Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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7.17a/b Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk. The burial chamber was built of horizontally laid logs. Between it andthe sides of the grave pit a range of equipment, including a dismantled spoke-wheeled vehicle and fourhorses, was packed. The whole was sealed by several layers of horizontally laid logs, above which thekurgan mound was piled. The pit dug by robbers is clearly to be seen.
scythians in central asiaby several layers of larch logs which would have made it difficult for grave robbers toget through to the chamber. The earth removed when the pit had been dug was thenpiled up over the graves and was covered by a thick layer of large stones creating aburial mound. At Pazyryk the largest is 5 m high and 60 m in diameter. The cemeterycontained six kurgans more than 15 m in diameter and a number of much smallerones that tend to cluster around the larger mounds.The remarkable preservation of the buried remains is due largely to the loose rubblepiled up to form the kurgans. This facilitated a free flow of air, and as the temperaturedropped, warm air from the grave pit rose to be replaced by inflowing coldair. This lowered the temperature sufficient to freeze what water remained, thuspreventing the organic materials from rotting. As the winter progressed the groundfroze to the depth of many metres. In spring the frozen ground began to thaw out butthe kurgan mound provided a protective blanket ensuring that the ground beneathit remained well below freezing point. In these icy conditions, without oxygen, theorganic material remained intact preserved as if in a deep freeze. So it is that thewood, herbs, leather, fur, and fabrics, together with human bodies, packed with vegetationafter embalming and with skin tattooed, remained for the astonished archaeologiststo recover.There has been much debate concerning the dates of the Pazyryk burials. It wasoriginally thought that they spread from the fifth to third centuries but a series ofrecent radiocarbon data has provided a more precise date range. Kurgan 2, whichis generally regarded as the earliest, has been dated to the first decade of the thirdcentury while kurgan 5, thought to be the latest, dates to the third quarter of thethird century. These dates are independently supported by dendrochronology whichsuggests that the timbers for kurgan 5 were cut about 50 years after those used inkurgan 2.The cemetery of Berel lies on the western edge of the Altai on a terrace of the RiverBukhtarma, a tributary of the Irtysh. The excavation of kurgan 1 by Radlov in 1865showed that permafrost conditions had preserved organic materials but lack of conservationexpertise meant that little survived after the graves had been opened. Anew programme of work, beginning in 1998, has examined twenty-four kurgans,mostly dating to the Iron Age, showing them to have been of the same general struc-7.18 (Opposite top) Diagrammatic representation of kurgan 10 at Berel, Kazakhstan.7.19 (Opposite bottom) Kurgan 10 at Berel during excavation showing the state of the burial before the pitwas refilled. The timber grave chamber and the bodies of the ten horses buried next to it were coveredwith sheets of birch bark. The roughly circular hole cut by the grave robbers can be seen in the centre.190
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the scythians
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
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prefacehistory exploring, with undi
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contentsviii
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discovering the scythiansinterest i
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discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
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discovering the scythiansmounds to
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discovering the scythiansÂantiquit
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discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
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discovering the scythians1.9 (Oppos
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discovering the scythiansKuban regi
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discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
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discovering the scythians1.16 The e
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After the Revolutiondiscovering the
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discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
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discovering the scythians1.18 The g
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discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
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the scythians as others saw themlan
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the scythians as others saw themScy
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the scythians as others saw themThe
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the scythians as others saw themGre
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the scythians as others saw themwou
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Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian
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the scythians as others saw themAlt
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the scythians as others saw themtha
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the scythians as others saw themaud
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the scythians as others saw themcra
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the scythians as others saw themBey
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the scythians as others saw themwer
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the scythians as others saw themsee
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the scythians as others saw them2.1
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the scythians as others saw themset
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landscapes with people3.1 The lands
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landscapes with peopleThe steppe zo
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landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
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SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
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landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
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landscapes with peopleMore direct e
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landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
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landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
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landscapes with peopleAlongside the
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landscapes with people3.11 The elab
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landscapes with peopleBroadly conte
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predatory nomadshave tended to be i
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predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
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predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
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predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
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Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
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4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
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predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
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predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
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predatory nomadsan isolated later i
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Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
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predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
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predatory nomadsies which concentra
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5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
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the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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Page 148 and 149: the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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Page 157 and 158: crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
Page 159 and 160: crossing the carpathianslar materia
Page 161 and 162: crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
Page 163 and 164: DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
Page 165 and 166: crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
Page 167 and 168: crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
