EasyCroatian_r47.an

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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complete Reading: Perfecve Verbs 214 / 600If the prefix has the stress mark, as above, it means that the stress will be on theprefix in the Standard pronunciation. However, for almost all verbs, it will never beon a prefix in the ‘western’ pronunciation: it will stay on the same syllable as in theunprefixed verb.Some verbs make their perfective verbs by prefixing na-:crtati ~ na- draw, sketchpuniti ~ na- fillslikati ~ na- paint (image)hraniti ~ na- («) feedpisati (piše) ~ na- («) writeučiti ~ na- («) learnThe stress in nahraniti, napisati and naučiti doesn’t move to the prefix in theinfinitive, but (only in the Standard pronunciation!) it does move in the present tense:therefore, their present tense forms are nahrani, napiše and nauči. I will, as usual,indicate such shift in the present tense with just a («).Others use o- or pro-:brijati (brije) ~ o- shaveprati (pere) ~ o- (») washbuditi ~ pro- («) wakengutati ~ pro- swallowThe stress – both Standard and ‘western’ – in oprati moves one syllable to the rightin the present tense: opere; I will abbreviate such stress shift with a (»), as above.Other pairs have more complicated ‘relationships’. Here are the main types of pairs(besides prefixing pairs). A common type involves a change of verb ending:bacati ~ baciti throw primati ~ primiti receiveWithin this scheme, most pairs always change the final consonant before theending:plaćati ~ platiti payprihvaćati ~ prihvatiti accept ®vraćati ~ vratiti return(It’s worth remembering that, in such pairs, the impf. verb most often has aCroatian-specific consonant, while the perf. verb has an ordinary consonant.)Many verbs in this scheme also change the vowel before the final consonant, alwaysa vs. o:odgađati («) ~ odgoditi («) postponeotvarati («) ~ otvoriti («) openAnother scheme, used by many pairs, is that impf. verbs have -ava-, and the perf.verbs just -i- or -a- (some pairs have change of consonant as well):pokušavati («) ~ pokušati tryukrašavati ~ ukrasiti («) decorateFinally, there’s a very common scheme – likely, including the highest number of verb
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complete Reading: Perfecve Verbs 215 / 600pairs – where impf. verbs have -iva-, which changes in pres-3 to -uje, while perf.verbs just -i- or -a- (again, some pairs have change of the consonant before all theseendings):odlučivati (odlučuje) ~ odlučiti («) decideuspoređivati (uspoređuje) ~ usporediti («) compareSince such impf. verbs tend to be long, I’ll often list them just by showing change inthe variable part, and the constant and variable part will be split by a thin verticalline ( ):Shorthand for -ivati/-uje verbsinstead of uspoređivati (uspoređuje)I’ll write just uspoređ ivati (-uje «)The symbol « will be there to remind you of the stress shift in the present tense,which here applies to both Standard and ‘western’ stress patterns.There’s no need to learn these schemes now: they are here just to show you whatlies ahead. There’s no simple rule how to make a perfective verb – the pairs must belearned, but most of them fall into the small number of schemes above.When should you use perf. verbs?Perfective verbs are almost never used in the true present tense, for an ongoingaction. However, it is possible to use perf. verbs in the present tense – if we use thepresent tense to describe things that happened in the past and will happen in thefuture, especially when adverbs često often and ponekad sometimes are used:Ponekad napišem pismo A i ne pošaljem ga A . Sometimes I napisati | poslati | 3m/nwrite a letter and don’t send it.Why have I used perf. verbs, e.g. poslati (pošalje)? Because sending is not somethingwhere any progress matters (e.g. even reading a few pages from a book canmatter). Sending is normally done in one go, not split into parts. So it’s onlyimportant that the action was not completed. The first sentence talks aboutaccomplishments. Letters are completed, but not sent.For most verb pairs, in the past tense, perf. verbs are usually used, unless the actionwas interrupted, you describe what you were doing at some moment, or it’s notclear what the outcome was. Also, you can tell how long something was happeningonly if you use an imperfective verb, e.g. these adverbs of time can be used onlywith imperfective verbs:dugo for a long time kratko for a short timeFor example:Pala je noć N . The night fell.pasti past-f | f
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Easy Croatian© Daniel N. 2009-2019
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ContentsIntroduction 601 Alphabet a
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84 Western Urban Speech 46785 Small
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Introducon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 01 Alphabe
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 03 Objects
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 05 Accusav
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 06 Desnaon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs w
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 10 Gender
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 11 Colors,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 12 Simple
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 13 She Lov
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 14 My and
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 15 Locaons
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 16 Giving
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 18 This an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 19 Your, A
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 21 Origins
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 22 Here I
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 23 I’m C
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Te
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 25 Plural
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 27 Body 15
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Page 163 and 164: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 28 Asking
Page 169 and 170: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 29 Plural
Page 175 and 176: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
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Page 179 and 180: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 31 First,
Page 185 and 186: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
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Page 189 and 190: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
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Page 203 and 204: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 35 Tools a
Page 209 and 210: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
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Page 213: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
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Page 221 and 222: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
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Page 233 and 234: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 40 Future
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Page 243 and 244: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
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Page 257 and 258: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 44 Genive
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 45 Quanes
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 45 Quanes
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 47 Of Flow
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 48 Wholes,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 49 For 7 H
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 52 Stand,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 54 When, W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 56 Desires
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 58 Colloqu
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 59 Knowing
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 60 More Us
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 62 The Fri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 63 Bigger
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 64 The Doo
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 65 Carry,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 66 Smoking
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 67 Only, E
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 68 Three M
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 69 Memorie
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 71 Suggeso
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 73 Learnin
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 76 Inner,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 77 As If:
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 78 Dijete
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 79 You’r
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 79 You’r
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 81 Sneeze
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 84 Western
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 87 Player,
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 89 Customs
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 91 Taboo W
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A3 Verbs 5
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A8 Dialect
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A9 Bosnian
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L1 Common
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Core Dicon
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Index 597
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Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Keys to Ex
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