Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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the rise of the pontic steppe scythians5.9 (Opposite) The fortified manufacturing and trading centres of Kamenskoe and Trakhtemirov, both onthe River Dnieper.The rampart enclosing the acropolis was topped by a wall built of sun-dried mudbricks, similar to Greek construction, while the buildings within were based on stonefoundations. An abundance of imported Greek Red-Figured pottery, wine amphorae,and an unusually high percentage of bones of game animals, reflecting the hunt,suggest that the acropolis may have been a royal stronghold. The clustering of a numberof rich burials in the vicinity of Kamenskoe adds support to this view. Within themain outer enclosure some 900 hectares were given over to metal production on anindustrial scale. Iron smelting and forging predominated, the iron ore being broughtto the site from the rich deposits of Krivoi Rog 60 km away. All the processes werecarried out here from the initial smelting to the forging of finished items, notablyweapons, armour, and horse trappings. Other metals—copper, lead, and zinc—werealso smelted and gold and silversmiths were at work. Such a massive industrial operationwould have consumed huge quantities of timber, a commodity in ample supplyalong the nearby river valleys. Indeed, it may well have been the availability of timberthat first encouraged metal works to the site.Although the excavations at Kamenskoe were of limited extent and have not beenpublished in detail, sufficient is known of this remarkable site to provide an insightinto Scythian social organization on the steppe at the end of the fifth century. Here,at a dominant location on the river corridor, a Scythian ruler presided over a massiveindustrial enterprise. Some of the products manufactured would have been used bythe elite themselves or would have been given to dependants as a reward for their loyalty.But some, perhaps ingots of iron and other metals, would have been transporteddownriver to Olbia and there traded for the fine pottery and the wine consumed inthe princely acropolis. It was a lifestyle very different from that of the pioneers whohad arrived on the steppe two centuries before.The princely residences overseeing production and distribution at Kamenskoe,Elizavetovskaya, and Nadlimanskoe were all sited on route nodes commandingmajor river corridors, their locations being determined by commercial imperatives.Rather different were the fortified settlements of Crimea like that of Kermenchik,now modern Simferopol. It is comparatively small, occupying the edge of a plateauand dates from the end of the fourth century. In building style and decoration the settlementowes much to the Greek world, which is hardly surprising since it is less than60 km from the Greek coastal cities of Chersonesos and Kerkinitis. The settlementis probably to be identified as Scythian Neapolis mentioned by Strabo as being theresidence of Scythian kings. From the third century bc the number of fortified settle-131
the rise of the pontic steppe scythiansments increased on the Crimean peninsula as the Scythian elites moved away fromthe open steppe and began to embrace a Greek lifestyle with growing enthusiasm.Far away from the direct influence of the Greek world, in the forest steppe, fortifiedsettlements have a long ancestry pre-dating the arrival of the Scythians. Fairlytypical of these settlements is the fortified site of Trakhtemirov overlooking the RiverDnieper, about 100 km south of Kiev. It is a fortified plateau some 12 by 7 km (630hectares) surrounded by rivers on three sides. At the eastern extremity was a fortifiedacropolis. The economy of the community was based on the raising of cattle andpigs and the growing of wheat, millet, barley, and legumes. Iron was extracted and awide range of domestic crafts practised. The occupants were engaged in trade withBEL’SKNRiver Vo rsklapresent day village of Bel’skWest fortRiver Suchaja GruntRiver Suchaja GruntEast fort1 Km5.10 The fortified centre of Bel’sk.5.10132
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the scythians
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
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prefacehistory exploring, with undi
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contentsviii
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discovering the scythiansinterest i
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discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
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discovering the scythiansmounds to
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discovering the scythiansÂantiquit
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discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
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discovering the scythians1.9 (Oppos
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discovering the scythiansKuban regi
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discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
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discovering the scythians1.16 The e
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After the Revolutiondiscovering the
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discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
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discovering the scythians1.18 The g
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discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
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the scythians as others saw themlan
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the scythians as others saw themScy
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the scythians as others saw themThe
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the scythians as others saw themGre
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the scythians as others saw themwou
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Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian
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the scythians as others saw themAlt
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the scythians as others saw themtha
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the scythians as others saw themaud
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the scythians as others saw themcra
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the scythians as others saw themBey
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the scythians as others saw themwer
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the scythians as others saw themsee
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the scythians as others saw them2.1
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the scythians as others saw themset
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landscapes with people3.1 The lands
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landscapes with peopleThe steppe zo
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landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
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SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
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landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
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landscapes with peopleMore direct e
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landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
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landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
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landscapes with peopleAlongside the
Page 89 and 90: landscapes with people3.11 The elab
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Page 95 and 96: predatory nomadshave tended to be i
Page 97 and 98: predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
Page 99 and 100: predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
Page 101 and 102: predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
Page 103 and 104: Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
Page 105 and 106: 4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
Page 107 and 108: predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
Page 109 and 110: predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
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Page 113 and 114: Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
Page 115 and 116: predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
Page 117 and 118: predatory nomadsies which concentra
Page 120 and 121: 5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
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Page 157 and 158: crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
Page 159 and 160: crossing the carpathianslar materia
Page 161 and 162: crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
Page 163 and 164: DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
Page 165 and 166: crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
Page 167 and 168: crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
Page 169 and 170: crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
Page 171: crossing the carpathiansin its pred
Page 174 and 175: crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
Page 176: crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
Page 179 and 180: scythians in central asiaThere is,
Page 181 and 182: scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
Page 183 and 184: 7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
Page 185 and 186: scythians in central asiaIn another
