Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

further reading
Burgwallsystem von Bel’sk (Ukraine). Eine frühe stadtartige Anlage im skythischen
Landesinneren’, Hamburger Beiträge zur Archäologie, 18 (1991), 57–84. The fortified settlement
of Trakhtemirov is introduced in Y. V. Boltrik and E. E. Fialko, ‘Trakhtemirov: A
Fortified City Site on the Dnieper’, in Braund and Kryzhitskiy (eds.), Classical Olbia and
the Scythian World (cited above), 103–19. The most convenient source for the settlement
of Kamenskoe is Rolle, The World of the Scythians (cited above), 119–22.
The literature on Scythian tombs is massive. Short but informative introductions
appear in both of the papers by R. Rolle, referred to in the previous paragraph: ‘Royal
Tombs and Hill Fortresses: New Perspectives on Scythian Life’ and ‘The Scythians:
Between Mobility, Tomb Architecture and Early Urban Structures’, and in the relevant
section of her book, The World of the Scythians (cited above). The same author
has produced an invaluable corpus of the major kurgans, Totenkult der Skythen, Teil
1: Das Steppengebiet (Berlin, 1979). In a more recent paper M. Ochir-Goryaeva, ‘The
Scythian Tombs: Construction and Geographical Orientation’, European Journal of
Archaeology, 18 (2015), 477–96 has considered the structure of the tombs in terms of
symbolism, with surprising results. An interesting discussion of the Greek influence
on tomb construction is offered in G. R. Tsetskhladze, ‘Who Built the Scythian and
Thracian Royal and Elite Tombs?’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 17 (1998), 55–92. A. I.
Ivantchik’s ‘The Funeral of Scythian Kings: The Historical Reality and the Description
of Herodotus (IV, 71–2)’, in Bonfante (ed.), The Barbarians of Ancient Europe (cited
above), 71–106 is a fascinating discussion relevant both here and in Chapter 11. M. I.
Artamonov, Treasures from Scythian Tombs in the Hermitage Museum, Leningrad (London,
1969) focuses, as its title implies, on tomb contents but it also provides descriptions
of the major tombs. Among the more recent publications of individual tombs are: B.
M. Mozolevs’kyi, Tovsta Mogila (in Ukrainian) (Kiev, 1979); A. P. Mantsevich, Kurgan
Solokha (in Russian) (Leningrad, 1987); L. K. Galanina, Die Kurgane von Kelermes: ‘Königsgräber’
der frühskythischen Zeit (Moscow, 1997); and R. Rolle, V. J. Murzin, and A. J. Alekseev,
Königskurgan Čertomlyk: Ein skythischer Grabhügel des 4. vorchristlichen Jahrhunderts
(Mainz, 1998). Identifying the occupants of royal tombs has been a temptation that
few can resist. For a balanced consideration of the subject see A. Alekseev, ‘Scythian
Kings and “Royal Barrows” of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BC: Modern Chronology
and Interpretation’, in Aruz et al. (eds.), The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Perspectives (cited
above), 160–7.
Chapter 6 Crossing the Carpathians
Background reading for the pre-Scythian contact between the steppe and the Great
Hungarian Plain and adjacent regions has already been given under Chapter 4
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