EasyCroatian_r47.an
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 69 Memories, Expectaons and Fear 400 / 600content clause must be used:Zapamtio sam [da moram zatvoriti prozor A ]. I ‘memorized’ I have to close thewindow. (i.e. I know it, I’ll do it, you don’t have to remind me)The basic verb to express fear in Croatian is:bojati (boji) se² (+ G/inf/clause)For example:Ana N se boji zmija G . Ana is afraid of snakes.bojati seAnother way is using the noun strah + the verb biti (je² +) + one who’s afraid in A (+what is afraid of in G):Anu A je strah N zmija G . Ana is afraid of snakes.Anu A je bio strah N zmija G . Ana was afraid of snakes.Anu A je bilo strah N zmija G . (the same meaning, more common)The noun strah fear is the subject, as you can see from the past tense, but thesentence is usually treated as impersonal, so using neuter singular in the past isactually more common. As with other expressions where the person who feelssomething is not in the nominative case, the person is nevertheless usually placed atthe first position.The complex biti (je² +) strah behaves like one compound verb. What if you want toconvert it to a verbal noun (i.e. gerund)? You would use then just strah, but whatcauses fear is then expressed with od¨ + G:strah od zmija fear of snakesstrah od letenja fear of flyingThere’s one more way, less used in speech, more in writing – the verb pair:plašiti ~ u- scareThe verbs can be used in both ways:Ana N se plaši zmija G . Ana is scared of snakes.Anu A plaše zmije N . Snakes scare Ana.You can also be afraid to do something – then just use the inf of the verb (which canhave its objects and so on):Goran N se boji voziti bicikl A . Goran is afraid to drive bicycle.bojati seAnu A je strah N roniti. Ana is afraid to dive.On the other hand, there’s just one verb to express expectation:očekivati (očekuje) expect (+ A/clause)It’s simple to use – what is expected is in A:Očekivali smo tvog brata A . We expected your brother.
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 69 Memories, Expectaons and Fear 401 / 600Now, all the constructions described above can be also used with clauses: you canboth be afraid that something might happen or you can expect that something isgoing to happen.All such clauses start with da and in principle can use any tense, e.g. future:Ana N se bojiOčekujemdaće biti hladno.nećemo pobijediti.bojati seočekivatiThe usual rules of word order in clauses apply:Ana N se boji [da¹ će² biti hladno]. Ana is afraid that it will be cold.bojati seThe verb očekivati (očekuje) expect is, of course mostly used to expect futureevents.With both expectations and fear, it’s common – but not obligatory! – to expressfuture events with the present tense of perf. verbs. It’s the twist: it’s both OK to say:Očekujem da će pasti kiša N . ‘I expect that rain will fall.’očekivatiOčekujem da padne kiša N . (more or less the same meaning) očekivati | pastiWe have here used the perf. verb pasti (padne, pao) fall. Maybe there’s smalldifference in meaning – if you use the present tense of perf. verbs, it’s a bit lesscertain, and more speculative.With the impf. verbs, it’s not possible to use present tense to refer to future eventsin such clauses – if you use the present tense, it refers to ongoing processes:Očekujem da će padati kiša N . ‘I expect that rain will be falling.’ (later) očekivatiOčekujem da pada kiša N . ‘I expect that rain is falling.’ (now)očekivati(Of course, this applies to the verb (bude) as well, it behaves as any perf. verb here.)The same holds for expressing fear, with an important detail – the third twist – if youuse perf. verbs in present to refer to future, possible events, they must be negated:Bojim se da će pasti kiša N . ‘I’m afraid that rain will fall.’bojati seBojim se da ne padne kiša N . (more or less the same meaning) bojati se | pastiThis negation is ‘empty’, it’s just a grammatical feature. (Recall, ‘empty’ negationsalso appear with dok + perf. verb; it was introduced back in 54 When, While, Until,Before, After). If we use a negative-demanding word as e.g. nitko, the sentencesounds wrong and ungrammatical:(wrong!) Bojim se da nitko N ne dođe. "I’m afraid nobody will bojati se | doćicome."That’s because the negation has no effect, it’s an ‘empty’ negation, it carries nomeaning, other words are not negated. The following sentence, however, iscompletely acceptable:
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 69 Memories, Expectaons and Fear 401 / 600
Now, all the constructions described above can be also used with clauses: you can
both be afraid that something might happen or you can expect that something is
going to happen.
All such clauses start with da and in principle can use any tense, e.g. future:
Ana N se boji
Očekujem
da
će biti hladno.
nećemo pobijediti.
bojati se
očekivati
The usual rules of word order in clauses apply:
Ana N se boji [da¹ će² biti hladno]. Ana is afraid that it will be cold.
bojati se
The verb očekivati (očekuje) expect is, of course mostly used to expect future
events.
With both expectations and fear, it’s common – but not obligatory! – to express
future events with the present tense of perf. verbs. It’s the twist: it’s both OK to say:
Očekujem da će pasti kiša N . ‘I expect that rain will fall.’
očekivati
Očekujem da padne kiša N . (more or less the same meaning) očekivati | pasti
We have here used the perf. verb pasti (padne, pao) fall. Maybe there’s small
difference in meaning – if you use the present tense of perf. verbs, it’s a bit less
certain, and more speculative.
With the impf. verbs, it’s not possible to use present tense to refer to future events
in such clauses – if you use the present tense, it refers to ongoing processes:
Očekujem da će padati kiša N . ‘I expect that rain will be falling.’ (later) očekivati
Očekujem da pada kiša N . ‘I expect that rain is falling.’ (now)
očekivati
(Of course, this applies to the verb (bude) as well, it behaves as any perf. verb here.)
The same holds for expressing fear, with an important detail – the third twist – if you
use perf. verbs in present to refer to future, possible events, they must be negated:
Bojim se da će pasti kiša N . ‘I’m afraid that rain will fall.’
bojati se
Bojim se da ne padne kiša N . (more or less the same meaning) bojati se | pasti
This negation is ‘empty’, it’s just a grammatical feature. (Recall, ‘empty’ negations
also appear with dok + perf. verb; it was introduced back in 54 When, While, Until,
Before, After). If we use a negative-demanding word as e.g. nitko, the sentence
sounds wrong and ungrammatical:
(wrong!) Bojim se da nitko N ne dođe. "I’m afraid nobody will bojati se | doći
come."
That’s because the negation has no effect, it’s an ‘empty’ negation, it carries no
meaning, other words are not negated. The following sentence, however, is
completely acceptable:
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