Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

Recommendations

Info

discovering the scythiansRussia, 15050 500 milesRussian expansion by 1598Russian expansion by 1689Russian expansion by 1725Russian expansion by 1783Ottoman territory (including dependencies)at maximum extent, 1699sea frozen in winterArchangelU r a lM o u n t a i n s0 500kmOb’TobolskNEaste rn DvinaOmskHelsingforsSt PetersburgKirghizStockholmNovgorodVolgaBalticSeaDanzigVistulaRigaKönigsbergPOLANDWarsawKievKrakcówDnieperMoscowDonVolgaAstrakhanOrenburgOralNogai TatarsAralSeaUzbegsKazakhsSyr DaryaBudaAUSTRIANEMPIREDanubeVarnaKHANATE OF CRIMEASevastopolKaffaBlackSeaAzovConstantinopleOTTOMAN EMPIRECaucasus MtsTiflisYerevanCaspianSeaBakuTehranAmu DaryaKhivaTurkomans1.5 The expansion of Russia between 1505 and 1783. Besides the exploration and settlement of Siberia,Peter was intent on extending Russia’s frontiers to the Baltic and to the Black Sea so that the country coulddevelop an effective way to become a world power. In the north he was successful, conquering territoriesbelonging to Sweden, but on the Black Sea, although his forces took the fortress of Azov (on the Sea ofthat name) in 1696, it was regained by the Turks. The Khanate of Crimea did not become Russian until 1783at the time of the expansion driven by Catherine the Great.7
discovering the scythiansÂantiquities; to ‘make a description of everything remarkable’; and to ‘collect raritiesand medical plants’. Preparation for this daunting task took some time but he finally setout in March 1719 for Tobolsk on what was to be a seven-year expedition. In the report,written on his return after Peter’s death, he explained his brief more fully: ‘I shall lookfor herbs, and flowers, roots, birds, and so on … and also for ancient burial objects …portrayals of people and animals, Kalmyk mirrors. I was ordered to announce in thetowns and regions that everybody must bring me such herbs, roots, and flowers andancient burial things … and if any of them are found worthy, the burial objects shallbe paid for generously’. In the event he acquired few items of gold, suggesting to himthat most of the readily accessible graves had already been robbed. As an enquiringscientist, however, he decided to test this for himself by excavating a number of burialmounds. Although he found little that he considered to be of value, his were the firstscientifically driven excavations in Russia—the beginning of modern archaeology.Messerschmidt returned to St Petersburg in March 1727. His patron, Tzar Peter, haddied two years earlier and there was now little enthusiasm for this kind of work, butthe records and collections he brought back were assigned to the Kunstkamera, nowunder the control of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, which had been establishedin 1724/25. No further resources were made available to him and he died in poverty in1735 at the age of 50.The Academy’s interests lay elsewhere, with the exploration of the easternextremities of Asia and the sea passages to China and Japan. In 1725 it had sponsoredthe First Kamchatka Expedition led by the Dane, Vitus Bering, after whom the straitbetween Asia and America was named. The second expedition, which set out in 1733and was to last for ten years, was a vast enterprise involving some 3,000 people, itstask to explore eastern Asia, to map the entire Arctic coast of Siberia, and to chartAmerica’s north-west coast and islands. The man chosen to oversee the geographicaland historical aspects of the work was a 28-year-old German, Gerhard Friedrich Müller,who had for five years served as secretary to the Academy. His brief was to ‘describeSiberia’s civil history, its antiquities, and the manners and customs of the people’.Müller is best known for his ethnographic observations, but having been closelyinvolved with Messerschmidt’s archaeological collection when it arrived at theKunstkamera he took a particular interest in burial mounds, amassing a collectionof his own, mostly restricted to bronze artefacts since very little gold was now beingrecovered. Times had changed. ‘I saw a lot of people in Siberia’, he explained, ‘who usedto do this (grave robbery) for a living but in my time nobody was doing it because all thegraves that could have held treasures had already been dug.’ Nonetheless his collectionwas considered to be of scientific value and was bought by the Academy of Sciences in1748 to be added to the existing Siberian collection housed in the Kunstkamera.8
Page 2: the scythians
Page 5 and 6: Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
Page 7 and 8: prefacehistory exploring, with undi
Page 9 and 10: contentsviii
Page 11 and 12: discovering the scythiansinterest i
Page 13 and 14: discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
Page 15: discovering the scythiansmounds to
Page 19 and 20: discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
Page 22 and 23: discovering the scythians1.9 (Oppos
Page 24 and 25: discovering the scythiansKuban regi
Page 26 and 27: discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
