Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer toillustrations, maps, and diagrams.For the benefit of digital users,indexed terms that span two pages(e.g., 52–3) may, on occasion,appear on only one of those pages.Adrianople, Battle of (ad 378) 325Aeschines 54Agarus, Scythian king 358Agathyrsae peoples 152Agathyrsi 209Agathyrsus 333Ai Khanum 315Ak-Alakha kurgans, AltaiMountains, Kazakhstan 20,187, 193–4, 201, 209dress and display 205–7Akkermen burial, River Molochna141Alans (Alani) 317, 319, 320, 324–7,326Alazonian peoples 49Alekseyev, A. Y. 357Alexander II, Tzar of Russia 2Alexander the Great 56–7, 129,175–6Alexandropol kurgan,Dnipropetrovsk region,Ukraine 12, 13, 14ceremonial pole tops 274horse burials 14Alexey, Tzar of Russia 3Altai Mountains 16–20, 17, 64, 177,283kurgans 292 see also Pazyrykcemeteries, Altai Mountains;Berel kurgans, AltaiMountainsAmazons/oiorpata (‘man-slayers’)219Ammianus Marcellinus 239Amu Darya (Oxus) river 7, 26, 39,73, 74, 170, 171, 177, 179, 180,180, 315Anacharsis 54–6Anaxagoras 239Anaximander 44Anaximenes 44Andocides 260Andronovo culture 73, 74, 76, 77,122Anguiped goddess 276animal art, Scythian 282–9Hellenistic influences 285–7animal art, Tager culture (1200–850bc) 90–3, 91, 92, 102Aorsi (Sarmatians) 120, 317, 318,318, 319relationship with the Alans 324Apadāna reliefs, Persepolis, Iran172, 172, 203Aphrodite Ourania sanctuary,Ascalon 272Api (Gaia) 267, 268Apollonia, Greek colony 38Araxes, river god 267Ares, god of war 267rituals 269–70, 271, 272Argimpasa (Aphrodite Ourania),goddess 267, 268, 269, 272imagery 276–82, 276, 277, 278,279, 280, 281, 282Argippaeins 50, 51, 169Argotus, Scythian king 358Ariapeithes, Scythian King 217, 358Arismaspian peoples 51Aristeas, poet 50, 169Aristophanes:Lysistrata 53–4Thesmophoriazusae 54Aristotle 241Arpoxais 266Arrian 175arrowheads, bilobate and trilobatesocketed 106–7, 157Tagar period, Minusinsk valley89, 90Ártánd elite warrior burial,Hungary 155Arzhan kurgans, Siberia 23–4,196–7Arzhan 1 95–100, 96, 97, 102–3391
curled feline bronze plaque 98deer stone 99female companions 302sacrificial horses 298, 301Arzhan 2 95, 100–3, 101, 201female companions 302Arzhan chieftains, Tagar culture95–103Asarhaddon, Persian king 33, 114Ashkelon temple of AphroditeUrania 34Ashmole, Elias 1Ashmolean Museum, Oxford 1Assyrian empire 31, 32, 33, 39, 114Ateas, king 55, 56, 121, 241, 256, 358Athens and the Scythians:Pontic grain supplies 124–5, 126Scythians employed as archerurbanpolice 52–4Scythians through the eyes of52–5timeline 354see also AristophanesBabylonian empire 32, 33, 39Bactria 175Bactria Margiana ArchaeologicalComplex (BMAC) 74Barinovka settlement, Samaravalley 73, 75Barnaul Mining Museum, Siberia16Bartatua, Scythian king 33, 114,259, 358Bashadar kurgan 2 238Basse Yeutz wine flagons, France160–2, 161Bastarnae peoples 144–5battleaxes and maces, Scythian244–5, 245Bel’sk fortified settlement(gorodišče), Ukraine 22, 46,129, 132, 133–5, 133Belozerka culture 80, 81, 103–4indexBerel kurgans, Altai Mountains 20,190–3kurgan 1 190kurgan 9 193kurgan 10 190, 191, 192, 192–3kurgan 11, female companions302Berezan, Greek colony 38, 124Bering, Vitus 8Besschatyr kurgans, Kazakhstan182Bidzilya, V. I. 336Bisitun carved relief, Iran 25, 41,41, 203Black Sea 7, 9–16, 11Bliznits kurgan 14blood-brotherhood ritual,Scythian 217, 218, 260–1,309, 347Bolshoi Salbykskii kurgan, Salbykvalley 89, 196Bosporan kingdom 142–3, 256,260, 319Pontic steppe Scythians and125–8, 126, 127timeline 354Botai settlement, Kazakhstan 72bows and arrows, Scythian 238–42,239, 240, 241Boyer petroglyph, Yenisei valley212depicting shaman 93Bratoliubivsky kurgan gold finial,Khersonska region 287Breyne, Johann Philipp 6Bundi tribe 135Callipedae peoples 49cannabis use, Scythian 46, 210cannibalism, ritual 308–9, 308Carpathian basin (Great HungarianPlain) 147–67, 148, 149Celtic migrations 160–7horse-riding, importance of 159North European Plain andScythian settlement 157pre-Scythian advances 148–50relations with the West 156–8Scythians in the West 150–6, 151timeline 354trade in horses 156–7Transylvanian group 151–2, 152Vekerzug culture 152, 152–6,154, 157view from the West 159–60Carpathian mountains 147–8, 148,149catacomb-style of burials 139–41,152Rjadovye kurgan 3 299–300,299Catherine the Great, Tzarina ofRussia 9Celtic migrations, and Scythian art160–7Celtic war bands 144cereal cultivation (1800–1200 bc)73–6chariots 69Chastye Kurgany kurgans 334silver beaker 334–5, 334, 335cheese making, Scythian 222–4Chernogorovka culture 103Chersonesos, Greek colony 38–9Chertomlÿk kurgan, Ukraine 10,14, 21–2, 136, 139, 140, 219,297, 305death riders 307gorytos (quiver) 242retainers 302sacrificial horses 300silver wine amphora 221, 221,232, 233, 235, 242, 350–1, 350,351Chian Han dynasty, China 313Chinggis Khan 66, 67, 327Chios, and slavery 52Cicero 45392
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the scythians
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
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prefacehistory exploring, with undi
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contentsviii
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discovering the scythiansinterest i
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discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
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discovering the scythiansmounds to
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discovering the scythiansÂantiquit
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discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
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discovering the scythians1.9 (Oppos
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discovering the scythiansKuban regi
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discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
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discovering the scythians1.16 The e
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After the Revolutiondiscovering the
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discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
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discovering the scythians1.18 The g
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discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
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the scythians as others saw themlan
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the scythians as others saw themScy
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the scythians as others saw themThe
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the scythians as others saw themGre
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the scythians as others saw themwou
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Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian
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the scythians as others saw themAlt
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the scythians as others saw themtha
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the scythians as others saw themaud
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the scythians as others saw themcra
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the scythians as others saw themBey
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the scythians as others saw themwer
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the scythians as others saw themsee
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the scythians as others saw them2.1
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the scythians as others saw themset
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landscapes with people3.1 The lands
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landscapes with peopleThe steppe zo
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landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
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SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
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landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
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landscapes with peopleMore direct e
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landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
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landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
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landscapes with peopleAlongside the
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landscapes with people3.11 The elab
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landscapes with peopleBroadly conte
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predatory nomadshave tended to be i
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predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
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predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
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predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
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Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
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4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
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predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
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predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
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predatory nomadsan isolated later i
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Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
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predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
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predatory nomadsies which concentra
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5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
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the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
