EasyCroatian_r47.an

Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 67 Only, Except, Too: Inclusion and Exclusion 392 / 600
t šli smo u .
instead of restaurant.
Pojest ću salatu A umjesto jabuke G . (A → G) I’ll eat salad instead of an apple.
Ivan N je ovdje umjesto Ane G . (N → G) Ivan is here instead of Ana.
However, you will sometimes see that A is retained after umjesto, and that G is used
when the original case could be retained.
Now, there’s a major difference between English and Croatian grammar when
umjesto instead of is used with verbs. English here has to use a gerund (ing-form)
after instead of, while Croatian uses da + clause:
Goran N je ostao u krevetu DL umjesto da ode u školu A . Goran stayed in bed otići
instead of going to school.
(It seems that the clause after da can here be in either present or past tense, but
perfective verbs are allowed in the present tense, as in the example above!)
There’s also the version umjesto što; there are more conjunctions that can be used
with što and da, with a bit different meanings. Details will be explained in 77 As If:
Advanced Clauses.
Both osim and umjesto can be used to refer to things previously said: as you
hopefully know, in Croatian the general reference is to. We use it after those words
(changed to G, of course) to start sentences:
Osim toga G , pada kiša N . Besides, it’s raining.
Umjesto toga G , idemo u kino A . Instead, we’re going to the cinema.
ići
While English instead is often found at the end of a sentence, Croatian umjesto
toga is usually at the front.
There’s another conjunction we met before – i¨. It’s placed before the word that
adds to what is known or what has been said before.
Volim kavu A . I like coffee. ®
Volim i čaj A . I like tea as well.
I Ivan N voli kavu A . Ivan likes coffee as well.
It’s similar to English too (placed after what is added), but it’s more strict than in
English: i¨ must be placed before the added thing:
I Ana N voli čaj A . Ana too likes tea.
Ana N voli i čaj A . Ana likes tea too.
While the English Ana likes tea too is a bit ambiguous, Croatian Ana voli i čaj is
precise: she likes other drinks, and additionally tea.
What is added must be emphasized, that is, pronouns must not be left out, and
stressed forms must be used:
I ja N volim kavu A . I like coffee as well.
I njima DL se sviđa film N . They like the movie as well. (or: They, too, like the movie.)