Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

further reading
(pp. 368–70). These early contacts were followed by further movements of people
in the Scythian period. The two seminal studies of Scythian-type material west of
the Carpathians are M. Párducz, ‘Problem des Skythenzeit im Karpatenbecken’,
Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 25 (1973), 27–63 and M. Dušek,
‘Die Thraker im Karpatenbecken’, Slovenská Archeológia, 22 (1974), 361–434. The
archaeological evidence was assembled again and re-examined in J. Chochorowski,
Die Vekerzug-Kultur: Charakteristik der Funde (Kraków, 1985) and further discussed in
the context of possible movements of Scythians in the same author’s ‘Die Rolle der
Vekerzug-Kultur (VK) im Rahmen der skythischen Einflüsse in Mitteleuropa’, Praehistorische
Zeitschrift, 60 (1985), 204–71. More recently the evidence has been reviewed
in A. Pydyn, Exchange and Cultural Interactions: A Study of Long-Distance Trade and Cross-
Cultural Contacts in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in Central and Eastern Europe
(Oxford, 1999), 47–52. Two of the important Hungarian cemeteries are Szentes-
Vekerzug and Ártánd. The first was reported by M. Párducz, in three parts, as ‘Le
Cimetière hallstattien de Szentes-Vekerzug’, in Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum
Hungaricae, 2 (1952), 143–72, 4 (1954), 25–91, and 6 (1955), 1–22. The excavations
at Ártánd were reported by the same author in ‘Graves from the Scythian Age of
Ártánd (Hajdu-Bihar)’, in the same journal, 17 (1965), 137–231. The cemetery at Chotin
was published in M. Dušek, Thrakisches Gräberfeld der Hallstattzeit in Chotin (Bratislava,
1966). Evidence for horses of eastern type in Central Europe is considered in S.
Bökönyi, ‘Data on Iron Age Horses of Central and Eastern Europe’, American School
of Prehistoric Research, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Bulletin, 25 (1968), 11–71.
Scythian-type finds from the North European Plain are listed and discussed in Z.
Bukowski, The Scythian Influence in the Area of the Lusatian Culture (Wrocław, 1977). The
remarkable find from Witaszkowo (Vettersfelde) is described in the above, 197–204
and also in D. von Bothmer, ‘The Vettersfelde Find’, in Metropolitan Museum of Art,
From the Lands of the Scythians: Ancient Treasures from the Museums of the U.S.S.R., 3000
BC–100 BC (New York, 1975), 153–5.
There is a considerable general literature on the Celts. For a broad introduction see
B. Cunliffe, The Ancient Celts (2nd edn., Oxford, 2018). The classic work on Celtic art—
the theme which concerns us here—is P. Jacobsthal, Early Celtic Art (Oxford, 1944;
corrected edn., 1969). Jacobsthal was prepared to accept that eastern influences from
Scythia and Persia were involved in the formative phases of Celtic art. Other writers
are less convinced. For a brief discussion of these issues see R. and V. Megaw, Celtic
Art: From its Beginnings to the Book of Kells (London, 1989; rev. edn., 2001), 65–9.
374