Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

coiled feline motif, Scythian 284–5,
285
Colaxais 266
Colchis 30
copper mining 73
covered wagons, Scythian 211, 211,
214–16, 215
cremation graves, Hallstatt culture
159
Cyaxares, Median king 114, 259
Cyropolis, Persian garrison town
170
Cyrus the Great, Persian king
39–41, 44, 170, 175, 256, 262
Dacians 319, 320–2
daily life, Scythian 199–227
Andrieis/Enarees (effeminates)
219–20, 268, 272, 273
body tattooing 207–9, 208,
209, 265
cannabis use 46, 210
cheese making 222–4
clean in body and mind 209–16
covered wagons 211, 211, 214–16,
215
dress and display 201–9, 202,
203, 204
furniture and cooking utensils
213, 213, 214
gender fluidity 218–20
goats and cattle 222
hairstyles 211
herd management and animal
husbandry 220–2
horse training 221, 221
hunting 225, 225
leather and wool working 207
mare milking 222
music 226, 226, 227
permanent houses 212–13
saunas 210
sheep 222, 223
social structure 216–17
index
wine 227
women’s skin cleaning 210–11
work and play 220–7
yurts and gers 211–12, 212
Darius, Persian king 24, 40, 41,
41–3, 122, 175, 203, 231, 256
de Wilde, Jacob 2, 3
death, burial, and ritual, Scythian
46, 46, 291–309
across the steppe 307–8
burial grounds of the kings
293–5
catacomb-style graves 139–41,
152, 299–300, 299
consigned to the earth 300–4,
301, 303, 304
death riders 307
displays of grief 297
feasting 297, 306
female companions 302
gift giving 298
preparing the body 295–6
preparing the grave 298–300,
298, 299
processions 297–8
purifications 306
raising the mound 304–6
retainers 302
ritual cannibalism 308–9, 308
ritual mutilation 297
royal and aristocratic
distinctions 295
sarcophagi 300
Scythian sources 292–3
a year later 306–7
see also horse sacrifice and burials
deer and stag motifs, Scythian 283,
284
defended enclosures (gorodišče),
Pontic steppe 22
Bel’sk, Ukraine 22, 46, 129, 132,
133–5, 133
Kamenskoe fortification,
Ukraine 22, 129–31, 130
deities, Scythian images of 276–82
Demidov, Alexis 6
Demosthenes 54
Diodorus Siculus 144, 258, 266
Dioskouroi cult 282
DNA evidence, Yamnaya culture
148
Dnepropetrovska ceremonial pole
top, Ukraine 275
‘dragon-pairs’ 162
dress and display, Scythian 201–9,
202, 203, 204
Du Brux, Paul 332
Dugdamme/Lygdamis, Kimmerian
king 33
Dutch East India Company 2
dzud, Mongolia 66
effeminate males (‘female
sickness’), Andrieis/Enarees
219–20, 272, 273
and the hereditary priesthood
268
Eleusinian cult 143
Elizavetinskaya kurgans:
six-wheeled wagon 304, 305
Elizavetovskaya settlement, Don
delta 127, 127, 129, 131
shaft graves 137–9
Enarees/Andrieis 219–20, 272, 273
and the hereditary priesthood
268
Ephesus temple of Artemis 33, 35
Ephoros 48
Equus caballus 70
Equus hernionas (Onager) 70
Equus hydruntinus 70
Eumelus, Bosporan pretender 258
Eurasian steppe 61–82
Atlantic wind systems and
currents 64
cereal cultivation (1800–1200
bc) 73–6
climate 65–70
393