Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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AralSeaMediterraneanSeayTheGulf0 500 milesOb’YeniseyOb’i n sSevernayaDvinaLakeBaikalAngaraIrtyshU r a l M o u n t aNVolgaTaigaForest steppeSteppe and semi-desertDeciduous forestMountainsMediterranean / dry scrubSemi-desert and desertSub-tropical and tropicalTobolian SteppeIshimlandscapes with peopleMongolGreat HungarianPlainUralDniesterKazakh Steppes .A l t a i M tDonPontic–Caspian SteppeDnieperG o b iD e s e r tDanubeLake BalkhashMuyunkumBlack Sea63te rSyr Dar’yaT a k a m a k a n D e sKyzylkumCaspianSeaC a u c a s u sAmu Dar’yaKarakumMekongSalweenTibetan PlateauTigrisEuphratesaH iSyrianDesertl am aIranianPlateauGangesIndusTharDesertNileRedSea0 500kmArabianDesert3.2 The ecological zones of Eurasia were largely determined by latitude. Between the forests of the north and the deserts of the south lay the great swathe of steppe grassland extending fromManchuria to the Great Hungarian Plain. This was the natural home of the horse.A l p sIonianSea
landscapes with peopleThe steppe zone, then, is the creation of latitude but it is moderated by anotherless obvious factor: proximity to the Atlantic. The wind system and currents of theocean create a predominantly east-moving air stream, damp and mild enough toameliorate the climate of the European peninsula that creates conditions in whichthe deciduous forest will thrive. The moderating effect of the Atlantic system extendseastwards about as far as the Volga River, allowing deciduous forests to extend thisfar in place of taiga. It also means that the western steppe and forest steppe are moisterand warmer than comparable regions further east, their pastures accordingly beinglusher. This creates what is known as the steppe gradient. As one travels from theeast to the west the climate changes from cold and dry to warm and damp. It was areality well understood by those who inhabited these regions and provided an everpresentincentive to migrate. A community living in the cold high steppe of Mongoliasubjected to cycles of intense cold had three options to improve its life: to move southinto China, to move south-west into India, or to move due west towards Europe. Allthree options were taken at different times throughout history but the first and secondmeant crossing into different ecological zones. By choosing to move westwardsalong the steppe corridor the migrants had the great advantage of staying within anenvironment with which they were familiar, and one that facilitated fast movement.It was for this reason that the history of Eurasia was dominated by constant flowsof people from east to west along the steppe and why so many of them, from theYamnaya culture of the early third millennium bc to the Mongols of the thirteenthcentury ad, ended their travels at the most westerly extremity of the steppe zone: theGreat Hungarian Plain.For the most part the steppe corridor is gently undulating land broken only by thegreat rivers flowing across it, some northwards into the Arctic Ocean, others southwardsinto the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. But at two points mountain rangeshinder east–west progress. The greatest obstacle is offered by the Altai Mountainsseparating the eastern, or Mongolian, steppe from the Kazakh steppe to the west, butlush valleys and passes provide ways through. The other intrusion is the south end ofthe Ural Mountains. It was less of a barrier but it caused the zone of grassland steppeto narrow between the forest steppe flanking the end of the mountain range and thedesert steppe fringing the Caspian and Aral seas. To the east of the Urals lies the Central,or Kazakh, steppe while to the west is the Western, or Pontic–Caspian steppe,which extends along the Danube valley to the puszta of Hungary.Although, on the map, the distances along the steppe corridor look formidablein terms of ancient travel, the relatively level, open land facilitated speed. In the thirteenthcentury ad it is claimed that a Mongol dispatch rider, setting out from Karakorumin the Mongolian steppe, changing horses whenever necessary, could reach64
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the scythians
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
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prefacehistory exploring, with undi
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contentsviii
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discovering the scythiansinterest i
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discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
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discovering the scythiansmounds to
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discovering the scythiansÂantiquit
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discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
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Page 24 and 25: discovering the scythiansKuban regi
Page 26 and 27: discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
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Page 30 and 31: After the Revolutiondiscovering the
Page 32 and 33: discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
Page 34 and 35: discovering the scythians1.18 The g
Page 36: discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
Page 39 and 40: the scythians as others saw themlan
Page 41 and 42: the scythians as others saw themScy
Page 43 and 44: the scythians as others saw themThe
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Page 49 and 50: Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian
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Page 63 and 64: the scythians as others saw themsee
Page 65 and 66: the scythians as others saw them2.1
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Page 71: landscapes with people3.1 The lands
Page 75 and 76: landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
Page 77 and 78: SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
Page 79 and 80: landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
Page 81 and 82: landscapes with peopleMore direct e
Page 83 and 84: landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
Page 85 and 86: landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
Page 87 and 88: landscapes with peopleAlongside the
Page 89 and 90: landscapes with people3.11 The elab
Page 91: landscapes with peopleBroadly conte
Page 95 and 96: predatory nomadshave tended to be i
Page 97 and 98: predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
Page 99 and 100: predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
Page 101 and 102: predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
Page 103 and 104: Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
Page 105 and 106: 4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
Page 107 and 108: predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
Page 109 and 110: predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
Page 111 and 112: predatory nomadsan isolated later i
Page 113 and 114: Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
Page 115 and 116: predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
Page 117 and 118: predatory nomadsies which concentra
Page 120 and 121: 5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
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the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
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crossing the carpathianslar materia
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crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
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DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
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crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
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crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
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crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
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crossing the carpathiansin its pred
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crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
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crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
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scythians in central asiaThere is,
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scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
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7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
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scythians in central asiaIn another
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scythians in central asiawere proba
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scythians in central asiaAncient ri
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scythians in central asiaCemeteries
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scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
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A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
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7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now