Page 169 and 170: crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
Page 171: crossing the carpathiansin its pred
Page 174 and 175: crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
Page 176: crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
Page 179 and 180: scythians in central asiaThere is,
Page 181 and 182: scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
Page 183 and 184: 7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
Page 185 and 186: scythians in central asiaIn another
Page 187 and 188: scythians in central asiawere proba
Page 189 and 190: scythians in central asiaAncient ri
Page 191 and 192: scythians in central asiaCemeteries
Page 193 and 194: scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
Page 195 and 196: A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
Page 197: 7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now
Page 201 and 202: scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
Page 203 and 204: scythians in central asiafrom the t
Page 205 and 206: scythians in central asiaChina duri
Page 208 and 209: 8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
Page 210 and 211: bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
Page 212 and 213: bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
Page 214 and 215: bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
Page 216: bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
Page 219 and 220: bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
Page 221 and 222: bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
Page 223 and 224: bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
Page 225 and 226: bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
Page 227 and 228: bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
Page 229 and 230: bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
Page 231: bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
Page 235 and 236: bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
Page 238 and 239: 9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
Page 240 and 241: bending the bowtheir bodies with a
Page 242 and 243: bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
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Page 246 and 247: bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
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bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
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bending the bowParthians—the Part
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bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
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bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
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bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
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bending the bowof such intricacy wo
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bending the bowmake them more comfo
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bending the bowThe burial is remark
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bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
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bending the bowRealizing at the out
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bending the bowtime to time with th
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bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
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bending the bowthe introduction of
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of gods, beliefs, and artof the sch
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of gods, beliefs, and arthearth. Th
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of gods, beliefs, and artwould have
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of gods, beliefs, and artsacred gol
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.2 (Left
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of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.8 Gilde
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.10 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.14 Petr
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.22 Leat
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11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
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the way of deathtism. Another backw
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the way of deaththis is clearly not
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the way of deathThe ProcessionsIn t
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the way of death11.3 (Right) Kurgan
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the way of death11.5 Kurgan 4 at Pa
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shaft 1the way of deathTOLSTAYA MOG
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the way of death11.8 The Elizavetin
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the way of deathIn relishing the de
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the way of deathThe Massagetae had
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scythians in the longue duréetion
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A l176 -160 bcYuezhi 140 -135 bcSak
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scythians in the longue durée12.2
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scythians in the longue duréeBospo
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scythians in the longue duréeOn tw
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scythians in the longue duréeAs th
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scythians in the longue duréeunend
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SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of s
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gallery of objects
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1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
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2 Chastye Kurgany beakergallery of
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3 Gaymonova mogila cupgallery of ob
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4 Solokha cupgallery of objects(Sta
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5 Solokha combgallery of objects(St
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6 Perederiieva mogila helmetgallery
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7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
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8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
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9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
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10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
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timeline
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Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
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scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
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further readingClassical TextsIn th
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further reading116-47. The creation
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further readingArchaeology’, Worl
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further readingwriters as ‘noble
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further readingThe impact of horse-
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further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
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further reading2007), 135-44 and in
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further reading(pp. 368-70). These
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further reading‘Tuva during the S
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further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
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further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
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further readingobryadnost’ nasele
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illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
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illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
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illustration sourcesКаталог
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INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer to
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coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
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bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
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wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
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horse burials, Arzhan 1 95-8horse g
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Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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