EasyCroatian_r47.an
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Locave and Instrumental Plural 208 / 60036 Dative/Locative and Instrumental PluralWe know now how to form the nominative plural of nouns, and how to form theaccusative in plural, but we still don’t know how to make the dative/locative plural(DL-pl) or the plural of the case we introduced in the previous chapter, theinstrumental case.Both cases are quite simple to form, and they are always equal in plural. Nouns getthe following endings:noun type (N)nouns in -a (≈ fem.)neuter nouns (≈ in -o, -e)masc. nouns not in -afem. not in -a (e.g. noć)DLI-pl-a → -ama-o, -e → -imaN-pl + maN-pl + maAs you can see, all nouns end in either -ama or -ima in DLI-pl. There are noadditional sound changes in this case: if you know how to make N-pl, you know howto make these two cases as well!For example:Putujemo rođacima DL . We’re traveling to our relatives.putovatiPtice N sjede na granama DL . Birds are sitting on branches.Stojim pred vratima I . I’m standing in front the door.stajati(Recall that the noun vrata door exists in plural only.) In the following example you’llsee how DL = I in plural:Pišem poruku A prijateljima DL . I’m writing a message to my friends.pisatiU kinu DL sam s prijateljima I . I’m in the movie theater with my friends. ®Of course, we must be able to put adjectives into DLI-pl as well. It’s simpler than youprobably would expect:gender adj. DLI-pl examplefem.velikim ribamabig fishesneut. -imvelikim jezerimabig lakesmasc.velikim stolovimabig tablesWhat about pronouns? We have already seen DL case of personal pronouns, both insingular and in plural, and instrumental case in singular. The instrumental case in
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Locave and Instrumental Plural 209 / 600plural is identical to the DL-pl forms, but only stressed forms are used – there are nounstressed forms of instrumental. Pronouns tko who and što what have singularforms only anyway.Something quite special happens with adjectives used as nouns or pronouns. Forexample, the ‘noun’ mladi m pl. (adj.) is actually an adjective, short for mladi ljudiyoung people or the young. Look what happens when it’s used in DLI-pl:Na mladim ljudima DL svijet N ostaje. The world is left to the young people. ostajatiNa mladima DL svijet N ostaje. (the same meaning)ostajatiThe verb ostajati (ostaje) means remain. As you can see, if an adjective is used as anoun, it gets an additional -a in DLI-pl, essentially giving it the same ending as anymasc. or neuter noun. This happens only in the DLI-pl.The second, shorter sentence is a common proverb in Croatian, corresponding toEnglish the young shall inherit the earth.An exception to this rule are ordinal numbers in plural that refer to decades. Theotherwise obligatory -a in DLI-pl is optional for them and often left out:Beatlesi N su bili popularni N u šezdesetim DL . The Beatles were popular in the sixties.U 80-im DL sam bio u vrtiću DL . I was in the kindergarten in 80’s.(Note how the English name Beatles gets a Croatian case ending for N-pl.)The following preposition is used with instrumental when you have more than onething, or a collective noun:među amongFor example:Ptica N se skriva među lišćem I . The bird is hiding ‘among’ the leaves.Tražim pismo A među papirima I . I looking for the letter among the papers.The noun lišće is a collective noun, so we used instrumental singular (collectivenouns have no plural), but the noun papir paper is a regular noun so we used DLI-pl.The preposition među can be used with A as well, then it stands for a destination.This is maybe the right place to list prepositions using instrumental or accusative:prepositions using I or Anad¨ abovepred¨među amongin front ofpod¨ under(za¨)behindWith these prepositions, you have to use I for locations, and A for destinations:Idem pred publiku A . (A = dest.) ‘I’m going in front of the audience.’ići
- Page 157 and 158: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 27 Body 15
- Page 159 and 160: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 27 Body 15
- Page 161 and 162: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 27 Body 16
- Page 163 and 164: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 28 Asking
- Page 165 and 166: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 28 Asking
- Page 167 and 168: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 28 Asking
- Page 169 and 170: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 29 Plural
- Page 171 and 172: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 29 Plural
- Page 173 and 174: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 29 Plural
- Page 175 and 176: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
- Page 177 and 178: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
- Page 179 and 180: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 31 First,
- Page 181 and 182: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 31 First,
- Page 183 and 184: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 31 First,
- Page 185 and 186: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
- Page 187 and 188: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
- Page 189 and 190: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
- Page 191 and 192: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
- Page 193 and 194: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
- Page 195 and 196: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
- Page 197 and 198: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 34 Stresse
- Page 199 and 200: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 34 Stresse
- Page 201 and 202: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 34 Stresse
- Page 203 and 204: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 35 Tools a
- Page 205 and 206: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 35 Tools a
- Page 207: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 35 Tools a
- Page 211 and 212: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
- Page 213 and 214: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
- Page 215 and 216: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
- Page 217 and 218: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
- Page 219 and 220: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
- Page 221 and 222: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
- Page 223 and 224: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
- Page 225 and 226: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
- Page 227 and 228: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
- Page 229 and 230: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
- Page 231 and 232: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
- Page 233 and 234: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 40 Future
- Page 235 and 236: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 40 Future
- Page 237 and 238: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 40 Future
- Page 239 and 240: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
- Page 241 and 242: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
- Page 243 and 244: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
- Page 245 and 246: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
- Page 247 and 248: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
- Page 249 and 250: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
- Page 251 and 252: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 43 And, Or
- Page 253 and 254: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 43 And, Or
- Page 255 and 256: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 43 And, Or
- Page 257 and 258: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 44 Genive
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Locave and Instrumental Plural 209 / 600
plural is identical to the DL-pl forms, but only stressed forms are used – there are no
unstressed forms of instrumental. Pronouns tko who and što what have singular
forms only anyway.
Something quite special happens with adjectives used as nouns or pronouns. For
example, the ‘noun’ mladi m pl. (adj.) is actually an adjective, short for mladi ljudi
young people or the young. Look what happens when it’s used in DLI-pl:
Na mladim ljudima DL svijet N ostaje. The world is left to the young people. ostajati
Na mladima DL svijet N ostaje. (the same meaning)
ostajati
The verb ostajati (ostaje) means remain. As you can see, if an adjective is used as a
noun, it gets an additional -a in DLI-pl, essentially giving it the same ending as any
masc. or neuter noun. This happens only in the DLI-pl.
The second, shorter sentence is a common proverb in Croatian, corresponding to
English the young shall inherit the earth.
An exception to this rule are ordinal numbers in plural that refer to decades. The
otherwise obligatory -a in DLI-pl is optional for them and often left out:
Beatlesi N su bili popularni N u šezdesetim DL . The Beatles were popular in the sixties.
U 80-im DL sam bio u vrtiću DL . I was in the kindergarten in 80’s.
(Note how the English name Beatles gets a Croatian case ending for N-pl.)
The following preposition is used with instrumental when you have more than one
thing, or a collective noun:
među among
For example:
Ptica N se skriva među lišćem I . The bird is hiding ‘among’ the leaves.
Tražim pismo A među papirima I . I looking for the letter among the papers.
The noun lišće is a collective noun, so we used instrumental singular (collective
nouns have no plural), but the noun papir paper is a regular noun so we used DLI-pl.
The preposition među can be used with A as well, then it stands for a destination.
This is maybe the right place to list prepositions using instrumental or accusative:
prepositions using I or A
nad¨ above
pred¨
među among
in front of
pod¨ under
(za¨)
behind
With these prepositions, you have to use I for locations, and A for destinations:
Idem pred publiku A . (A = dest.) ‘I’m going in front of the audience.’
ići
Change language