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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is Eaten: Passive Adjecves 356 / 60061 Cake is Eaten: Passive AdjectivesEnglish is well-known for reusing various verb forms. For instance, the same word(eaten) has two quite different meanings in the following sentences:Ana has eaten. (what she did)The cake is eaten. (state of the cake)Croatian has a different approach – each meaning has a different word. Wordscorresponding to the second meaning – adjectives for what happened to somethingor someone are called passive adjectives.Passive adjectives are verb forms, but not all verbs have a meaningful pass.adjective. Verbs that cannot have an object (e.g. sleep – you cannot sleepsomething) won’t have an adjective that’s really used.There are some verbs (and verb pairs) that can have an object, but their pass.adjective is never used. Some of them are:čuti (čuje) hearhtjeti (hoće +,...) wantimati haveosjećati ~ osjetiti feelrazumjeti (razumije,...) understandIt’s difficult to explain why the pass. adj. of razumjeti (...) isn’t used, while the pass.adj. of shvatiti perf., a verb with a very similar meaning, is used. Likewise, željeti(želi, želio, željela) wish, desire has a used pass. adj., but htjeti (...) doesn’t!Likewise, there’s no pass. adj. from verbs that don’t use objects in A, such asuspijevati («) ~ uspjeti (uspije,...) succeed and similar ones.Passive adjectives can be made for both impf. and perf. verbs. However, since perf.verbs indicate that the action is complete, pass. adjectives made from them are usedmore often. In fact, pass. adjectives of most impf. verbs are not used at all, or areextremely rare. The following impf. verbs have pass. adjectives that are frequentlyused in speech:čistiti cleančitati readčuvati keepgledati watchgraditi buildkoristiti usekuhati cookočekivati (očekuje) expectpeći (peče,…) bakepratiti followpržiti frynositi carry/wearvoljeti (voli,…) loveželjeti (želi,…) wish, desireIt’s worth knowing that Croatian has one more way of expressing passive,introduced in 64 The Door Opens: Fun with se², with less restrictions.
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is Eaten: Passive Adjecves 357 / 600All passive adjectives in Croatian end in either -n (a vast majority) or -t. Always keepin mind that they are real adjectives, that is, they must adapt to gender, case andnumber.For regular verbs that have infinitive ending in -ati, it’s really simple to make a pass.adjective, just replace -ati with -an:verbgledati watchnapisati (napiše) perf. writeposlati (pošalje) perf. sendpass. adj.gledan watchednapisan writtenposlan sentAs you can see, even verbs that have a bit irregular pres-3 follow this simple patternif their inf ends in -ati.Since these words are adjectives, they adapt to nouns as any other adjectives do.For example:Pismo N je napisano N i poslano N . The letter is written and sent.For verbs that don’t have infinitives in -ati, the rules are more complicated.For most verbs that have pres-3 ending in -e, their pass. adjective is simply made byadding -n to the pres-3 (I have omitted all past forms for clarity):verbnaći (nađe) perf. findpeći (peče) bakepojesti (pojede) perf. eatplesti (plete) knitpass. adj.nađen foundpečen bakedpojeden eatenpleten knittedFinally we can say:Kolač N je pojeden N . The cake is eaten.Since this adjective is derived from a perfective verb, it’s implied that the cake is nomore.For verbs that have pres-3 ending in -i – and there are many such verbs – the -i isremoved and -en is added. Unless they are Croatian-specific or an r, consonantsbefore -en get changed, e.g. t is changed to ć (I have again omitted all past forms forclarity):
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Easy Croatian© Daniel N. 2009-2019
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ContentsIntroduction 601 Alphabet a
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84 Western Urban Speech 46785 Small
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Introducon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 01 Alphabe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 03 Objects
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 05 Accusav
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 06 Desnaon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs w
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 10 Gender
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 11 Colors,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 12 Simple
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 13 She Lov
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 14 My and
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 15 Locaons
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 16 Giving
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 18 This an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 19 Your, A
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 21 Origins
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 22 Here I
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 23 I’m C
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Te
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 25 Plural
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 27 Body 15
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 28 Asking
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 31 First,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 34 Stresse
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 35 Tools a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 40 Future
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 43 And, Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 44 Genive
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 45 Quanes
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 47 Of Flow
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 48 Wholes,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 49 For 7 H
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 52 Stand,
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Page 307 and 308: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 53 Giving
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Page 325 and 326: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 56 Desires
Page 331 and 332: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
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Page 335 and 336: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 58 Colloqu
Page 343 and 344: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 59 Knowing
Page 351 and 352: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 60 More Us
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Page 359 and 360: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
Page 361 and 362: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 62 The Fri
Page 367 and 368: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 63 Bigger
Page 373 and 374: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 64 The Doo
Page 379 and 380: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 65 Carry,
Page 385 and 386: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 66 Smoking
Page 391 and 392: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 67 Only, E
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Page 399 and 400: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 69 Memorie
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 71 Suggeso
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 73 Learnin
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 76 Inner,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 77 As If:
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 78 Dijete
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 79 You’r
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 79 You’r
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 81 Sneeze
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 84 Western
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 87 Player,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 89 Customs
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 91 Taboo W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A3 Verbs 5
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A8 Dialect
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A9 Bosnian
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L1 Common
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Core Dicon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Index 597
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Keys to Ex
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