EasyCroatian_r47.an
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 54 When, While, Unl, Before, Aer 314 / 600Like in purpose clauses, the verb biti (je² +) be is replaced by bude in such timeclauses – but only for future events, instead of the ordinary present forms.Otišli smo na plažu A kad je bilo toplo. We went to the beach when it otići past-mplwas warm. (past)Odlazimo na plažu A kad je toplo. We go to the beach when it’s warm. (universal)Odemo na plažu A kad je toplo. We go to the beach when it’s warm.otići(universal)Otići ćemo na plažu A kad bude toplo. We’ll go to the beach when it gets warm.(future)Odlazimo na plažu A kad bude toplo. (immediate future, the same meaning)In such use, the verb (bude) is usually translated with get, become. English does notuse the future tense in such sentences, but when Croatian time clauses contain animperfective verb, future should be used, actually the potential future tense (i.e. onethat uses bude):Trebat ću kišobran A kad bude padala kiša N . I’ll need an umbrella when it’s raining.Any future actions (employing impf. verbs) in time clauses must use the potentialfuture tense in the Standard Croatian. In real life, you’ll often see and hear just thecommon future tense as well.There are six more conjunctions often used in time clauses (some of which consist ofmore than one word, but behave as one unit, and some of which have alternativeforms):dok while (+ until)prije nego što beforenakon što afterčim as soonkad god / kadgod wheneverotkad(a) / otkako sinceThere’s not much to say about conjunctions in the right column – use them insteadof kad(a) and you’ll have a different meaning but everything said above stays thesame. For example:Radi otkad je došla. She has been working since she arrived.doći past-fCroatian uses the present tense for an ongoing action (as usual), and the wholesentence is much shorter, with the exactly same meaning.The conjunction dok actually means while. When used with impf. verbs, itcorresponds to English while. The main action lasts while the action in the clauselasts (which is a period of time, since it has an impf. verb):Kuham dok su djeca N u školi DL . I cook while children are at school. ®Negated perfective verbs indicate that some event (still) didn’t happen; we can dosomething while it still doesn’t happen, i.e. until it happens. And that’s how Croatianexpresses until:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 54 When, While, Unl, Before, Aer 315 / 600Kuham meso A dok ne postane mekano N . I cook meat until it gets soft. postatiThe verb postati (postane) perf. become is another verb that can be translated asget. Actually, we could have used (bude) in this sentence, with almost no differencein meaning. The conjunction is not dok ne, the verb in the clause is just negated.Let’s put it to the past tense:Kuhala sam meso A dok nije postalo mekano N . I cooked meat until it got soft.The action (cooking) lasts until the event in the time clause happens (which is aninstant, since it’s a perf. verb). Also, we don’t use a subject pronoun in the clausesabove, since it’s obvious that the subject is meso meat.Something important: negation in this case is not an ordinary one: it’s a kind oflimited, almost ‘empty’. It implies that something will be accomplished.Therefore, words like nikad(a) never, ništa nothing and so are normally not usedin such clauses. Despite the negated verb, the overall meaning of the clause is notnegative.So it’s normal to say:Pokušavao sam dok nisam našao nešto A . I tried until I foundnaći past-msomething.This is an apparent exception to the ‘all-negative’ rule. Actually, the sentence impliesthat the speaker eventually found something, not nothing. So nešto something willbe used here.It’s common to emphasize dok (in this role) as sve dok:Kuhala sam meso A sve dok nije postalo mekano N .Perfective-like verbs, such as vidjeti see are usually understood as plain perfectiveverbs, so they can be used only with dok + negation (i.e. meaning until); so, we can’tsay while I see... in Croatian:Ne znam dok ne vidim. I don’t know until I see.If something happens when you see something, use kad(a).You must pay attention when you need prije nego što and nakon što: Croatiancannot simply reuse prije or poslije with clauses. For example:(1) I’ll clean the yard before the rain. (before + noun)(2) I’ll clean the house [before the guests arrive]. (before starts a clause)Here English just uses the same word to start a clause as the one put before a noun.The Croatian conjunction is more complicated:(1) Očistit ću dvorište A prije kiše G .(2) Očistit ću kuću A prije nego što dođu gosti N .doćiThe three words prije nego što behave as one unit, and second-place words must
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 54 When, While, Unl, Before, Aer 314 / 600
Like in purpose clauses, the verb biti (je² +) be is replaced by bude in such time
clauses – but only for future events, instead of the ordinary present forms.
Otišli smo na plažu A kad je bilo toplo. We went to the beach when it otići past-mpl
was warm. (past)
Odlazimo na plažu A kad je toplo. We go to the beach when it’s warm. (universal)
Odemo na plažu A kad je toplo. We go to the beach when it’s warm.
otići
(universal)
Otići ćemo na plažu A kad bude toplo. We’ll go to the beach when it gets warm.
(future)
Odlazimo na plažu A kad bude toplo. (immediate future, the same meaning)
In such use, the verb (bude) is usually translated with get, become. English does not
use the future tense in such sentences, but when Croatian time clauses contain an
imperfective verb, future should be used, actually the potential future tense (i.e. one
that uses bude):
Trebat ću kišobran A kad bude padala kiša N . I’ll need an umbrella when it’s raining.
Any future actions (employing impf. verbs) in time clauses must use the potential
future tense in the Standard Croatian. In real life, you’ll often see and hear just the
common future tense as well.
There are six more conjunctions often used in time clauses (some of which consist of
more than one word, but behave as one unit, and some of which have alternative
forms):
dok while (+ until)
prije nego što before
nakon što after
čim as soon
kad god / kadgod whenever
otkad(a) / otkako since
There’s not much to say about conjunctions in the right column – use them instead
of kad(a) and you’ll have a different meaning but everything said above stays the
same. For example:
Radi otkad je došla. She has been working since she arrived.
doći past-f
Croatian uses the present tense for an ongoing action (as usual), and the whole
sentence is much shorter, with the exactly same meaning.
The conjunction dok actually means while. When used with impf. verbs, it
corresponds to English while. The main action lasts while the action in the clause
lasts (which is a period of time, since it has an impf. verb):
Kuham dok su djeca N u školi DL . I cook while children are at school. ®
Negated perfective verbs indicate that some event (still) didn’t happen; we can do
something while it still doesn’t happen, i.e. until it happens. And that’s how Croatian
expresses until:
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