Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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scythians in the longue duréeof Azov led the inhabitants of Tanais to strengthen their city’s defences. By this timethey had already established control over much of the steppe east of the Dnieper andsouthwards to the Kuban, from where they mounted a series of attacks on Parthia,probably following the western coast of the Caspian Sea. Later, in the early secondcentury ad, they raided Roman territory in eastern Asia Minor, this time followingthe route along the eastern coast of the Black Sea.At the beginning of the third century ad a massive and sustained incursion ofGoths coming from the Baltic region into the Ukraine changed the rhythm of life,blocking the westerly flow of nomads and keeping the Alans to the territory centredon the Don/Dnieper region. All this time the power of the Huns was building on theireastern flank. In about ad 360 the Huns suddenly burst out, surging across the Volgaand the Don, and within fifteen years they had devastated the kingdom of the Ostrogoths.Some of the Alans joined the Huns, some moved southwards into the Caucasus,others fled west into Europe. One group, joining the fleeing Goths, were allowed,by the emperor Valens, to cross the Danube to settle within the Roman Empire, butconflict ensued culminating in the battle of Adrianople in ad 378 in which the Romanemperor was killed.Many of those who fled westward took the route around the northern side ofthe Carpathians into the North European Plain, where they came into contact withGermanic tribes who were now beginning to amass for what was to be their finalonslaught against the Roman Empire. The beginning of the end came in ad 401 whenAlans and Vandals crossed the Danube and drove deep into the heart of the empire.A few years later, in ad 406, Alans, in company with Vandals and Suevi, crossed thefrozen Rhine near Mainz and began a devastating, two-year-long rampage throughGaul before crossing the Pyrenees and settling in western Iberia. Ten years later, in ad418, they were ousted by the Visigoths, working to the orders of the Roman emperor,but found a temporary home in Galicia in the north-west corner of the Iberian peninsula,where they merged as one people with the Vandals. When, in ad 429, the Vandalscrossed into Africa and forced their way along the North African coast towardsCarthage the remnant of the Alans were with them, but after the vicissitudes of thelong trudge across Europe from their homeland on the Pontic steppe it is unlikelythat the grandsons and great-grandsons of those who had fled from the Huns sixtyyears before would have carried much of their steppe culture with them. The expulsionof the Alans from their homeland marks the end of the Indo-European-speakingnomads of the steppe. Other horsemen were to follow but they were ethnically different—Turkicand Mongolian, speaking quite different languages. Like those who325
SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of settlement early 5th centuryadvances of the Hunsadvances of the Alansadvances of the VandalsHunsc.370DonDnieperLisbonOrléansMilanc.401SingidunumConstantinopleHunsc.395RhineAlans c.370Huns c.395c.452Alans c.401c.441Black SeaCaspianSeaLoireDanubec.447c.443Alans c.409–11TagusThermopylaeM e d i tc.439c.429–32e0 500 miles0 500 kmr re an eaa n12.8 The advance of the Huns to the west added to the turmoil experienced by Europe in the late fourth and early fifth centuries ad. They drove the Alans before them into northern Europe,where they joined with migrating German tribes to sweep through the western Roman provinces, some of them eventually joining the Vandals on their conquest of North Africa.