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crossing the carpathianslar materia
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crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
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DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
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crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
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crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
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crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
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crossing the carpathiansin its pred
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crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
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crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
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scythians in central asiaThere is,
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scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
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7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
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scythians in central asiaIn another
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scythians in central asiawere proba
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scythians in central asiaAncient ri
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scythians in central asiaCemeteries
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scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
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A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
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7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now
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scythians in central asiaby several
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scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
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scythians in central asiafrom the t
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scythians in central asiaChina duri
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8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
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bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
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bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
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bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
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bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
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bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
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bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
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bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
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bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
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bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
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bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
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bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
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bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
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9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
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bending the bowtheir bodies with a
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bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
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bending the bow9.4 Saddle cover fro
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bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
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bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
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bending the bowParthians—the Part
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bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
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bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
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bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
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bending the bowof such intricacy wo
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bending the bowmake them more comfo
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bending the bowThe burial is remark
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bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
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bending the bowRealizing at the out
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bending the bowtime to time with th
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bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
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bending the bowthe introduction of
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of gods, beliefs, and artof the sch
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of gods, beliefs, and arthearth. Th
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of gods, beliefs, and artwould have
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of gods, beliefs, and artsacred gol
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.2 (Left
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of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.8 Gilde
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.10 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.14 Petr
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.22 Leat
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11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
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the way of deathtism. Another backw
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the way of deaththis is clearly not
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the way of deathThe ProcessionsIn t
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the way of death11.3 (Right) Kurgan
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the way of death11.5 Kurgan 4 at Pa
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shaft 1the way of deathTOLSTAYA MOG
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the way of death11.8 The Elizavetin
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the way of deathIn relishing the de
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the way of deathThe Massagetae had
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scythians in the longue duréetion
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A l176 -160 bcYuezhi 140 -135 bcSak
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scythians in the longue durée12.2
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scythians in the longue duréeBospo
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scythians in the longue duréeOn tw
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scythians in the longue duréeAs th
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scythians in the longue duréeunend
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SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of s
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gallery of objects
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1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
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2 Chastye Kurgany beakergallery of
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3 Gaymonova mogila cupgallery of ob
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4 Solokha cupgallery of objects(Sta
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Page 351 and 352: 6 Perederiieva mogila helmetgallery
Page 353 and 354: 7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
Page 355 and 356: 8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
Page 357 and 358: 9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
Page 359 and 360: 10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
Page 362 and 363: timeline
Page 364: Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
Page 367 and 368: scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
Page 369 and 370: further readingClassical TextsIn th
Page 371 and 372: further reading116-47. The creation
Page 373 and 374: further readingArchaeology’, Worl
Page 375 and 376: further readingwriters as ‘noble
Page 377 and 378: further readingThe impact of horse-
Page 379 and 380: further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
Page 381 and 382: further reading2007), 135-44 and in
Page 383 and 384: further reading(pp. 368-70). These
Page 385 and 386: further reading‘Tuva during the S
Page 387 and 388: further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
Page 389 and 390: further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
Page 391 and 392: further readingobryadnost’ nasele
Page 394 and 395: illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
Page 396 and 397: illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
Page 398 and 399: illustration sourcesКаталог
Page 402 and 403: coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
Page 404 and 405: bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
Page 406 and 407: wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
Page 408 and 409: horse burials, Arzhan 1 95-8horse g
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Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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