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scythians in central asiaby several
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scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
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scythians in central asiafrom the t
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scythians in central asiaChina duri
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8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
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bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
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bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
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bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
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bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
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bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
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bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
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bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
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bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
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bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
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bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
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bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
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bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
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9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
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bending the bowtheir bodies with a
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bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
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bending the bow9.4 Saddle cover fro
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bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
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bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
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bending the bowParthians—the Part
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bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
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bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
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bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
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bending the bowof such intricacy wo
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bending the bowmake them more comfo
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bending the bowThe burial is remark
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bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
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bending the bowRealizing at the out
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bending the bowtime to time with th
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bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
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bending the bowthe introduction of
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of gods, beliefs, and artof the sch
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of gods, beliefs, and arthearth. Th
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of gods, beliefs, and artwould have
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of gods, beliefs, and artsacred gol
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.2 (Left
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of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.8 Gilde
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.10 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.14 Petr
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.22 Leat
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11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
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the way of deathtism. Another backw
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the way of deaththis is clearly not
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the way of deathThe ProcessionsIn t
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the way of death11.3 (Right) Kurgan
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the way of death11.5 Kurgan 4 at Pa
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shaft 1the way of deathTOLSTAYA MOG
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the way of death11.8 The Elizavetin
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the way of deathIn relishing the de
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the way of deathThe Massagetae had
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scythians in the longue duréetion
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A l176 -160 bcYuezhi 140 -135 bcSak
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scythians in the longue durée12.2
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scythians in the longue duréeBospo
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scythians in the longue duréeOn tw
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scythians in the longue duréeAs th
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scythians in the longue duréeunend
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SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of s
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gallery of objects
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1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
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2 Chastye Kurgany beakergallery of
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3 Gaymonova mogila cupgallery of ob
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4 Solokha cupgallery of objects(Sta
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5 Solokha combgallery of objects(St
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6 Perederiieva mogila helmetgallery
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7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
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8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
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9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
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10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
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timeline
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Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
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scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
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further readingClassical TextsIn th
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further reading116-47. The creation
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further readingArchaeology’, Worl
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further readingwriters as ‘noble
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further readingThe impact of horse-
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further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
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further reading2007), 135-44 and in
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further reading(pp. 368-70). These
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further reading‘Tuva during the S
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further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
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further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
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further readingobryadnost’ nasele
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illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
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illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
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illustration sourcesКаталог
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INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer to
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coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
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bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
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wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
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horse burials, Arzhan 1 95-8horse g
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Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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