Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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scythians in the longue duréewith settled agricultural communities over whom they established some degreeof ascendancy and on their southern border confronted vigorous Greek tradingenclaves. As a result we can see significant changes in the Scythian lifestyle, withsome communities developing as agriculturalists, the better to benefit from thegrowing market for grain in the Greek world. Elite life also changed with the adoptionof Greek feasting behaviours and the acceptance of the luxury goods created bycraftsmen working in the Greek Black Sea cities, particularly Panticapaeum. In art,representations of humans became increasingly common and even the depiction ofpredatory beasts began to take on a more Mediterranean guise. The powerful animalart of the steppe was fast being diluted. Similar cultural borrowings were evidentin Central Asia, where the Sakā adopted stylistic preferences from the neighbouringPersians and even the communities of the remote Altai were not immune fromcultural influences emanating from India, Persia, and China, though their vigorousnomad culture continued to flourish.By the beginning of the fourth century bc the traditional Scythian regions westof the river Don were beginning to come under pressure from their neighbours, theSauromatae, and there is some evidence of conflict. What this actually involved interms of population movement it is difficult to say, but it need mean little more thana Sauromatian elite taking over power on the Pontic steppe, forcing the old Scythianelites to move westward into the Danube delta region and into the Crimean Peninsula.The scene was now set for the dramatic changes that were to characterize thenext six centuries.Power Struggles in the Far EastEarly in the second century bc the growing power of the Han dynasty in China beganto destabilize the various nomadic tribes that lay on its northern border. The mostpowerful were the Xiongnu of the Gobi region. Between them and the Gansu corridor—the narrow zone which offered the easiest routes between the plains of Chinaand the caravan trails around the Taklamakan Desert—were two indigenous peoples,the Yuezhi and the Wusun. Facing the rising power of the Xiongnu, both tribeswere forced to migrate, there being no option but to move westwards. The first tomigrate, between 176 and 160 bc, were the Yuezhi, their flight taking them along thenorthern side of the Taklamakan Desert and through the Tian Shan to the prolificgrasslands around the lake Issyk Kul, an area at the time occupied by the Sakā. Thisinevitably had knock-on effects throughout Central Asia.Hot on the heels of the Yuezhi came the Wusun, who, about 140 bc, forced themout of the Ili valley and took over the land for themselves. The Yuezhi then moved313
A l176 –160 bcYuezhi 140 –135 bcSakās 170 –100 bcArabianSeaAral SeaNt a iSyr Dar’yaSakaˉKingdomc.94 BCTibetanPlateauGobiDeser tM tsIllSAKĀSLake BalkhashWUSUNT i e n S h a nTaklamakanDesertWUSUNAmu Dar’yaYUEZHIXIONGNUPamirYellowGansu CorridorQilian ShanS h a nK u n l u nKarakoramHindu KushYangtzeH iˉIndusSAKASTANl am asayBarbarikonMarakandaMerv KashgarBegramTaxilaMathuraMeko n gSalweenIrrawaddyGangesBarygaza0 500 miles0 500 kmKushans c.AD 200Han empire c.AD 20012.1 Conflict between the Han and the nomadic Xiongnu on their northern border destabilized other nomadic groups in the region, the Yuezhi and the Wusun, who movedwestwards into Central Asia, driving some groups of Sakā to move into India and Iran. One branch of the Yuezhi created the Kushan empire.
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the scythians
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
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prefacehistory exploring, with undi
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contentsviii
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discovering the scythiansinterest i
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discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
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discovering the scythiansmounds to
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discovering the scythiansÂantiquit
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discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
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discovering the scythians1.9 (Oppos
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discovering the scythiansKuban regi
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discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
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discovering the scythians1.16 The e
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After the Revolutiondiscovering the
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discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
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discovering the scythians1.18 The g
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discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
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the scythians as others saw themlan
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the scythians as others saw themScy
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the scythians as others saw themThe
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the scythians as others saw themGre
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the scythians as others saw themwou
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Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian
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the scythians as others saw themAlt
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the scythians as others saw themtha
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the scythians as others saw themaud
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the scythians as others saw themcra
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the scythians as others saw themBey
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the scythians as others saw themwer
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the scythians as others saw themsee
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the scythians as others saw them2.1
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the scythians as others saw themset
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landscapes with people3.1 The lands
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landscapes with peopleThe steppe zo
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landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
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SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
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landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
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landscapes with peopleMore direct e
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landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
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landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
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landscapes with peopleAlongside the
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landscapes with people3.11 The elab
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landscapes with peopleBroadly conte
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predatory nomadshave tended to be i
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predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
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predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
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predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
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Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
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4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
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predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
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predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
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predatory nomadsan isolated later i
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Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
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predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
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predatory nomadsies which concentra
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5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
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the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
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crossing the carpathianslar materia
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crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
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DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
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crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
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crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
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crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
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crossing the carpathiansin its pred
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crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
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crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
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scythians in central asiaThere is,
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scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
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7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
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scythians in central asiaIn another
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scythians in central asiawere proba
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scythians in central asiaAncient ri
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scythians in central asiaCemeteries
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scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
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A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
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7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now
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scythians in central asiaby several
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scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
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scythians in central asiafrom the t
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scythians in central asiaChina duri
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8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
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bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
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bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
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bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
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bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
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bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
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bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
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bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
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bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
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bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
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bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
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bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
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bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
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9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
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bending the bowtheir bodies with a
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bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
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bending the bow9.4 Saddle cover fro
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bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
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bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
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bending the bowParthians—the Part
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bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
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bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
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bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
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bending the bowof such intricacy wo
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bending the bowmake them more comfo
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bending the bowThe burial is remark
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bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
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bending the bowRealizing at the out
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bending the bowtime to time with th
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bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
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Page 285 and 286: of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
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Page 291 and 292: of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
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Page 295 and 296: of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
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Page 300 and 301: 11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
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Page 335 and 336: SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of s
Page 338: gallery of objects
Page 341 and 342: 1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
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Page 353 and 354: 7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
Page 355 and 356: 8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
Page 357 and 358: 9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
Page 359 and 360: 10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
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Page 364: Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
Page 367 and 368: scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
Page 369 and 370: further readingClassical TextsIn th
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further readingArchaeology’, Worl
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further readingwriters as ‘noble
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further readingThe impact of horse-
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further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
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further reading2007), 135-44 and in
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further reading(pp. 368-70). These
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further reading‘Tuva during the S
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further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
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further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
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further readingobryadnost’ nasele
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illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
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illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
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illustration sourcesКаталог
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INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer to
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coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
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bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
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wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
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horse burials, Arzhan 1 95-8horse g
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Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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