EasyCroatian_r47.an

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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs with Obligatory Objects 44 / 600While in the first sentence, Goran does something to the window, in the secondsentence, the meaning is completely shifted, as if the window is a subject that ‘does’something. For all similar verbs (e.g. break, warm, close etc.) you have to use a se² inthe sentences of the second type:Goran otvara prozor. Goran opens the window.Prozor se otvara. The window opens.Another common example:Ana is cooking the soup.The soup is cooking, the meat is roasting.Again, in the second sentence, obviously the soup is not standing by the stove:English verbs here are used in the alternative meaning. When these sentences aretranslated to Croatian, the se² is mandatory:Ana kuha juhu. ®Juha se kuha, meso se peče.peći(After a comma in Croatian, word-counting restarts: both se²’s are in the secondposition.)This use of se² is common when the action described in a sentence is not performedby the subject (e.g. juha above) but by someone else, or just happens "on its own"(e.g. somebody just left the soup to cook). (Also, this explains why se² is used whensomeone wakes up on their own.)This can be summed up as a simple rule: if in English meaning of a verb shiftswhen used without an object, when you use the verb without an object inCroatian, you have to use a se².If you know any Spanish, everything so far most likely sounded very familiar to you.There are three important differences, though: while in Spanish the ‘reflexive’pronoun can be either me, te or se, in Croatian it’s always se².The second difference is that se² must go to a fixed place in a sentence in Croatian.The third difference is that in Spanish, the ‘reflexive’ pronoun is often spelled withthe verb when it appears after it (e.g. lavarse = ‘wash themselves’), the same holdsin Italian (e.g. lavarsi) and some other languages. However, the se² is always aseparate word in Croatian.These are the basics of se². I’ll explain details a bit later, in 64 The Door Opens: Funwith se².Finally, there’s a rather strange verb that must use an object or a se²:igrati playYou can use it with nouns (as objects, of course, put to accusative) meaning games(or sports):
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs with Obligatory Objects 45 / 600košarka basketballnogomet football (soccer)šah chesstenis tennisFor example:Ana igra šah. Ana plays chess.Ivan igra košarku. Ivan plays basketball.However, if someone does not play some sport, or a game, but plays on their own(e.g. with toys...) you must use a se²:Goran se igra. Goran is playing.The verb igrati is not used for "playing" musical instruments. For that, another verb isused, svirati. This is the same difference as Spanish jugar vs. tocar.There are more verbs that use the se². Some of them, like nadati hope have alwaysa se² with them, so they are usually listed as nadati se². Another such verb is smijati(smije) se² laugh ®. You will discover more such verbs as you go.________® You’ll later see an example where Standard Serbian spells some second-positionwords not as separate words.Instead of juha, the word supa is used in Serbia, most parts of Bosnia, and in someregions of Croatia as well.In the “Ekavian” pronunciation, which completely dominates in Serbia, the verbsmijati (smije) se² has the unexpected form smejati (smeje) se²; there are moreverbs which behave like that; this alternation is not predictable – such verbs must belearnt by heart, if you want to know both pronunciations.• Something Possibly InterestingIn many grammars, verbs that have the particle se² are called reflexive. I’m not usingthat term, since it’s not a property of the verb, it just has the ‘reflexive’ particle withit. More precisely, the whole construction could be called ‘reflexive’. However, inmany languages, there are uses of such particle (or pronoun) that are not ‘reflexive’at all. You can check examples in Wikipedia (Reflexive verb) and you’ll see howCroatian examples nicely correspond to Spanish, French, Italian, German andsometimes Danish ones. Unfortunately (for learners) English grammar is quitedifferent in this aspect.Words behaving like se² – fixed to the second place in the sentence – are calledsecond position clitics. Besides Slavic languages, they appear in a number of Iranian,Native American, Native Australian languages, and some others. Some olderlanguages also had them, including Latin, Ancient Greek, Sanskrit and Hittite.Languages with second position clitics are typically quite flexible and have no articles
Page 1 and 2: Easy Croatian© Daniel N. 2009-2019
Page 3 and 4: ContentsIntroduction 601 Alphabet a
Page 5 and 6: 84 Western Urban Speech 46785 Small
Page 7 and 8: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Introducon
Page 9 and 10: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 01 Alphabe
Page 15 and 16: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
Page 17 and 18: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
Page 19 and 20: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 03 Objects
Page 25 and 26: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
Page 27 and 28: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
Page 29 and 30: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 05 Accusav
Page 35 and 36: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 06 Desnaon
Page 41 and 42: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs w
Page 43: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs w
Page 47 and 48: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs w
Page 49 and 50: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
Page 51 and 52: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
Page 53 and 54: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
Page 55 and 56: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
Page 57 and 58: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 10 Gender
Page 65 and 66: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 11 Colors,
Page 71 and 72: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 12 Simple
Page 77 and 78: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 13 She Lov
Page 83 and 84: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 14 My and
Page 89 and 90: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 15 Locaons
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 16 Giving
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 18 This an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 19 Your, A
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 21 Origins
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 22 Here I
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 23 I’m C
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Te
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 25 Plural
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 28 Asking
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 31 First,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 34 Stresse
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 35 Tools a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 40 Future
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 43 And, Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 44 Genive
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 45 Quanes
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 47 Of Flow
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 48 Wholes,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 49 For 7 H
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 52 Stand,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 54 When, W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 56 Desires
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 58 Colloqu
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 59 Knowing
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 60 More Us
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 62 The Fri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 63 Bigger
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 64 The Doo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 65 Carry,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 66 Smoking
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 67 Only, E
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 68 Three M
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 69 Memorie
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 71 Suggeso
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 73 Learnin
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 76 Inner,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 77 As If:
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 78 Dijete
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 79 You’r
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 79 You’r
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 81 Sneeze
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 84 Western
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 87 Player,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 89 Customs
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 91 Taboo W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A3 Verbs 5
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A8 Dialect
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A9 Bosnian
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L1 Common
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Core Dicon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Index 597
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Keys to Ex
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