EasyCroatian_r47.an

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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A8 Dialects 528 / 600And finally, I’ll use the following marks for two-syllable tones, where the stressedsyllable has another syllable with the high tone that follows it:a...a short stressed + a high tone following itaa...a long stressedThis can be summarized simply: the first underscored vowel is stressed, theunderscores mark high tones.If you are going to read any dialectological works, you’ll see the standard ‘accentmarks’. Unfortunately, they are not rendered well on some mobile phones and e-book readers, they are difficult to distinguish at small font sizes, and, finally, they arequite counter-intuitive. Here's how my marks translate to the standard ones (thediacritics are also shown in brackets):aa = ā (–)a = ȁ (\\)aa = ȃ (^)aa = ã (~)a...a = à...a (\)aa...a = á...a (/)Therefore, what I write as e.g. öö is in most linguistic works written as ǫ with-atilde-above.Stress systems in various dialects have the origin in the old system, reconstructed forthe old West South Slavic, for the period od some 1000 years ago, where there wereat least 2 tones on the syllables. The stress could have been on any syllable, andunstressed syllables could be also short or long. The reconstructed forms of somewords are:mlěěko milkrööka handvětər windkljuuč key (G kljuuča)sestra sister (G-pl sestəər)žena woman, wife (A ženö)(It's possible to reconstruct even earlier forms – in many cases, thousands yearsearlier – but they aren't important here.)‘Kajkavian’ (Zagorje-Međimurje)An example ‘Kajkavian’ dialect is the speech of Konjščina, with a detailed descriptionby Vedrana Gudek, available online.The first impression anyone has about ‘Kajkavian’ are specific vowels. While thereare only 5 vowels in e.g. Zagreb, the traditional speech of Konjščina has many more:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A8 Dialects 529 / 600short long/diphtongsieu iiie eeεoaεεuuuo ouooaaThe vowel ε – a kind of ‘open e’, like in English bad or German ä – is thecharacteristic vowel for ‘Kajkavian’. Unfortunately, it’s usually written just as e:there's no proper orthography for it (dialectologists usually use ȩ, which is not visibleon all devices, or sometimes æ).Vowels ie, uo, ou are diphtongs, similar to English ow in low, how, but the i's and u'sin them are, unlike in English, pronounced very quickly, they are very short, so I couldhave written them also as i e, u o, o u .Unfortunately, long vowels ii, εε are too usually written just with i and e. Here are acouple of words with various vowels:dietε child (djete, usually spelled dijete)mεεse meat (meso)rouka hand (ruka)suonce sun (sunce)(For comparison, forms spoken in Zagreb are given in brackets).In ‘Kajkavian’ (and in dialects in Slovenia) there's one important constraint: normally,only stressed vowels can be long, i.e. there are no unstressed long vowels, whilestressed vowels can be either long or short. Since the vowel length and stress oftenchanges according to the word form (i.e. gender, case), this produces manyalternations:dober (m) vs. duobra (f) goodrouka (N) vs. rukami (I-pl) handThese are specific developments of old vowels and consonants in this dialect (other‘Kajkavian’ dialects have very similar developments):e, ë ě ə o ö lshort ε e eo-eu oulong εε ieie ooaa uoou ouMany ‘Kajkavian’ dialects (but not all) have -e instead of -o in all neuter nouns andadjectives in neuter gender, i.e. sεεle village vs. std. selo.When compared with the forms reconstructed for the old language – some 1000
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Easy Croatian© Daniel N. 2009-2019
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ContentsIntroduction 601 Alphabet a
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84 Western Urban Speech 46785 Small
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Introducon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 01 Alphabe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 03 Objects
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 05 Accusav
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 06 Desnaon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs w
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 10 Gender
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 11 Colors,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 12 Simple
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 13 She Lov
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 14 My and
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 15 Locaons
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 16 Giving
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 18 This an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 19 Your, A
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 21 Origins
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 22 Here I
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 23 I’m C
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Te
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 25 Plural
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 27 Body 15
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 28 Asking
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 31 First,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 34 Stresse
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 35 Tools a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 40 Future
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 43 And, Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 44 Genive
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 45 Quanes
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 47 Of Flow
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 48 Wholes,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 49 For 7 H
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 52 Stand,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 54 When, W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 56 Desires
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 58 Colloqu
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 59 Knowing
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 60 More Us
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 62 The Fri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 63 Bigger
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 64 The Doo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 65 Carry,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 66 Smoking
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 67 Only, E
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 68 Three M
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 69 Memorie
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 71 Suggeso
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 73 Learnin
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 76 Inner,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 77 As If:
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 78 Dijete
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 79 You’r
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 81 Sneeze
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 84 Western
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
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Page 489 and 490: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 89 Customs
Page 491 and 492: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
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Page 495 and 496: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 91 Taboo W
Page 497 and 498: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
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Page 501 and 502: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
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Page 505 and 506: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A3 Verbs 5
Page 517 and 518: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
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Page 521 and 522: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
Page 523 and 524: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
Page 525 and 526: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A8 Dialect
Page 527: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A8 Dialect
Page 531 and 532: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A9 Bosnian
Page 545 and 546: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L1 Common
Page 547 and 548: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Page 555 and 556: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Core Dicon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Core Dicon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Index 597
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Keys to Ex
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