EasyCroatian_r47.an
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 66 Smoking is Dangerous: Verbal Nouns 386 / 600When a verb uses an object in accusative, the matching gerund, if it has a nounserving as an object, will use the genitive case instead:Perem kosu A . (A) I’m washing my hair.pratiPranje N kose G je dosadno N . (G) Washing hair is boring.The opposite holds for verbs that cannot have objects at all – the noun in genitiveafter the gerund stands for a subject:Lišće N pada. (N) Leaves are falling.Volim padanje A lišća G . (G) ‘I like falling of leaves.’Objects in other cases are sometimes changed to na¨ + A:Sjećam se nje G . (G) I remember her.3fsjećanje na nju A (na¨ + A) memory of her3f ASome gerunds have specific meanings and are no longer felt connected to verbs.Common ones, derived from impf. verbs, are:mišljenje opinionpitanje questionputovanje travel, tripznačenje meaningznanje knowledgeThere are also verbal nouns with specific meanings derived from perf. verbs:iznenađenje surpriseobjašnjenje explanationobećanje promiseolakšanje reliefopravdanje excuseosvježenje refreshmentupozorenje warningstanje stateuzbuđenje excitementThere are more, this is not an exhaustive list by any means. Some words have a bitdifferent stress when they have a specific meaning. The same thing happened tosome English forms, e.g. painting is derived from paint, but it has a specific meaningas well.For some reasons I never really understood, some verbs don’t use this pattern at all.For instance, you would expect that from the verb patiti suffer there’s a gerund‘paćenje’, but there isn’t. There are a couple of other patterns to get gerund-likenouns. One is to add -nja to the verb, after discarding -ti and the vowel before it(some consonants are shifted as well):mrziti hate → mržnja ®patiti suffer → patnjapaziti be careful → pažnjaprijetiti threaten → prijetnjašetati stroll → šetnjavoziti drive → vožnjaTwo more verbs have such gerund-like nouns:štedjeti/štediti (štedi) save (money) → štednjašutjeti/šutiti (šuti) be silent → šutnja ®
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 66 Smoking is Dangerous: Verbal Nouns 387 / 600One common verb uses both the regular way and adding -nja:graditi build →građenjegradnjaAnother way is to change verbs ending in -avati (pres-3 -aje) to -aja:prodavati (prodaje) sell → prodajaudavati (udaje) se² marry (woman to man) → udajaImpf. verbs derived from ići (...) go and similar motion verbs have usually gerund-likenouns in -ak which turns into just an -k- before any case ending:dolaziti come → dolazak (dolask-) arrivalodlaziti leave → odlazak (dolask-) departureThere are more common verbs that follow this pattern, some of them perfective:početi (počne) perf. begin → početak (početk-) beginningrastati (rastane) se² perf. separate → rastanak (rastank-) parting, farewellsastati (sastane) se² perf. meet → sastanak (sastank-) meetingTherefore, sastanak (sastank-) meeting is just a gerund-like noun derived from averb.Some verbs (with inf in -iti) derive verbal nouns by adding -ba or -dba; common onesare:boriti se² fight → borba fightploviti sail, navigate → plovidba navigationusporediti («) perf. compare → usporedba comparison ®There is the verbal noun plovljenje, but it’s very rarely used.The transport verbs (ones derived from nositi carry, voditi lead and voziti drive)often have root verbal nouns, that is, with forms having just -nos, -vod and -voz,without any additional ending:odnositi («) se² relate → odnos relationponositi («) se² be proud → ponos prideizvoziti («) export → izvoz export (noun)If the underlying verbs have the prefix pre-, it’s changed to prije- in the verbal nouns:prevoditi («) translate → prijevod translationprevoziti («) transport → prijevoz transport (noun)However, the noun prijevod really means the result, and not the process – there’sthe regular verbal noun prevođenje for the process – therefore, it’s really anothertype of the verbal noun, associated with the perfective aspect, the outcome.There are more verb pairs which have two associated verbal nouns – the ‘perfective’
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 66 Smoking is Dangerous: Verbal Nouns 386 / 600
When a verb uses an object in accusative, the matching gerund, if it has a noun
serving as an object, will use the genitive case instead:
Perem kosu A . (A) I’m washing my hair.
prati
Pranje N kose G je dosadno N . (G) Washing hair is boring.
The opposite holds for verbs that cannot have objects at all – the noun in genitive
after the gerund stands for a subject:
Lišće N pada. (N) Leaves are falling.
Volim padanje A lišća G . (G) ‘I like falling of leaves.’
Objects in other cases are sometimes changed to na¨ + A:
Sjećam se nje G . (G) I remember her.
3f
sjećanje na nju A (na¨ + A) memory of her
3f A
Some gerunds have specific meanings and are no longer felt connected to verbs.
Common ones, derived from impf. verbs, are:
mišljenje opinion
pitanje question
putovanje travel, trip
značenje meaning
znanje knowledge
There are also verbal nouns with specific meanings derived from perf. verbs:
iznenađenje surprise
objašnjenje explanation
obećanje promise
olakšanje relief
opravdanje excuse
osvježenje refreshment
upozorenje warning
stanje state
uzbuđenje excitement
There are more, this is not an exhaustive list by any means. Some words have a bit
different stress when they have a specific meaning. The same thing happened to
some English forms, e.g. painting is derived from paint, but it has a specific meaning
as well.
For some reasons I never really understood, some verbs don’t use this pattern at all.
For instance, you would expect that from the verb patiti suffer there’s a gerund
‘paćenje’, but there isn’t. There are a couple of other patterns to get gerund-like
nouns. One is to add -nja to the verb, after discarding -ti and the vowel before it
(some consonants are shifted as well):
mrziti hate → mržnja ®
patiti suffer → patnja
paziti be careful → pažnja
prijetiti threaten → prijetnja
šetati stroll → šetnja
voziti drive → vožnja
Two more verbs have such gerund-like nouns:
štedjeti/štediti (štedi) save (money) → štednja
šutjeti/šutiti (šuti) be silent → šutnja ®
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