Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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horse burials, Arzhan 1 95–8horse gear 90, 90Saragash phase 196–7shamanistic belief system 93,93weapons of war 89–90, 89, 91,102Taliándörögd dragon pairs,Hungary 163, 164Tanais 126, 127–8, 127, 325Tápiószentmárton recumbent goldstag, Hungary 150, 153Targitaos (Hercules) 266, 267, 268,269tattooing, body 207–9, 208, 209,265Taxcais, Scythian king 256, 358Thagimasadas (Poseidon) 268Thales, philosopher 44Thatis River, Battle of, BosporanKingdom 258Thrace 106, 150, 256Thraco-Kimmerian culture 107Thucydides 45tiger, Frolov collection 9Tillya Tepe cemetery, Afghanistan315Dragon Master pendant 316tin mining, Zeravshan, Uzbekistan73Tobolsk, gold belt buckle 5Tolstaya mogila, Ordžonikidze,Ukraine 21, 139–40arrangement of burials 141,302–3, 303, 304feasting 306gold pectoral 222, 223, 286,286, 348, 349Tomis, Greek colony 38, 57–8Tomsk, Siberia 3Tomyris, Sakā queen 41, 219, 255,262Tradescant, John 1Trajan, emperor 321indexTrajan’s column, Rome 321Trakhtemirov settlement, Ukraine129, 130, 132–3Trapezus, Greek colony 30, 37tree of life (ficus mundi) motif 276,282, 283, 289, 348Trekbratniy kurgan relief 279, 281trilobite arrowheads 106–7, 157Triphon funerary monument,Tanais 324Tsagaan Salaa petroglyph,Mongolia 284, 284Tsimbalka kurgan, gold bridledecoration 276Tuekata kurgan 1, Central Asia165–7, 167Tyras, Greek trading post 124Ural Mountains 64Urartu Kingdom 31, 32, 32–3, 114,115, 115, 116Uyuk hollow, Tuva region, climatechanges 86–7, 87, 88,95–103Valens, emperor 325Valerius Flaccus 266Vandals 325, 326Vekerzug culture, Carpathian Basin152, 152–6, 154, 157Vergina great mound, Macedonia143Vesebusky, N. J. 344Veseloksky, N. I. 338, 340Visigoths 325Wandsworth bronze shield boss,London 165, 166warfare and weapons, Scythian229–63battleaxes and maces 244–5,245beheading enemies 260–1, 261body armour 248, 248bows and arrows 238–42, 239,240, 241bridles 235–7, 236, 237, 238celebrating victory 260–3climate change and stress ofover-population 230evidence from the graves 251–3gelding of horses preference 231gorytoi (quivers) 241–2, 241,242, 243, 254, 255, 344–5,344helmets 249–51, 249horses and horse gear 231–7images of conflict 253–5learning form the Greeks andPersians 230–1poisoned arrows 241raiding 230saddles and saddle cloths 232–7,234, 235, 238Scythian cavalry in Persianservice 259–60in the service of others 258–60shields 247–8, 247spears and lances 243–4, 243strategy and tactics 255–8swords and daggers 115, 115,244, 244warrior hordes and migrations230whips 246William of Rubruck 327winged goddess gold plaque,Ukraine 277Witaszkowo gold fish, Poland157–8, 158Witsen, Nicolaas 3–5Witsen Siberian antiquities 4women:Sauromatae women warriors219skin cleaning 210–11status in Scythian society140–1, 194, 219399
wool and leather uses, Scythians inCentral Asia 194–5 work andplay, Scythian 220–7worship and ritual, Scythian269–71sacrificing cattle and horses 271sacrificing prisoners 271Wusun peoples 313, 314, 315, 317Xerxes, Persian king 259Xiongnu peoples 313, 314, 316indexYamnaya culture 64, 68, 69, 109,148, 311DNA evidence 148Great Hungarian Plain 148–9Yenisei River 86Yuezhi peoples 313–15, 314yurts and gers 211–12, 212Zabelin, I. E. 350Zeravshan tin mining, Uzbekistan73Zeus 266, 267Zhurovka cemeteries:kurgan 400 burial chamber298–9, 298kurgan 401 scale armour 248shaft graves 137–9Zöldhalompuszta gold stag,Hungary 150, 153Zopyrion, general 129, 256Zoroastrian religion 268Zverev, S. E. 334400
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the scythians
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
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prefacehistory exploring, with undi
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contentsviii
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discovering the scythiansinterest i
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discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
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discovering the scythiansmounds to
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discovering the scythiansÂantiquit
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discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
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discovering the scythians1.9 (Oppos
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discovering the scythiansKuban regi
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discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
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discovering the scythians1.16 The e
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After the Revolutiondiscovering the
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discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
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discovering the scythians1.18 The g
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discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
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the scythians as others saw themlan
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the scythians as others saw themScy
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the scythians as others saw themThe
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the scythians as others saw themGre
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the scythians as others saw themwou
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Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian
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the scythians as others saw themAlt
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the scythians as others saw themtha
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the scythians as others saw themaud
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the scythians as others saw themcra
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the scythians as others saw themBey
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the scythians as others saw themwer
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the scythians as others saw themsee
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the scythians as others saw them2.1
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the scythians as others saw themset
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landscapes with people3.1 The lands
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landscapes with peopleThe steppe zo
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landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
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SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
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landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
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landscapes with peopleMore direct e
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landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
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landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
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landscapes with peopleAlongside the
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landscapes with people3.11 The elab
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landscapes with peopleBroadly conte
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predatory nomadshave tended to be i
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predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
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predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
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predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
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Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
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4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
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predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
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predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
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predatory nomadsan isolated later i
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Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
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predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
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predatory nomadsies which concentra
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5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
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the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
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crossing the carpathianslar materia
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crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
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DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
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crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
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crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
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crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
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crossing the carpathiansin its pred
