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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 93 Fine Points of Verb Aspect 496 / 60093 Fine Points of Verb AspectI’ve introduced the verb aspect many chapters ago, and explained some details inlater chapters. This chapter will wrap up all the missing parts.First, some impf. verbs have special perf. verbs that are sometimes called‘delimitative’. They are hard to exactly translate to English, but the idea is there wassome action or state for some time, or space, not less.For example, you have to go to work and work there for 8 hours. You can simplysay:Radio sam osam sati G . I worked for eight hours.However, you call also stress that you’ve fulfilled your duty for that day, by using aderived perfective verb odraditi («); nothing else is changed:Odradio sam osam sati G . I worked for eight hours. (focus on the time)This verb sometimes corresponds to English work off or put in (hours), but there’s nosingle English construction which has the exact meaning.Such verbs always start with od- or ot- and are especially used when you fulfill aduty, or what you did is taken off from a bigger requirement (e.g. you have to work40 hours a week, you did 8 today, 32 to go).Such verbs are an exception from the general rule that you can’t specify how longwith a perfective verb. In fact, with many such verbs, you have to specify theduration, because this is the whole point of such verbs.Another common such verb is:odspavati («) perf. sleep for a timeFor example, you can say:Odspavala sam deset sati G . I slept for ten hours. (focus on the time)The time doesn’t have to be precise, you can say that you slept for a few hours.(The rest is coming soon.)
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist Tense and Other Marginal Features 497 / 60099 Aorist Tense and Other Marginal FeaturesThere are features in Croatian that you will see used from time to time. You don'tneed them in everyday life, but some people use them, and you'll see them inliterature (but they are rare even in books).First, there are several rarely used verb tenses.The aorist tense is traditionally a past tense, but today it's usually used for eventsthat have happened moments ago, or are about to happen right now. It's usuallyformed for perfective verbs, but it can be used with impf. verbs as well.The aorist tense is a single word, usually formed from the infinitive. For verbs endingin -ti, the ending is replaced with the following personal endings:person sing. plur.1st -h -smo2nd - -ste3rd - -šeI'll use abbreviations like aor-1, aor-3pl for various aorist forms, in the same way asfor the present tense forms. Here are forms for several verbs (pres-3 and past formsare not shown, as they're not important for forming the aorist if verbs have -ti ininf):naučiti perf. learn → aor-1 naučihpozvati perf. call, invite → aor-1 pozvahuzeti perf. take → aor-1 uzehvidjeti see → aor-1 vidjehObserve that it's not important if the verb is ‘regular’ or not: only the inf endingmatters.For 2nd and 3rd person in singular, the ending is ‘empty’, so we get nauči and uze.Verbs with inf ending in -sti and -ći insert a vowel before the aorist endings, -o- inaor-1 and plural, and -e- in aor-23 (the form common to the 2nd and 3rd person):person sing. plur.1st -oh -osmo2nd -e -oste3rd -e -ošeFor such verbs, aorist forms aren't derived from inf. If they have past-m in -ao, it'sremoved, and aorist forms are derived from it; otherwise, they are derived frompres-3, after discarding the final vowel (which is always -e for such verbs):
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist Tense and Other Marginal Features 497 / 600
99 Aorist Tense and Other Marginal Features
There are features in Croatian that you will see used from time to time. You don't
need them in everyday life, but some people use them, and you'll see them in
literature (but they are rare even in books).
First, there are several rarely used verb tenses.
The aorist tense is traditionally a past tense, but today it's usually used for events
that have happened moments ago, or are about to happen right now. It's usually
formed for perfective verbs, but it can be used with impf. verbs as well.
The aorist tense is a single word, usually formed from the infinitive. For verbs ending
in -ti, the ending is replaced with the following personal endings:
person sing. plur.
1st -h -smo
2nd - -ste
3rd - -še
I'll use abbreviations like aor-1, aor-3pl for various aorist forms, in the same way as
for the present tense forms. Here are forms for several verbs (pres-3 and past forms
are not shown, as they're not important for forming the aorist if verbs have -ti in
inf):
naučiti perf. learn → aor-1 naučih
pozvati perf. call, invite → aor-1 pozvah
uzeti perf. take → aor-1 uzeh
vidjeti see → aor-1 vidjeh
Observe that it's not important if the verb is ‘regular’ or not: only the inf ending
matters.
For 2nd and 3rd person in singular, the ending is ‘empty’, so we get nauči and uze.
Verbs with inf ending in -sti and -ći insert a vowel before the aorist endings, -o- in
aor-1 and plural, and -e- in aor-23 (the form common to the 2nd and 3rd person):
person sing. plur.
1st -oh -osmo
2nd -e -oste
3rd -e -oše
For such verbs, aorist forms aren't derived from inf. If they have past-m in -ao, it's
removed, and aorist forms are derived from it; otherwise, they are derived from
pres-3, after discarding the final vowel (which is always -e for such verbs):
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