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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Verbs and Standing Outcomes 472 / 60086 More Verbs and Standing OutcomesI’ll explain several useful verbs and verb families here, and also introduce a couple ofadvanced topics.The first verb family is derived in this pattern:tvoritio-tvarati («) ~ o-tvoriti («)The base verb, tvoriti, is quite rare. The derived pairs are not:prefix used with meaningo- A openpri- A leave ajar (‘almost close’)za- A closepre- A (u¨ A) transformA creates-se² show up (colloq.)There’s not much to say about the first three verbs: they express open and close –either literal (window, shop), or metaphoric (discussion, person).The last two verbs have specific meanings. The pre- verb is similar to transport verbsderived by pre-: it uses destinations (expressed by u¨ + A) and optionally also origins(expressed by iz¨ + G, matching the destination). The verb is used with either anobject in A, or a se² (mediopassively, if something transforms ‘on its own’):Mali problem N se pretvorio u veliki A . A small problem has transformed into a bigone.The verb pair otvarati («) ~ otvoriti («) open can illustrate a fine point whenperfective verbs are used and where not. If you opened a window, and then closedit – and it’s a bit cold now in the room – and you want to express with a single verbwhat you did, you would use the imperfective verb:Otvarao sam prozor A . I opened the window. (It’s maybe closed now.)If you use the impf. verb, it doesn’t imply that the window is open now, or that itremained open for some time – but such things would be implied if you would usethe perf. verb:Otvorio sam prozor A . I’ve opened the window. (And it’s open now.)This is the ‘standing outcome’ principle. This is because perf. verbs focus on theoutcome, but the outcome – state of the window – is not relevant here (or notexpected). It’s important that you touched it. An obvious way to say it’s not open
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Verbs and Standing Outcomes 473 / 600anymore is this:Otvorio sam prozor A i poslije ga A zatvorio. I’ve opened the window and 3m/nclosed it later.So, the second verb ‘undoes’ the first. It’s actually more general: only the lastperfective verb in the sequence counts. That is, if you say:Otvorio sam prozor A i oprao ga A . I’ve opened the window and washed it. 3m/nIt would imply only it’s washed now, not whether it’s open or closed. This is a verysubtle, but important principle: only the last outcome in a sequence ‘stands’. Wecould paraphrase it as the last outcome standing! This likely sounds extremelycomplicated, but an example will make it (hopefully) clear (‘standing outcomes’ arein red):exampleIšla sam u trgovinu A .I was going/went to the shop.Otišla sam u trgovinu A .I have gone to the shop.Otišla sam u trgovinu A i kupila pivo A .I went to the shop and bought beer.Otišla sam u trgovinu A , kupila pivo A i popila ga A .I went to the shop, bought beer and drank it.Pala sam.I fell.impliesimperfective!no implications whatsoever(I’m in the shop)(I have some beer)(no beer; I might be drunk)involuntary event!no implicationsHowever, the ‘standing outcome’ doesn’t apply to all perf. verbs – only to voluntaryones. Check the last row: pala sam doesn’t imply I’m still on the floor: it’s notsomething I did voluntary. It just happened.Note that the impf. verb doesn’t really say we got to the shop at all. It just says wewere going there, there was some action. But if we don’t say there were someproblems on the way there, it’s enough. So the default, shortest way of sayingsomething with a ‘standing outcome’ – if the ‘standing outcome’ doesn’t holdanymore – would be actually using the impf. verb.Therefore, perf. involuntary verbs are used much more often than voluntary ones.In real life, this rule is not completely clear-cut: you will hear both just išla sam utrgovinu and otišla sam u trgovinu for completed actions in the past and forspeaker being obviously not in the shop anyomore.The important thing is that you will hear impf. verbs where you would naively – dueto completion – expect perf. ones. Always keep in mind that perf. verbs are not just
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Easy Croatian© Daniel N. 2009-2019
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ContentsIntroduction 601 Alphabet a
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84 Western Urban Speech 46785 Small
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Introducon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 01 Alphabe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 03 Objects
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 05 Accusav
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 06 Desnaon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs w
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 10 Gender
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 11 Colors,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 12 Simple
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 13 She Lov
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 14 My and
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 15 Locaons
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 16 Giving
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 18 This an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 19 Your, A
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 21 Origins
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 22 Here I
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 23 I’m C
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Te
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 25 Plural
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 27 Body 15
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 28 Asking
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 31 First,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 34 Stresse
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 35 Tools a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 40 Future
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 43 And, Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 44 Genive
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 45 Quanes
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 47 Of Flow
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 48 Wholes,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 49 For 7 H
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 52 Stand,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 54 When, W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 56 Desires
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 58 Colloqu
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 59 Knowing
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 60 More Us
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 62 The Fri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 63 Bigger
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 64 The Doo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 65 Carry,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 66 Smoking
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 67 Only, E
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 68 Three M
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 69 Memorie
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 71 Suggeso
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 73 Learnin
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Page 437 and 438: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 78 Dijete
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Page 453 and 454: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 81 Sneeze
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Page 489 and 490: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 89 Customs
Page 491 and 492: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
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Page 495 and 496: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 91 Taboo W
Page 497 and 498: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
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Page 505 and 506: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A3 Verbs 5
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A8 Dialect
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A9 Bosnian
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L1 Common
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Core Dicon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Index 597
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Keys to Ex
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