Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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the rise of the pontic steppe scythiansdisappeared into the tombs of the wealthy. It was not until the late eighteenth centuryad that they began to reappear, to the delight of an astonished world.Not all the Greek cities of the north Pontic region thrived. Already by the fifth centuryOlbia was beginning to decline while the cities of the Kimmerian Bosphorusbecame more prosperous, taking over much of its trade. With the incursion of theSauromatians at the beginning of the fourth century Olbia suffered still further. Itlost its markets on the middle Dnieper, thus reducing its sphere of influence to a limitedcoastal region between the estuaries of the Dnieper and Dniester. A further blowcame from Macedonia. Already in 339 bc Philip II had confronted a Scythian armyoperating south of the Danube (above, pp. 55–7). Four years later Alexander crossedthe river in pursuit of the Getae. All this disruption upset the trading networks uponwhich Olbia depended. Not long after, in 331 bc, one of Alexander’s generals, Zopyrion,then serving as governor of Thrace, mounted a direct attack on the city. Thiswas repelled by a defending force of Scythian-Sarmatians, but it was the beginning ofthe end of Olbia as tribes from the west, among them the Celts, began to move intothe region. From now on the interaction of the Greek and Scythian worlds becamefirmly focused on the Bosporan kingdom.Inland Markets and Royal ResidencesAlthough settlements are known throughout the forest steppe zone, where theywere characteristic of the sedentary lifestyle of the indigenous population, such sitesplayed no part in the life of the early nomads on the open steppe. But with a moresettled economy developing in some parts of the region from the sixth century andtrade with the Greek cities intensifying, permanent settlements, sometimes of considerablesize, began to appear. The best known are Elizavetovskaya at the mouth ofthe Don, Kamenskoe on the middle Dnieper, Trakhtemirov further upriver, Nadlimanskoenear the estuary of the Dniester, and Bel’sk on the River Vorskla, a tributaryof the Dnieper.The fortification (gorodišče) of Kamenskoe sits on the left bank of the Dnieper some300 km upriver from the estuary. By making use of the natural defences provided bythe river, its tributary the Konka, and the salt lake of Belozërka, and by constructinglengths of rampart and ditch between them, it was possible to create an enclosureof 12 square kilometres. The defended area was further divided into two parts, an‘acropolis’ sited high above the river with its own defensive earthworks, and a muchlarger space within which were areas devoted to metalworking and an open tractpossibly reserved for grazing flocks and herds.129
DnieperKAMENSKOEKonkaNKamenskoeKucugury>KonkaAcropolisLake Belozërka1 KmNDnieperTRAKHTEMIROV1 Km5.9
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the scythians
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2
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prefacehistory exploring, with undi
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contentsviii
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discovering the scythiansinterest i
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discovering the scythians1.3 Peter
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discovering the scythiansmounds to
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discovering the scythiansÂantiquit
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discovering the scythians1.7 The ex
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discovering the scythians1.9 (Oppos
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discovering the scythiansKuban regi
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discovering the scythiansNChulymKur
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discovering the scythians1.16 The e
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After the Revolutiondiscovering the
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discovering the scythiansLate Bronz
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discovering the scythians1.18 The g
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discovering the scythiansin 1986-90
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the scythians as others saw themlan
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the scythians as others saw themScy
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the scythians as others saw themThe
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the scythians as others saw themGre
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the scythians as others saw themwou
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Mediterranean Sea0 500 milesPersian
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the scythians as others saw themAlt
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the scythians as others saw themtha
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the scythians as others saw themaud
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the scythians as others saw themcra
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the scythians as others saw themBey
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the scythians as others saw themwer
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the scythians as others saw themsee
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the scythians as others saw them2.1
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the scythians as others saw themset
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landscapes with people3.1 The lands
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landscapes with peopleThe steppe zo
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landscapes with peopletwo severe wi
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SeretBugDnieperlandscapes with peop
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landscapes with peopleSufficient wi
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landscapes with peopleMore direct e
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landscapes with peopleSrubnayaAndro
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landscapes with peopleskeletons fro
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Page 89 and 90: landscapes with people3.11 The elab
Page 91: landscapes with peopleBroadly conte
Page 95 and 96: predatory nomadshave tended to be i
Page 97 and 98: predatory nomads0Relative temperatu
Page 99 and 100: predatory nomads4.4 Tagar period br
Page 101 and 102: predatory nomads4.8 Bronze plaque i
Page 103 and 104: Deer stones (Olenniye Kami)Nsna iEl
Page 105 and 106: 4.13 Plan and section of the Arzhan
Page 107 and 108: predatory nomads4.16 Bronze plaque
Page 109 and 110: predatory nomadsThe astonishing dis
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Page 113 and 114: Dnieperpredatory nomadssion no surp
Page 115 and 116: predatory nomadsbecoming the domina
Page 117 and 118: predatory nomadsies which concentra
Page 120 and 121: 5THE RISE OF THE PONTICSTEPPE SCYTH
Page 122 and 123: the rise of the pontic steppe scyth
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Page 157 and 158: crossing the carpathians6.1 Satelli
Page 159 and 160: crossing the carpathianslar materia
Page 161 and 162: crossing the carpathiansTransylvani
Page 163 and 164: DanubeOdercrossing the carpathiansB
Page 165 and 166: crossing the carpathiansnomads woul
Page 167 and 168: crossing the carpathians6.8 Large g
Page 169 and 170: crossing the carpathiansIt is not s
Page 171: crossing the carpathiansin its pred
Page 174 and 175: crossing the carpathians6.14 Detail
Page 176: crossing the carpathians6.16 Wooden
Page 179 and 180: scythians in central asiaThere is,
Page 181 and 182: scythians in central asiaAchaemenid
Page 183 and 184: 7.4 Carpet made from knotted woolle
Page 185 and 186: scythians in central asiaIn another
Page 187 and 188: scythians in central asiawere proba
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scythians in central asiaAncient ri
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scythians in central asiaCemeteries
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scythians in central asia7.11 Recon
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A l tscythians in central asiaOb’
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7.16 Kurgan 5 at Pazyryk as it now
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scythians in central asiaby several
