Issue 02/2017
bioplasticsMAGAZINE_1702
bioplasticsMAGAZINE_1702
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From Science and Research<br />
the stringent definition of biopolymers, introduced by Pittmann<br />
and Steinmetz [17] around 20 % of the world wide biopolymers<br />
could be produced on WWTPs in Germany.<br />
A rough estimation, with data provided by EU member<br />
states, leads to a theoretical possible PHA production on<br />
European WWTPs of nearly 880,000 [16]. This correlates<br />
to approximately 116 % of the worldwide PHA production,<br />
regarding the stringent definition.<br />
Conclusion<br />
Based on the results it can be concluded that it is possible<br />
to produce PHA out of material flows of a municipal waste<br />
water treatment plant.<br />
The presented calculations and results clearly indicate<br />
that it would be possible to produce high amounts of PHAs<br />
on WWTPs in the European Union. The potential analysis<br />
showed that waste water treatment plants could be used as<br />
a significant source for biopolymers and waste water can<br />
play an important role as a substituent for plant-based raw<br />
materials in the PHA production. With an upgraded operation<br />
more than twice of today’s worldwide biopolymer production<br />
could be produced on WWTPs in the EU and thus contribute to<br />
a recycling of the organic material contained in waste water.<br />
It has to be mentioned though that more research is<br />
necessary to verify experimental results at a larger scale.<br />
References<br />
[1] Lee, S. Y. (1996). “Plastic bacteria? Progress and prospects for<br />
polyhydroxyalkanoate production in bacteria”. In: Trends in Biotechnology<br />
14, 431 –438.<br />
[2] Dias, J.M.L. et.al. (2006). “Recent advances in polyhydroxyalkanoate<br />
production by mixed aerobic cultures: From the substrate to the final<br />
product”. In: Macromolecular Bioscience 6, 885–906.<br />
[3] Nikodinovic-Runic, J., Guzik, M., Kenny, S., Babu, R., Werker, A., O’Connor,<br />
K., (2013). Carbon-rich wastes as feedstocks for biodegradable polymer<br />
(polyhydroxyalkanoate) production using bacteria”. In: Adv. Appl. Microbiol,<br />
84, 13 9–200.<br />
R<br />
O<br />
[4] Chanpratreep, S. (2010). “Current trends in biodegradable PHAs”. In:<br />
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 110, 621–632.<br />
[5] Endres und Siebert-Raths (2009). “Technische Biopolymere”. Hanser.<br />
[6] Chen, G.-Q. and Q. Wu (2005). “The application of polyhydroxyalkanoates as<br />
tissue engineering materials”. In: Biomaterials 26, 6565 –6578.<br />
[7] Wolf, O., M. Crank, M. Panel, F. Marscheide-Weidemann, J. Schleich,<br />
B. Hünsing and G. Angerer (2005). “Techno-economic Feasibility of<br />
Large-scale Production of Bio-based Polymers in Europe”. In: European<br />
Commission - Joint Research Centre EUR 22103 EN.<br />
[8] Pittmann, T. and Steinmetz, H. (2013). “Influence of operating conditions<br />
for volatile fatty acids enrichment as a first step for polyhydroxyalkanoate<br />
production on a municipal waste water treatment plant”. In: Bioresource<br />
Technology 148C, 270-276<br />
[9] Pittmann, T. and Steinmetz, H. (2014). “Polyhydroxyalkanoate production<br />
as a side stream process on a municipal waste water treatment plant”. In:<br />
Bioresource Technology, 167, 297-3<strong>02</strong><br />
[10] Dionisi, D., M. Majone, G. Vallini, S. Di Gregorio and M. Beccari (2005).<br />
“Effect of the applied organic load rate on biodegradable polymer<br />
production by mixed microbial cultures in a sequencing batch reactor”. In:<br />
Biotechnology and Bioengineering 93, 76–88.<br />
[11] Albuquerque, M.G.E., M. Eiroa, C. Torres, B.R. Nunes and M.A.M. Reis<br />
(2007). “Strategies for the development of a side stream process for<br />
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production from sugar cane molasses”. In:<br />
Journal of Biotechnology 130, 411–421.<br />
[12] Johnson, K., R. Kleerebezem and M.C.M. van Loosdrecht (2009). “Modelbased<br />
data evaluation of polyhydroxybutyrate producing mixed microbial<br />
cultures in aerobic sequencing batch and fed-batch reactors”. In:<br />
Biotechnology and Bioengineering 104, 50–67.<br />
[13] Pittmann, T., (2015). “Herstellung von Biokunststoffen aus Stoffstroemen<br />
einer kommunalen Klaeranlage” (production of biopolymers from streams<br />
of a municipal waste water treatment plant) Ph.D.-thesis. University of<br />
Stuttgart.<br />
[14] DWA, (2012). “Performance comparison of municipal waste water<br />
treatment plants in 2012”, dwa: German association for water, wastewater<br />
and waste. Deutsche Vereinigung fuer Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und<br />
Abfall e.V. Theodor-Heuss-Allee 17, 53773 Hennef, Deutschland.<br />
[15] ATV, (2000). “ATV-DVWK-A 131 – dimensioning of single-stage activated<br />
sludge plants”; DWA German association for water, waste water and waste.<br />
[16] T. Pittmann and H. Steinmetz, (2016). “Potential for polyhydroxyalkanoate<br />
production on German or European municipal waste water treatment<br />
plants”, In: Bioresource Technology 214, 9-15.<br />
[17] T. Pittmann and H. Steinmetz, (2016). “Produktion von Bioplastik auf<br />
kommunalen Klaeranlagen”, In: Wasser und Abfall 05/13, 37-41.<br />
www.tbf.ch<br />
Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plant<br />
(generic photo, no PHA production) (photo:TBF+ Partner AG)<br />
O CH CH 2 C<br />
n<br />
Figure 1: General chemical structural formula of PHA<br />
Table1: Input data used during the potential analysis.<br />
Parameter Unit Value Literature<br />
Actual connected people equivalents (PE) on German WWTPs Mio. PE 109.0 [14]<br />
Proportion of PSP*-PEs regarding total PEs in Germany % 92 [14]<br />
Amount of primary sludge per PE L/(PE · d) 1.1 [15]<br />
Total solid concentration of primary sludge/acidified material g/L 35 [13]<br />
VFA concentration g VFA<br />
/m3 7,653 [13]<br />
Retention time and withdrawal at the first production step d und %/d 4 und 25 [13]<br />
Total solid concentration in the aerobic reactors 2a /2b g/L 5.0 [13]<br />
Loading rate for PHA production kg VFA<br />
/m3 1.2 [13]<br />
Retention time and withdrawal at reactor 2 a d und %/d 2 und 50 [13]<br />
PHA proportion based on cell dry weight Gew. % 28.4 [13]<br />
*PSP = German WWTPs with preliminary sedimentation potential (PSP = more than 10.000 PE)<br />
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