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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 62 The Friend I Saw: Relave Clauses 364 / 600Forming relative clausesnounssvi everybody, alladjectives in masc. used as pronounssuch as ostali the rest (of people)netko somebody ®nitko nobody ®svatko everybody ®nešto somethingništa nothingsvašta all kinds of thingssve everything, alladjectives in neut. used as pronounssuch as ostalo the rest (of stuff)to that, ovo this, onokoji ...tko ® ...što ...If you know German, you have likely noticed that it has more or less the samesystem – the pronoun der which is mandatory and changes gender and caseaccording to the role in the clause. However, with adjectives/pronouns such as alles,the pronoun was (which matches Croatian što exactly) must be used instead:(German) Das ist alles, was ich weiß.To je sve što znam. That’s all I know.Other types of questions can be also used as relative clauses, relating to place andtime. For example:Ovo N je mjesto N [gdje smo se upoznali]. This is the place [where we met for thefirst time].Occasionally, you’ll see a quite different construction of relative clauses: što usedafter nouns as well, but always in that form, not changing cases. This is rare inspeech, at least mine, but it seems more common in poetry.Since the pronoun što in such construction doesn’t show the role in the relativeclause, there’s often another personal pronoun in the clause that refers to the nounas well, so you might see:Ovo N su knjige N [što sam ih A kupio]. These are the books [I bought]. ®3pllit. ‘These are the books što I bought them.’Here ih (the 3rd pers. pl. pronoun in A) serves as the object of the clause, referringto knjige books while the word što serves as a simple conjunction. Such additionalpronoun is never added if the role in the clause is being the subject.Recall also the example song Jugo in 35 Tools and Means, With and Without; itcontains two such constructions:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 62 The Friend I Saw: Relave Clauses 365 / 600Vjetar N [što tuče u lice A i dušu A ] The wind [that’s beating my face and soul]Pričam o ljubavi jednoj DL [što bila je davno] I’m telling about a love [that was flong ago]It’s absolutely not required that you use this construction in speech, but be preparedto see sometimes it in writing and maybe speech.®There’s another colloquial thing you’ll sometimes see and hear. Theadjective/pronoun koji has the same form in masc. inanimate N and A: koji.Nevertheless, you’ll see and hear kojeg(a) in masc. inanimate A – which is the formfor masc. animate A. For example:Film N [kojeg A svi N čekamo: "Pedeset nijansi G sive G "]. (colloq!) The movie [we’re allwaiting for: "Fifty shades of gray"]. ®Of course, you would expect koji in this sentence, but it’s kojeg in this example. Youcan find this feature on many internet sites and in colloquial writing (Google forthe headline above: I found it on the internet). Teachers in schools spend a lot oftime “correcting” this – obviously, not with a complete success. Again, it’s notrequired that you talk like that, but don’t panic when you hear or read such a bitweird accusative forms!________® Instead of što and tko, forms šta and ko are used in Serbia and most of Bosnia;the same applies to derived forms, e.g. netko is rather neko there.In parts of Croatia where kaj or ča are colloquially used instead of što or šta, theyare used also after nouns, and don’t change then (and then an additional pronoun isused in the relative clause). However, in Serbia or Bosnia, in such constructions, onlyšto can be used, never šta. Furthermore, such constructions seem a bit rarer inSerbia.Using kojeg instead of koji for masc. inanimate A is unknown in Serbia and Bosnia.• Something Possibly InterestingThere are some fancy terms you’ll maybe encounter: the noun or pronoun therelative clause is attached to is called antecedent; the word that starts the relativeclause is relativizer, and the additional pronoun in clause (used in rare cases whenindeclinable što is used) is called resumptive pronoun. And indeclinable što is alsocalled invariant relativizer (it doesn’t vary, i.e. change case). Now you can impressyour friends with some fancy words! Or forget these terms immediately.Relative clauses starting with a pronoun which changes cases (e.g. with koji) are acharacteristic feature of European languages. Check this map in the World Atlas ofLanguage Structures: Relativization on Subjects.
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Easy Croatian© Daniel N. 2009-2019
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ContentsIntroduction 601 Alphabet a
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84 Western Urban Speech 46785 Small
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Introducon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 01 Alphabe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 03 Objects
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 05 Accusav
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 06 Desnaon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs w
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 10 Gender
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 11 Colors,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 12 Simple
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 13 She Lov
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 14 My and
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 15 Locaons
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 16 Giving
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 18 This an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 19 Your, A
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 21 Origins
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 22 Here I
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 23 I’m C
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Te
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 25 Plural
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 27 Body 15
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 28 Asking
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 31 First,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 34 Stresse
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 35 Tools a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 40 Future
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 43 And, Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 44 Genive
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 45 Quanes
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 47 Of Flow
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 48 Wholes,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 49 For 7 H
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 52 Stand,
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Page 313 and 314: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 54 When, W
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Page 325 and 326: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 56 Desires
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Page 335 and 336: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 58 Colloqu
Page 343 and 344: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 59 Knowing
Page 351 and 352: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 60 More Us
Page 357 and 358: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
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Page 361 and 362: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 62 The Fri
Page 363: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 62 The Fri
Page 367 and 368: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 63 Bigger
Page 373 and 374: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 64 The Doo
Page 379 and 380: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 65 Carry,
Page 385 and 386: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 66 Smoking
Page 391 and 392: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 67 Only, E
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Page 399 and 400: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 69 Memorie
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 73 Learnin
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 76 Inner,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 77 As If:
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 78 Dijete
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 79 You’r
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 81 Sneeze
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 84 Western
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 87 Player,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 89 Customs
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 91 Taboo W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A3 Verbs 5
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A8 Dialect
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A9 Bosnian
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L1 Common
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Core Dicon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Index 597
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Keys to Ex
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