Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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scythians in central asiamaterials preserved in the frozen ground. It was not89until 1927 that another kurgan was dug at Shibe. By this40 0 40 80Ntime archaeologists were already exploring sites in the10Pazyryk region under the direction of Sergei Rudenko3and in 1929 the first of the Pazyryk kurgans was thoroughlyexcavated. The team returned in 1947–9 to excavatefour more. In subsequent years graves at Bashadar4and Tuekta were examined and more recently, in 1998,teams have returned to Berel on the west flank of theAltai to excavate more of the kurgans, using an array ofmodern techniques to recover and conserve the delicate1grave goods preserved in the tombs. Another spectacular11find, that of a rich female burial, was made in 1993,2at Ak-Alakha on the Ukok plateau further to the south,close to the border between Russia and China. Takentogether the frozen tombs offer a unique insight into therich and colourful life of the mountain pastoralists, addingmuch to the discussion of Scythian life explored insubsequent chapters.The kurgans in the Pazyryk cemetery were all builtin much the same way. The first stage involved the diggingof a large rectangular grave pit varying in depthfrom 4 to 7 m and within the pit the burial chamber wasconstructed of larch logs. Sometimes these were complexstructures with double walls and roofs. The chambercontained a coffin hollowed out from a tree trunk6to take the mummified body of the deceased, who was7often accompanied by a female partner. A wide range12 513of grave goods were stacked in the chamber beside thecoffin—everything needed for a comfortable existence14in the afterlife—vessels holding food and drink, smalltables, carpets, wall hangings, cushions, musical instrumentssuch as harps and drums, and personal items,7.15 The cemetery of Pazyryk. Kurgan 1 was excavated in 1929and kurgans 2–8 were excavated between 1947 and 1949.7.15including weapons. In some tombs horses, decked out in ceremonial gear, were killedand placed on the floor of the grave pit outside the tomb chamber and in kurgan 5dismantled parts of a carriage were packed next to the horses. Once the grave goodswere all in place the burial chamber was covered with birch bark and twigs and then187
7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now appears long after excavation and reconstruction.
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the scythians
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
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prefacehistory exploring, with undi
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contentsviii
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discovering the scythiansinterest i
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discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
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discovering the scythiansmounds to
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discovering the scythiansÂantiquit
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discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
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discovering the scythians1.9 (Oppos
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discovering the scythiansKuban regi
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discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
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discovering the scythians1.16 The e
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After the Revolutiondiscovering the
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discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
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discovering the scythians1.18 The g
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discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
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the scythians as others saw themlan
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the scythians as others saw themScy
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the scythians as others saw themThe
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the scythians as others saw themGre
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the scythians as others saw themwou
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Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian
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the scythians as others saw themAlt
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the scythians as others saw themtha
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the scythians as others saw themaud
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the scythians as others saw themcra
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the scythians as others saw themBey
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the scythians as others saw themwer
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the scythians as others saw themsee
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the scythians as others saw them2.1
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the scythians as others saw themset
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landscapes with people3.1 The lands
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landscapes with peopleThe steppe zo
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landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
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SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
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landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
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landscapes with peopleMore direct e
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landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
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landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
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landscapes with peopleAlongside the
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landscapes with people3.11 The elab
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landscapes with peopleBroadly conte
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predatory nomadshave tended to be i
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predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
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predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
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predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
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Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
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4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
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predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
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predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
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predatory nomadsan isolated later i
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Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
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predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
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predatory nomadsies which concentra
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5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
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the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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Page 146 and 147: the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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Page 157 and 158: crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
Page 159 and 160: crossing the carpathianslar materia
Page 161 and 162: crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
Page 163 and 164: DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
Page 165 and 166: crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
Page 167 and 168: crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
Page 169 and 170: crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
Page 171: crossing the carpathiansin its pred
Page 174 and 175: crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
Page 176: crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
Page 179 and 180: scythians in central asiaThere is,
Page 181 and 182: scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
Page 183 and 184: 7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
Page 185 and 186: scythians in central asiaIn another
Page 187 and 188: scythians in central asiawere proba
Page 189 and 190: scythians in central asiaAncient ri
Page 191 and 192: scythians in central asiaCemeteries
Page 193 and 194: scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
Page 195: A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
Page 199 and 200: scythians in central asiaby several
Page 201 and 202: scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
Page 203 and 204: scythians in central asiafrom the t
Page 205 and 206: scythians in central asiaChina duri
Page 208 and 209: 8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
Page 210 and 211: bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
Page 212 and 213: bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
Page 214 and 215: bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
Page 216: bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
Page 219 and 220: bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
Page 221 and 222: bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
Page 223 and 224: bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
Page 225 and 226: bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
Page 227 and 228: bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
Page 229 and 230: bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
Page 231: bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
Page 235 and 236: bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
Page 238 and 239: 9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
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Page 242 and 243: bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
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bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
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bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
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bending the bowParthians—the Part
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bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
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bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
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bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
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bending the bowof such intricacy wo
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bending the bowmake them more comfo
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bending the bowThe burial is remark
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bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
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bending the bowRealizing at the out
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bending the bowtime to time with th
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bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
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bending the bowthe introduction of
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of gods, beliefs, and artof the sch
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of gods, beliefs, and arthearth. Th
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of gods, beliefs, and artwould have
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of gods, beliefs, and artsacred gol
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.2 (Left
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of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.8 Gilde
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.10 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.14 Petr
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.22 Leat
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11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
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the way of deathtism. Another backw
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the way of deaththis is clearly not
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the way of deathThe ProcessionsIn t
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the way of death11.3 (Right) Kurgan
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the way of death11.5 Kurgan 4 at Pa
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shaft 1the way of deathTOLSTAYA MOG
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the way of death11.8 The Elizavetin
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the way of deathIn relishing the de
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the way of deathThe Massagetae had
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scythians in the longue duréetion
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A l176 -160 bcYuezhi 140 -135 bcSak
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scythians in the longue durée12.2
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scythians in the longue duréeBospo
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scythians in the longue duréeOn tw
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scythians in the longue duréeAs th
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scythians in the longue duréeunend
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SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of s
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gallery of objects
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1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
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2 Chastye Kurgany beakergallery of
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3 Gaymonova mogila cupgallery of ob
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4 Solokha cupgallery of objects(Sta
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5 Solokha combgallery of objects(St
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6 Perederiieva mogila helmetgallery
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7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
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8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
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9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
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10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
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timeline
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Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
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scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
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further readingClassical TextsIn th
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further reading116-47. The creation
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further readingArchaeology’, Worl
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further readingwriters as ‘noble
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further readingThe impact of horse-
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further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
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further reading2007), 135-44 and in
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further reading(pp. 368-70). These
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further reading‘Tuva during the S
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further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
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further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
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further readingobryadnost’ nasele
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illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
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illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
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illustration sourcesКаталог
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INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer to
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coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
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bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
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wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
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horse burials, Arzhan 1 95-8horse g
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Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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