Page 187 and 188: scythians in central asiawere proba
Page 189 and 190: scythians in central asiaAncient ri
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scythians in central asiaCemeteries
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scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
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A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
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7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now
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scythians in central asiaby several
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scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
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scythians in central asiafrom the t
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scythians in central asiaChina duri
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8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
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bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
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bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
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bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
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bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
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bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
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bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
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bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
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bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
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bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
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bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
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bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
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bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
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9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
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bending the bowtheir bodies with a
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bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
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bending the bow9.4 Saddle cover fro
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bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
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bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
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bending the bowParthians—the Part
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bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
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bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
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bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
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bending the bowof such intricacy wo
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bending the bowmake them more comfo
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bending the bowThe burial is remark
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bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
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bending the bowRealizing at the out
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bending the bowtime to time with th
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bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
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bending the bowthe introduction of
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of gods, beliefs, and artof the sch
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of gods, beliefs, and arthearth. Th
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of gods, beliefs, and artwould have
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of gods, beliefs, and artsacred gol
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.2 (Left
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of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.8 Gilde
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.10 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.14 Petr
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.22 Leat
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11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
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the way of deathtism. Another backw
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the way of deaththis is clearly not
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the way of deathThe ProcessionsIn t
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the way of death11.3 (Right) Kurgan
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the way of death11.5 Kurgan 4 at Pa
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shaft 1the way of deathTOLSTAYA MOG
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the way of death11.8 The Elizavetin
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the way of deathIn relishing the de
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the way of deathThe Massagetae had
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scythians in the longue duréetion
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A l176 -160 bcYuezhi 140 -135 bcSak
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scythians in the longue durée12.2
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scythians in the longue duréeBospo
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scythians in the longue duréeOn tw
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scythians in the longue duréeAs th
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scythians in the longue duréeunend
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SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of s
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gallery of objects
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1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
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2 Chastye Kurgany beakergallery of
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3 Gaymonova mogila cupgallery of ob
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4 Solokha cupgallery of objects(Sta
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5 Solokha combgallery of objects(St
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6 Perederiieva mogila helmetgallery
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7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
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8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
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9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
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10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
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timeline
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Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
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scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
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further readingClassical TextsIn th
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further reading116-47. The creation
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further readingArchaeology’, Worl
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further readingwriters as ‘noble
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further readingThe impact of horse-
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further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
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further reading2007), 135-44 and in
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further reading(pp. 368-70). These
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further reading‘Tuva during the S
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further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
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further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
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further readingobryadnost’ nasele
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illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
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illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
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illustration sourcesКаталог
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INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer to
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coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
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bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
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wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
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horse burials, Arzhan 1 95-8horse g
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Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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