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scythians in central asia7.20 Recon
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scythians in central asiafrom the t
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scythians in central asiaChina duri
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8BODIES CLOTHEDIN SKINSDifferent ob
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bodies clothed in skinsmuch we can
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bodies clothed in skins8.2 Silver v
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bodies clothed in skinsleather, ano
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bodies clothed in skinsfelt legging
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bodies clothed in skinstight-fittin
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bodies clothed in skins8.10 Petrogl
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bodies clothed in skins8.12 Bronze
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bodies clothed in skinsits delicacy
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bodies clothed in skins8.15 Plaque
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bodies clothed in skinsThis usually
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bodies clothed in skinsThe large he
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bodies clothed in skins8.20 Man pla
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9BENDING THE BOWOne of the characte
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bending the bowtheir bodies with a
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bending the bow9.1a/b Two scenes fr
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bending the bow9.4 Saddle cover fro
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bending the bowA Pazyryk horse comp
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bending the bow9.9 The Scythian bow
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bending the bowParthians—the Part
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bending the bow9.15 (Right) The sil
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bending the bow9.18 Iron battleaxe
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bending the bowon the Gaymanova mog
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bending the bowof such intricacy wo
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bending the bowmake them more comfo
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bending the bowThe burial is remark
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bending the bowbare-headed foot sol
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bending the bowRealizing at the out
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bending the bowtime to time with th
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bending the bow9.28 Detail from a g
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bending the bowthe introduction of
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of gods, beliefs, and artof the sch
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of gods, beliefs, and arthearth. Th
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of gods, beliefs, and artwould have
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of gods, beliefs, and artsacred gol
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.2 (Left
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of gods, beliefs, and artImages of
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.8 Gilde
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.10 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.13 Gold
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.14 Petr
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.20 Deta
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of gods, beliefs, and art10.22 Leat
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11THE WAY OF DEATHDuring the human
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the way of deathtism. Another backw
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the way of deaththis is clearly not
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the way of deathThe ProcessionsIn t
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the way of death11.3 (Right) Kurgan
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the way of death11.5 Kurgan 4 at Pa
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shaft 1the way of deathTOLSTAYA MOG
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the way of death11.8 The Elizavetin
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the way of deathIn relishing the de
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the way of deathThe Massagetae had
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scythians in the longue duréetion
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A l176 -160 bcYuezhi 140 -135 bcSak
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scythians in the longue durée12.2
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scythians in the longue duréeBospo
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scythians in the longue duréeOn tw
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scythians in the longue duréeAs th
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scythians in the longue duréeunend
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SNVolgaUralAlans c.370Hun area of s
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gallery of objects
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1 The Kul’-Oba gold beakergallery
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2 Chastye Kurgany beakergallery of
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3 Gaymonova mogila cupgallery of ob
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4 Solokha cupgallery of objects(Sta
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5 Solokha combgallery of objects(St
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6 Perederiieva mogila helmetgallery
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7 Solokha gorytosgallery of objects
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8 Sachnovka diademgallery of object
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9 Tolstaya mogila pectoralgallery o
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10 The Chertomlÿk amphoragallery o
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timeline
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Asia Minor Central Asia Altai-Sayan
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scythian kings and dynastiesDynasti
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further readingClassical TextsIn th
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further reading116-47. The creation
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further readingArchaeology’, Worl
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further readingwriters as ‘noble
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further readingThe impact of horse-
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further reading7 (2001), 307-39 he
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further reading2007), 135-44 and in
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further reading(pp. 368-70). These
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further reading‘Tuva during the S
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further reading(Cambridge, 2011), 7
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further readingScythes (Hérodote 4
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further readingobryadnost’ nasele
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illustr ation sourcesMaps were prod
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illustration sources5.7 Author: mul
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illustration sourcesКаталог
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INDEXNote: numbers in bold refer to
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coiled feline motif, Scythian 284-5
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bone cheek pieces, Karasukperiod 77
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wall hanging 213, 243, 280, 280wool
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horse burials, Arzhan 1 95-8horse g
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Barry Cunlife - The Scythians

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