Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

further reading
on Human Migration in Eurasia (Dordrecht, 2004), 255–74. The hypothesis that climate
change was a major factor in the spread of nomads from the Altai–Sayan to the west
is outlined in N. Bokovenko, ‘Migrations of Early Nomads of the Eurasian Steppe in a
Context of Climate Changes’, in Scott et al., Impact of the Environment on Human Migration
in Eurasia (cited above), 21–33. A detailed study of the development of horse gear
is provided in N. A. Bokovenko, ‘The Origin of Horse Riding and the Development
of Central Asian Nomadic Riding Harnesses’, in J. Davis-Kimball et al. (eds.), Kurgans,
Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age (Oxford, 2000), 304–10.
The kurgan cemetery of Arzhan in the Uyuk valley in Tuva has been examined in
two excavations of outstanding importance. The kurgan of Arzhan 1 has been fully
published in M. P. Grjaznov, Der Grosskurgan von Aržan in Tuva, Südsibirien (Munich,
1984), while Arzhan 2 is published in K. V. Čugunov, H. Parzinger, and A. Nagel (eds.),
Der skythenzeitliche Fürstenkurgan Aržan 2 in Tuva (Mainz, 2010). For a comparative study
of the horses found in the two kurgans see N. Bourova, ‘Horse Remains from the
Arzhan-1 and Arzhan-2 Scythian Monuments’, in Scott et al., Impact of the Environment
on Human Migration in Eurasia (cited above), 323–32. The chronology of the two burials
is fully discussed in G. I. Zaitseva et al. (eds.), ‘Chronology of Key Barrows belonging
to Different Stages of the Scythian Period in Tuva (Arzhan-1 and Arzhan-2 Barrows)’,
Radiocarbon, 49 (2007), 645–58.
The contemporary situation on the Pontic steppe is briefly introduced in S. V. Makhortykh,
’The North Black Sea Steppes in the Cimmerian Epoch’, in Scott et al., Impact
of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia (cited above), 35–44. The same author’s
more substantial study is published in his Kimmeriitsy na severom Kavkazej (Kimmerians
in the Northern Caucasus) (Kiev, 1994). The Pre-Scythian (Kimmerian) period in the
Pontic region is treated in two useful papers: J. Bouzek, ‘Cimmerians and Early Scythians:
The Transition from Geometric to Orientalizing Style in the Pontic Area’, in G.
R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies (Leiden,
2001), 33–44 and V. P. Vauchugov, ‘The Demographic Situation in the Northwestern
Part of the Black Sea Region in the 9th–7th Centuries BC’, in the same volume, 45–52.
The most comprehensive consideration of the relationship of steppe nomads
and the sedentary communities of Asia Minor and the adjacent Near East is in A. I.
Ivantchik, Kimmeriitsy Drevnevostochnye tsivilizatsii i stepnye Kochevniki v VIII–VII vekakh
do n.é. (Kimmerians: Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations and Steppe Nomads in
the 8th–7th Centuries BC) (Moscow, 1996). A survey of the material culture of the
period is presented in detail in the same author’s Kimmerier und Skythen: Kulturhistorische
und chronologische Probleme der Archäologie der osteuropäischen Steppen und Kaukasiens
in vor- und frühskythischer Zeit (Moscow and Mainz, 2001), while in his ‘The
Current State of the Cimmerian Problem’, Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia,
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