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crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
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crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
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scythians in central asiaThere is,
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scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
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7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
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scythians in central asiaIn another
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scythians in central asiawere proba
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scythians in central asiaAncient ri
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scythians in central asiaCemeteries
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scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
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A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
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7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now
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scythians in central asiaby several
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scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
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scythians in central asiafrom the t
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scythians in central asiaChina duri
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8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
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bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
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bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
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bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
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bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
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bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
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bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
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bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
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bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
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bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
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bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
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bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
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bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
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9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
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bending the bowtheir bodies with a
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bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
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bending the bow9.4 Saddle cover fro
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bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
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bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
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bending the bowParthians—the Part
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bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
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bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
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bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
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bending the bowof such intricacy wo
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bending the bowmake them more comfo
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bending the bowThe burial is remark
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bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
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bending the bowRealizing at the out
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bending the bowtime to time with th
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bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
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bending the bowthe introduction of
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of gods, beliefs, and artof the sch
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of gods, beliefs, and arthearth. Th
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of gods, beliefs, and artwould have
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of gods, beliefs, and artsacred gol
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.2 (Left
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of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.8 Gilde
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.10 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.14 Petr
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.22 Leat
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11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
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the way of deathtism. Another backw
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the way of deaththis is clearly not
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the way of deathThe ProcessionsIn t
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the way of death11.3 (Right) Kurgan
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the way of death11.5 Kurgan 4 at Pa
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shaft 1the way of deathTOLSTAYA MOG
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the way of death11.8 The Elizavetin
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the way of deathIn relishing the de
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the way of deathThe Massagetae had
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scythians in the longue duréetion
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A l176 -160 bcYuezhi 140 -135 bcSak
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scythians in the longue durée12.2
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scythians in the longue duréeBospo
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scythians in the longue duréeOn tw
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scythians in the longue duréeAs th
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scythians in the longue duréeunend
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SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of s
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gallery of objects
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1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
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2 Chastye Kurgany beakergallery of
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3 Gaymonova mogila cupgallery of ob
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4 Solokha cupgallery of objects(Sta
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5 Solokha combgallery of objects(St
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6 Perederiieva mogila helmetgallery
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7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
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8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
Page 357 and 358: 9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
Page 359 and 360: 10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
Page 362 and 363: timeline
Page 364: Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
Page 367 and 368: scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
Page 369 and 370: further readingClassical TextsIn th
Page 371 and 372: further reading116-47. The creation
Page 373 and 374: further readingArchaeology’, Worl
Page 375 and 376: further readingwriters as ‘noble
Page 377 and 378: further readingThe impact of horse-
Page 379 and 380: further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
Page 381 and 382: further reading2007), 135-44 and in
Page 383 and 384: further reading(pp. 368-70). These
Page 385 and 386: further reading‘Tuva during the S
Page 387 and 388: further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
Page 389 and 390: further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
Page 391 and 392: further readingobryadnost’ nasele
Page 394 and 395: illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
Page 396 and 397: illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
Page 398 and 399: illustration sourcesКаталог
Page 400 and 401: INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer to
Page 402 and 403: coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
Page 404 and 405: bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
Page 406 and 407: wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
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Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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