Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

further reading
The impact of horse-riding on steppe society is discussed in: D. W. Anthony and
D. R. Brown, ‘The Secondary Products Revolution, Horse-Riding, and Mounted Warfare’,
Journal of World Prehistory, 24 (2011), 131–60; D. W. Anthony, ‘The Prehistory of
Scythian Cavalry: The Evolution of Fighting on Horseback’, in J. Aruz et al. (eds.), The
Golden Deer of Eurasia: Perspectives on the Steppe Nomads of the Ancient World (New York,
2006), 2–7; and B. K. Hanks, ‘Mounted Warfare and its Sociopolitical Implications’,
in S. Stark et al. (eds.), Nomads and Networks: The Ancient Art and Culture of Kazakhstan
(Princeton, 2012), 93–105.
The archaeology of the Late Bronze Age communities of the steppe is discussed
in helpful detail in: Anthony, The Horse, The Wheel, and Language (cited above), Chapter
16; Frachetti, Pastoralist Landscapes and Social Interaction in Bronze Age Eurasia (cited
above), Chapter 2; and L. Koryakova and A. V. Epimakhov, The Urals and Western Siberia
in the Bronze and Iron Ages (Cambridge, 2007), 123–36. The economy of the Srubnaya
culture is examined in K. P. Bunyatyan, ‘Correlations between Agriculture and Pastoralism
in the Northern Pontic Steppe Area during the Bronze Age’, in M. Levine,
C. Renfrew, and K. Boyle (eds.), Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse (Cambridge,
2003), 269–86. A reader who wishes to explore the nature of the evidence used by
archaeologists to build models of social and economic change can do no better than
to consult the detailed report of a major fieldwork programme undertaken in the
valley of the Samara, a tributary of the Volga, published in D. Anthony et al. (eds.), A
Bronze Age Landscape in the Russian Steppes: The Samara Valley Project (Los Angeles, 2016).
On the Pontic steppe the effects of climatic change on population distribution are
introduced in S. V. Makhortykh, ‘The Northern Black Sea Steppes in the Cimmerian
Epoch’, in E. M. Scott, A. Y. Alekseev, and G. Zaitseva (eds.), Impact of the Environment on
Human Migration in Eurasia (Dordrecht, 2004), 35–44.
Chapter 4 Enter the Predatory Nomads
The cultural development in the Minusinsk Basin is of direct significance to the
emergence of predatory nomads. The archaeology has been well studied and shows
largely uninterrupted development from the time of the Andronovo culture in the
seventeenth century bc to the end of the first millennium bc. The cultural sequence
is reviewed in two important papers: S. Legrand, ‘The Emergence of the Scythians:
Bronze Age to Iron Age in South Siberia’, Antiquity, 80 (2006), 843–59 and N. Bokovenko,
‘The Emergence of the Tagar Culture’, in the same volume, 860–79. The
crucial work on climate change during this period is published in M. A. Koulkova,
‘Applications of Geochemistry to Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions in Southern
Siberia’, in E. M. Scott, A. Y. Alekseev, and G. Zaitseva (eds.), Impact of the Environment
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