber will host the Elevate Conference for 

its fourth year. The 11th e-flight-expo will begin in April together 

with the first electric air rally.We really can’t wait for 

what will happen in eVTOL in 2020. 4 

Porsche and Boeing jointly unveiled 

an eVTOL design in October 2019. 



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19

Cover Market Story 

Watch 

IN SUMMER 2019 EASA PUBLISHED THE SC VTOL 

AT THE ROTORCRAFT AND VTOL SYMPOSIUM 

SC VTOL 

-THE 

EURO- 

THE EUROPEAN PLAN for 

AVIATION 

SAFETY 

(EPAS 2020-2024) 

PEAN 

WAY 

In December in the EASA home city Cologne the Team explained under 

the lead of certification director Rachel Daeschler how the European 

Aviation Safety agency their view how eVtol can be certified 

and safely operated. As the interest in the new policy is very high its 

was no wonder that this years Rotorcraft and VTOL Symposium had 

a record participation. 

TThe big formal difference between FAA’s and EASAs 

view is as the Americans want to certify the new aircraft 

which are able to take of vertical like Helicopters in the 

two existing categories Part 23 and Part 25 and EASA 

created a new category called VTOL and want to certify 

all aircraft which can take of vertically and have more 

than 2 Rotors in this category. 

For the Americans which want to use part 23 for those 

aircraft which fly with wings, and Part 25 for those aircraft 

which generate their Lift only with Rotors or propellers. 

In Cologne on point in this new regulation cached 

the eyes and the critics of several manufacturers. EASA 

is suggesting that for the enhanced Category of VTOL – 

which is the only one which can be used for professional 

passenger transport - They will not accept any “single 

point of failure”. Which means that if one part fails, this 

should not cause a catastrophic accident. Which means: 

If 1 Motor or 1 Rotor fails the Aircraft must still be capable 

to continue its flight. The thought behind is, that in Helicopters 

this was not possible because if for example the 



Market Watch 

Conclusion 

→ No single failure catastrophic 

→ 

→ 

Achievable for VTOL by design/redundancy 

Key Objective of Special Condition robustness against single failure 

→ AMC Process: 

→ 

→ 

→ 

→ 

Safety Assessment 

Reasonable and Conceivable failures 

Identification of Catastrophic Single Failures 

Redesign / Reconfiguration 

→ “Extremely Improbable” accepted with compensating provisions 

→ 

Limited and case-by-case basis 

Interpretation of the single failure criteria for structure (2250(c)) 

23 

Main or the tail rotor failed this could not be compensated. 

With the distributed Lift/propulsion this is now possible 

and as the eVTOL aircraft will operate in the congested 

environment of the cities they must me much safer as 

existing Helicopter specially when they should be used 

in large numbers in the cities. 

While most of the eVTOL manufacturers agree that eV- 

TOLs must be much safer than the existing GA-Aircraft 

by design there was one point which was mainly criticized 

in the discussions following the EASA presenters 

in Cologne which was that this “No single point of Failure” 

rule after EASA’s will should not be only implemented 

Lift/propulsion system but for the whole aircraft structure 

which is not the case in part 23 or part 25. The core 

argument of the EASA is: with distributed propulsion/lift 

its doable and so we should do it. 

The argument of the opponents from the manufactures 

side in this discussion is, if part like the main wing spar 

or wing attachments which in existing aircraft never have 

been the cause of an accident this may make the aircraft 

more complicated which can cause new errors. Also the 

aircraft will be more heavy. EASA proposes the exit that 

if the manufacturer proves that redundancy in some cases 

is not doable or will make the aircraft more complicated 

and unsafe, the agency can except this by exception. 

EASA asked the manufacturers and associations for 

comments on the SC VTOL specially during the process 

while the means of compliance will be developed with 

Partners like EuroCAE. 

One week before the cologne event EASA also had released 

their point of view 

For the UAS traffic management at Amsterdam and Finaly 

puts al this new rules as part of their large strategy 

which was presented in the strategy paper EPAS 2020- 

2024 (EPAS stands for European Plan for Aviation Safety) 

. This general strategy paper has 297 pages puts the 

single parts in to a larger picture. 



37


Wing fittings example 

Wing fittings: 

‣ Single element 

‣ Single Load path (no fail safe capability) 

‣ Same batch & process 

‣ Same stress distribution in lug sections 

VTOL 

Redesign 

Lug / bolt 

failure 

Lost of 

Function 

Loss of Wing 

CATASTROPHIC 

Interpretation of the single failure criteria for structure (2250(c)) 

17 

With the release of the SC VTOL next to ASTM and SAE 

another Europe based Standartisation Organisation EU- 

ROCAE got involved and they presented in cologne as 

well their first results. 

As EASA wants to continue the discussion with all manufacturers 

also with those who could not make it to cologne 

they have PDFs of all the presentations free for 

download at their webside under 

https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/ 

events/rotorcraft-and-vtol-symposium 

and their you can also find the download links for the Videotaping 

of all presentations. 

After several years of constantly growing interest for 2020 

EASA decided to combine the symposium with a specialized 

tradeshow for VTOL and helicopter called European 

Rotors (November 10-12, 2020). 

Together with the partners European Helicopter association 

and the exhibition makers from the AERO Friedrichshafen 

they will host this show in the Fairground of their 

Hometown Cologne. 4 

General – VTOL design examples 

Interpretation of the single failure criteria for structure 2250(c) 

5 



STRONG 

LIGHTWEIGHT 

FAST 

Market Watch 

行业观察 

Propellers 

for eVToL 

& eAircraft eAircraft 

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- 3-blade and 4-blade version 

- left and right turning 

- size meter: 1.45; 1.55; 1.65; 1.70; 1.75 

- size inch: 57; 61; 65; 67; 69 

- various pitch versions for all speeds 

info@helix-propeller.de 

www.helix-propeller.de 

4 / 2019 

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DIN EN 9100 certified propeller manufacture 


19

Expos / Fairs 

WORLD PREMIERE IN FRIEDRICHSHAFEN FOR THE 11TH E-FLIGHT-EXPO 

1. eFLIGHT RALLYE 

11 Years ago the AERO/ 

Germany pioneered in 

starting the first exhibition 

for electric aircraft. 

In 2020 the show will be 

accompanied by the world 

first rallye for electric aircraft 

the Lindbergh 

e-flight-Rallye 2020. 

TThe electric aircraft will start on Monday, March 30th in 

Friedrichshafen, goal is the airfield of Mengen Hochtengen 

(78 kilometers). The next leg is to the airfield Bad 

Waldsee-Reute (49 kilometers). Pilots and aircraft stay 

overnight in Bad Waldsee-Reute. From there it goes back 

on Thursday morning to Friedrichshafen where the pilots 

and aircraft after landing will roll to the e-flight-Expo Hall 

eFlight Show at the AERO in Friedrichshafen/Germany 

A7. Where all aircraft will be parked during the show. On 

all legs the consumption of energy will be measured (the 

total distance is 159 Kilometres). 

Goal of the Rallye is to show short travel is possible with 

e-aircraft right now. 

Info: e-flight-rallye2020@flying-pages.com 4 

Ready to go at the eFlight Show - maybe also at 

the first eFlight Rallye? See you ... 



39

MORE POWER MEETS 

PROVEN RELIABILIT Y 

Powering your ultimate flight experience. 

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© 2019 BRP-Rotax GmbH & Co. KG / All rights reserved. ® and TM and the BRP logo are trademarks of Bombardier Recreational Products Inc. or its affiliates.

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eFlight Journal 1 2020

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