EasyCroatian_r47.an

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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 73 Learning and Renng: Verbs Shiing 418 / 60073 Learning and Renting: Verbs ShiftingThere are couple of verbs in Croatian that show a bit bizarre behavior (suchbehavior is not limited to Croatian and even to related Slavic languages, though).First, there are verbs that can have two distinct objects in A at the same time.Common verbs and verb pairs with that feature are:pitati ~ u- («) askučiti ~ na- («) learn, teachIn all such verbs, two objects are clearly distinguished: one object is a person (oranimal) and another is not. For example:Goran N je pitao nešto A Anu A . Goran asked Ana something.In this sentence, both Ana and nešto something are in A, but one object is "who",and another "what", so there’s no ambiguity.Another example:Ana N je učila Gorana A plivati. Ana taught Goran to swim.Here, instead of the second object ("what"), we have a verb in inf, so it’s clear whatis taught.Now, you’re probably scratching your head: doesn’t učiti mean learn, study? Yes, itdoes. It has both meanings.When the verb pair učiti ~ na- («) is used with a single object in A, which is a thing("what"), it means learn, study. However, when its object is a person (or animal),then it means teach, and then another object in A ("what") can be used to expresswhat is taught. (The second object is not mandatory). The "what" object in both"configurations" can be a verb in inf. Compare:Ana N uči Gorana A plivati. Ana is teaching Goran to swim.Goran N uči plivati. Goran is learning to swim.Therefore, whenever this verb pair gets an object that’s a person (or animal), itsmeaning shifts!But what if someone is a teacher, and we want to say e.g. Ivan teaches math? Onesolution is to express a person-object with some generic word, to shift the verbmeaning. For instance, you can hear:Ivan N uči djecu A matematiku A . Ivan teaches math to children.(Beware, here the Croatian noun djecu is in A, while English has to, oftencorresponding to the Croatian DL case.)We cannot say just Ivan uči matematiku, since it has exactly the opposite meaning,however, we can in principle say (but this sounds quite incomplete to me):
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 73 Learning and Renng: Verbs Shiing 419 / 600Ivan N uči djecu A . Ivan teaches children.Another way is to use a more formal verb pair:predavati (predaje) ~ predati teach, give lectureSo we can say:Ivan N predaje matematiku A . Ivan teaches math.There are more verbs that have two opposite meanings, depending on other wordsaround them. Common ones are:iznajmlj ivati (-uje «) ~ iznajmiti («) rentposuđ ivati (-uje «) ~ posuditi («) borrow/lend ®Both verb pairs have two meanings, depending on the cases used. What isrented/borrowed/lent is always in A. If you add a person (or animal, but also aninstitution, and so on) in DL, it denotes someone receiving:Posudio sam kišobran A Ani DL . I’ve lent the umbrella to Ana.Iznajmili smo im DL kuću A . We’ve rented (out) the house to them.3plHowever, if you instead of DL use od¨ + G, the meaning shifts, and G represents thesource (i.e. the owner):Ana N je posudila kišobran A od mene G . Ana borrowed the umbrella from me.Iznajmili su kuću A od nas G . They’ve rented the house from us.1pl GIt’s interesting that English rent shows the same double meaning. If you use theverbs without DL or od¨ + G, the meaning is ambiguous, and depends on the context.(There's a suggestion to use another verb pair in the formal Croatian – unajmlj ivati(-uje «) ~ unajmiti («) – for the meaning rent something from someone, but virtuallynobody uses it.)The Croatian verb pairs for rent and borrow/lend are ‘round-trip’ verbs, that is, theyimply that the state of things will be restored after some time. Therefore, they areused with ‘round-trip periods’, that is, preposition na¨ + A:Iznajmili smo im DL kuću A na dva tjedna 24 . We’ve rented (out) the house to 3plthem for two weeks.Unlike the verbs above, which shift their meaning according to cases used, there aresome verbs that use cases in two distinct ways – but there’s not much difference inmeaning. Common ones are:čuditi wonder, be surprised, marvelradovati (raduje) look forward toveseliti (very similar meaning)They are usually used in a way that what causes emotions is in DL, the personaffected is the subject (in N), and a se² must be used:
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Easy Croatian© Daniel N. 2009-2019
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ContentsIntroduction 601 Alphabet a
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84 Western Urban Speech 46785 Small
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Introducon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 01 Alphabe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 03 Objects
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 05 Accusav
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 06 Desnaon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs w
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 10 Gender
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 11 Colors,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 12 Simple
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 13 She Lov
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 14 My and
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 15 Locaons
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 16 Giving
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 18 This an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 19 Your, A
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 21 Origins
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 22 Here I
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 23 I’m C
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Te
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 25 Plural
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 27 Body 15
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 28 Asking
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 31 First,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 34 Stresse
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 35 Tools a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 40 Future
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 43 And, Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 44 Genive
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 45 Quanes
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 47 Of Flow
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 48 Wholes,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 49 For 7 H
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 52 Stand,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 54 When, W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 56 Desires
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 58 Colloqu
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 59 Knowing
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 60 More Us
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 62 The Fri
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Page 367 and 368: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 63 Bigger
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Page 453 and 454: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 81 Sneeze
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 87 Player,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 89 Customs
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 91 Taboo W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A3 Verbs 5
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A8 Dialect
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A9 Bosnian
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L1 Common
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Core Dicon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Index 597
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Keys to Ex
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