Page 28 and 29: discovering the scythians1.16 The e
Page 30 and 31: After the Revolutiondiscovering the
Page 32 and 33: discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
Page 34 and 35: discovering the scythians1.18 The g
Page 36: discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
Page 39 and 40: the scythians as others saw themlan
Page 41 and 42: the scythians as others saw themScy
Page 43 and 44: the scythians as others saw themThe
Page 45 and 46: the scythians as others saw themGre
Page 47 and 48: the scythians as others saw themwou
Page 49 and 50: Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian
Page 51 and 52: the scythians as others saw themAlt
Page 53 and 54: the scythians as others saw themtha
Page 55 and 56: the scythians as others saw themaud
Page 57 and 58: the scythians as others saw themcra
Page 59 and 60: the scythians as others saw themBey
Page 61 and 62: the scythians as others saw themwer
Page 63 and 64: the scythians as others saw themsee
Page 65 and 66: the scythians as others saw them2.1
Page 67:
the scythians as others saw themset
Page 71 and 72:
landscapes with people3.1 The lands
Page 73 and 74:
landscapes with peopleThe steppe zo
Page 75 and 76:
landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
Page 77 and 78:
SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
Page 79 and 80:
landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
Page 81 and 82:
landscapes with peopleMore direct e
Page 83 and 84:
landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
Page 85 and 86:
landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
Page 87 and 88:
landscapes with peopleAlongside the
Page 89 and 90:
landscapes with people3.11 The elab
Page 91:
landscapes with peopleBroadly conte
Page 95 and 96:
predatory nomadshave tended to be i
Page 97 and 98:
predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
Page 99 and 100:
predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
Page 101 and 102:
predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
Page 103 and 104:
Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
Page 105 and 106:
4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
Page 107 and 108:
predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
Page 109 and 110:
predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
Page 111 and 112:
predatory nomadsan isolated later i
Page 113 and 114:
Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
Page 115 and 116:
predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
Page 117 and 118:
predatory nomadsies which concentra
Page 120 and 121:
5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
Page 122 and 123:
the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154:
Page 157 and 158:
crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
Page 159 and 160:
crossing the carpathianslar materia
Page 161 and 162:
crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
Page 163 and 164:
DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
Page 165 and 166:
crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
Page 167 and 168:
crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
Page 169 and 170:
crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
Page 171:
crossing the carpathiansin its pred
Page 174 and 175:
crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
Page 176:
crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
Page 179 and 180:
scythians in central asiaThere is,
Page 181 and 182:
scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
Page 183 and 184:
7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
Page 185 and 186:
scythians in central asiaIn another
Page 187 and 188:
scythians in central asiawere proba
Page 189 and 190:
scythians in central asiaAncient ri
Page 191 and 192:
scythians in central asiaCemeteries
Page 193 and 194:
scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
Page 195 and 196:
A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
Page 197 and 198:
7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now
Page 199 and 200:
scythians in central asiaby several
Page 201 and 202:
scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
Page 203 and 204:
scythians in central asiafrom the t
Page 205 and 206:
scythians in central asiaChina duri
Page 208 and 209:
8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
Page 210 and 211:
bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
Page 212 and 213:
bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
Page 214 and 215:
bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
Page 216:
bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
Page 219 and 220:
bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
Page 221 and 222:
bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
Page 223 and 224:
bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
Page 225 and 226:
bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
Page 227 and 228:
bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
Page 229 and 230:
bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
Page 231:
bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
Page 235 and 236:
bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
Page 238 and 239:
9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
Page 240 and 241:
bending the bowtheir bodies with a
Page 242 and 243:
bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
Page 244 and 245:
bending the bow9.4 Saddle cover fro
Page 246 and 247:
bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
Page 248 and 249:
bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
Page 250 and 251:
bending the bowParthians—the Part
Page 252 and 253:
bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
Page 254 and 255:
bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
Page 256 and 257:
bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
Page 258 and 259:
bending the bowof such intricacy wo
Page 260 and 261:
bending the bowmake them more comfo
Page 262 and 263:
bending the bowThe burial is remark
Page 264 and 265:
bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
Page 266 and 267:
bending the bowRealizing at the out
Page 268 and 269:
bending the bowtime to time with th
Page 270 and 271:
bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
Page 272:
bending the bowthe introduction of
Page 275 and 276:
of gods, beliefs, and artof the sch
Page 277 and 278:
of gods, beliefs, and arthearth. Th
Page 279 and 280:
of gods, beliefs, and artwould have
Page 281 and 282:
of gods, beliefs, and artsacred gol
Page 283 and 284:
of gods, beliefs, and art10.2 (Left
Page 285 and 286:
of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
Page 287 and 288:
of gods, beliefs, and art10.8 Gilde
Page 289 and 290:
of gods, beliefs, and art10.10 Deta
Page 291 and 292:
of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
Page 293 and 294:
of gods, beliefs, and art10.14 Petr
Page 295 and 296:
of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
Page 297 and 298:
of gods, beliefs, and art10.22 Leat
Page 300 and 301:
11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
Page 302 and 303:
the way of deathtism. Another backw
Page 304 and 305:
the way of deaththis is clearly not
Page 306 and 307:
the way of deathThe ProcessionsIn t
Page 308 and 309:
the way of death11.3 (Right) Kurgan
Page 310 and 311:
the way of death11.5 Kurgan 4 at Pa
Page 312 and 313:
shaft 1the way of deathTOLSTAYA MOG
Page 314 and 315:
the way of death11.8 The Elizavetin
Page 316 and 317:
the way of deathIn relishing the de
Page 318:
the way of deathThe Massagetae had
Page 321 and 322:
scythians in the longue duréetion
Page 323 and 324:
A l176 -160 bcYuezhi 140 -135 bcSak
Page 325 and 326:
scythians in the longue durée12.2
Page 327 and 328:
scythians in the longue duréeBospo
Page 329 and 330:
scythians in the longue duréeOn tw
Page 331 and 332:
scythians in the longue duréeAs th
Page 333 and 334:
scythians in the longue duréeunend
Page 335 and 336:
SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of s
Page 338:
gallery of objects
Page 341 and 342:
1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
Page 343 and 344:
2 Chastye Kurgany beakergallery of
Page 345 and 346:
3 Gaymonova mogila cupgallery of ob
Page 347 and 348:
4 Solokha cupgallery of objects(Sta
Page 349 and 350:
5 Solokha combgallery of objects(St
Page 351 and 352:
6 Perederiieva mogila helmetgallery
Page 353 and 354:
7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
Page 355 and 356:
8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
Page 357 and 358:
9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
Page 359 and 360:
10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
Page 362 and 363:
timeline
Page 364:
Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
Page 367 and 368:
scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
Page 369 and 370:
further readingClassical TextsIn th
Page 371 and 372:
further reading116-47. The creation
Page 373 and 374:
further readingArchaeology’, Worl
Page 375 and 376:
further readingwriters as ‘noble
Page 377 and 378:
further readingThe impact of horse-
Page 379 and 380:
further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
Page 381 and 382:
further reading2007), 135-44 and in
Page 383 and 384:
further reading(pp. 368-70). These
Page 385 and 386:
further reading‘Tuva during the S
Page 387 and 388:
further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
Page 389 and 390:
further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
Page 391 and 392:
further readingobryadnost’ nasele
Page 394 and 395:
illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
Page 396 and 397:
illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
Page 398 and 399:
illustration sourcesКаталог
Page 400 and 401:
INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer to
Page 402 and 403:
coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
Page 404 and 405:
bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
Page 406 and 407:
wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
Page 408 and 409:
horse burials, Arzhan 1 95-8horse g
show all

Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?