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the scythians
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
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prefacehistory exploring, with undi
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contentsviii
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discovering the scythiansinterest i
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discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
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discovering the scythiansmounds to
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discovering the scythiansÂantiquit
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discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
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discovering the scythians1.9 (Oppos
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discovering the scythiansKuban regi
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discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
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discovering the scythians1.16 The e
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After the Revolutiondiscovering the
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discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
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discovering the scythians1.18 The g
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discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
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the scythians as others saw themlan
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the scythians as others saw themScy
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the scythians as others saw themThe
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the scythians as others saw themGre
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the scythians as others saw themwou
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Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian
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the scythians as others saw themAlt
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the scythians as others saw themtha
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the scythians as others saw themaud
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the scythians as others saw themcra
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the scythians as others saw themBey
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the scythians as others saw themwer
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the scythians as others saw themsee
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the scythians as others saw them2.1
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the scythians as others saw themset
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landscapes with people3.1 The lands
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landscapes with peopleThe steppe zo
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landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
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SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
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landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
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landscapes with peopleMore direct e
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landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
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landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
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landscapes with peopleAlongside the
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landscapes with people3.11 The elab
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landscapes with peopleBroadly conte
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predatory nomadshave tended to be i
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predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
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predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
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predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
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Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
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4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
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predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
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predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
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predatory nomadsan isolated later i
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Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
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predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
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predatory nomadsies which concentra
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5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
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the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
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crossing the carpathianslar materia
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crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
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DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
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crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
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crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
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crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
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crossing the carpathiansin its pred
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crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
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crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
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scythians in central asiaThere is,
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scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
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7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
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scythians in central asiaIn another
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scythians in central asiawere proba
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scythians in central asiaAncient ri
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scythians in central asiaCemeteries
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scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
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A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
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7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now
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scythians in central asiaby several
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scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
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scythians in central asiafrom the t
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scythians in central asiaChina duri
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8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
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bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
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bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
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bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
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bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
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bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
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bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
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bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
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bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
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bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
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bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
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bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
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bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
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9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
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bending the bowtheir bodies with a
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bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
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bending the bow9.4 Saddle cover fro
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bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
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bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
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bending the bowParthians—the Part
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bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
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bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
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bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
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bending the bowof such intricacy wo
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bending the bowmake them more comfo
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bending the bowThe burial is remark
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bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
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bending the bowRealizing at the out
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bending the bowtime to time with th
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bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
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bending the bowthe introduction of
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of gods, beliefs, and artof the sch
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of gods, beliefs, and arthearth. Th
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of gods, beliefs, and artwould have
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of gods, beliefs, and artsacred gol
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Page 285 and 286: of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
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Page 289 and 290: of gods, beliefs, and art10.10 Deta
Page 291 and 292: of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
Page 293 and 294: of gods, beliefs, and art10.14 Petr
Page 295 and 296: of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
Page 297 and 298: of gods, beliefs, and art10.22 Leat
Page 300 and 301: 11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
Page 302 and 303: the way of deathtism. Another backw
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Page 306 and 307: the way of deathThe ProcessionsIn t
Page 308 and 309: the way of death11.3 (Right) Kurgan
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Page 312 and 313: shaft 1the way of deathTOLSTAYA MOG
Page 314 and 315: the way of death11.8 The Elizavetin
Page 316 and 317: the way of deathIn relishing the de
Page 318: the way of deathThe Massagetae had
Page 321 and 322: scythians in the longue duréetion
Page 323 and 324: A l176 -160 bcYuezhi 140 -135 bcSak
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Page 327 and 328: scythians in the longue duréeBospo
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Page 333: scythians in the longue duréeunend
Page 338: gallery of objects
Page 341 and 342: 1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
Page 343 and 344: 2 Chastye Kurgany beakergallery of
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Page 347 and 348: 4 Solokha cupgallery of objects(Sta
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Page 351 and 352: 6 Perederiieva mogila helmetgallery
Page 353 and 354: 7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
Page 355 and 356: 8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
Page 357 and 358: 9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
Page 359 and 360: 10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
Page 362 and 363: timeline
Page 364: Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
Page 367 and 368: scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
Page 369 and 370: further readingClassical TextsIn th
Page 371 and 372: further reading116-47. The creation
Page 373 and 374: further readingArchaeology’, Worl
Page 375 and 376: further readingwriters as ‘noble
Page 377 and 378: further readingThe impact of horse-
Page 379 and 380: further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
Page 381 and 382: further reading2007), 135-44 and in
Page 383 and 384: further reading(pp. 368-70). These
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further reading‘Tuva during the S
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further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
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further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
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further readingobryadnost’ nasele
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illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
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illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
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illustration sourcesКаталог
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INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer to
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coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
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bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
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wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
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horse burials, Arzhan 1 95-8horse g
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Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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