EasyCroatian_r47.an

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Tense 142 / 600ići (ide, išao, išla) gopeći (peče, pekao, pekla) bakevući (vuče, vukao, vukla) pullSome verbs with infinitives in -sti have a bit specific past-f form as well:gristi (grize, grizao, grizla) biterasti (raste, rastao, rasla) growVerbs like vidjeti see – actually, all verbs ending in -jeti, including razumjetiunderstand – always have the following forms in the past: ®inf past-m past-fsee vidjeti vidio vidjelaunderstand razumjeti razumio razumjelaFor instance:Vidio sam Anu. A I saw Ana. (I = male)Vidjela sam Anu A . I saw Ana. (I = female)Razumio sam ga A . I understood him. (I = male)3m/nNismo ih A razumjeli. We didn’t understand them.3plThis is yet another instance where past forms are more regular then the presenttense. I will normally list the past forms for such verbs too, but sometimes I omitthem and write just ... to make the text more compact.Once in a while, you’ll see and hear another past tense, the aorist tense ®. It’s mostcommon used in the first person, and its forms are just one word; for instance, the1st person aorist form is usually obtained by replacing the infinitive -ti with -h, e.g.vidjeh I saw. For a fuller description, see 99 Aorist Tense and Other MarginalFeatures.For a full discussion of various verb types, check A3 Verbs.Finally, there are many verbs in Croatian which mean some action was brought tocompletion. Such verbs are rarely used in the present tense, since present tense isunderstood as ongoing, but they are frequent in the past tense. For example, theverb pročitati means read completely. In the past tense, such verbs usuallycorrespond to simple English tenses, while normal verbs often correspond tocontinuous tenses:Čitao sam knjigu A . lit. ‘I was reading the book.’Pročitao sam knjigu A . lit. ‘I’ve read the book completely.’Such verbs – implying completion – are called perfective: they will be explained indepth in 37 Complete Reading: Perfective Verbs and later chapters. You willencounter some of them in examples in the following sections. For now, it’s enough
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Tense 143 / 600to keep in mind they aren’t normally used in the present tense.________® The endings for past forms listed above are Standard Croatian (and Serbian,Bosnian, Montenegrin). In the colloquial use, many people pronounce past-m formsthat end in -ao (e.g. čekao, išao, and so on) with only -o (that is, čeko, išo, etc.). Youwill hear such forms, and see them spelled sometimes with an apostrophe (i.e.ček’o, iš’o).In many regions, especially in smaller towns and villages, there are other forms ofpast-m, e.g. ending in just -l; for more information, check A8 Dialects.Instead of jučer, a slightly shortened juče is used in Serbia and Bosnia. Instead ofkino, the word for cinema used in Serbia and Bosnia is bioskop.“Ekavian” forms, which dominate in Serbia, are much simpler for verbs in -jeti: frome.g. videti, past forms are video, videla, from razumeti – razumeo, razumela, etc.In parts of Croatia and Bosnia, you often hear (and sometimes read) generalized“Ikavian” forms, where such verbs have all past endings in -i-, e.g. vidio, vidila, vidili,etc.The aorist tense is much more common in Bosnia and Serbia.• ExamplesImala je lijepu rupicu na bradi She had a nice little hole on her chin is a popular songfrom 1980’s performed by late Oliver Dragojević, a very popular Croatian popsinger. Most songs he performed were in various “Ikavian” dialects, but this basicallystandard.Observe how the name of the song implies she from using the past-f form imala.The song is basically all in the past tense. The first verse contains osobit particulartransformed into an adverb osobito particularly. The second verse contains druge,which is the feminine plural form of drugi other, another, here used as a pronoun(like other ones) but feminine, which cannot be exactly translated to English: it canbe understood as other women, other girls, basically other female ones (recall 18This and That). Plural forms will be explained in the next chapter.Nije bila osobito lijepa NShe wasn’t particularly beautifulali nije bila kao druge Nbut she wasn’t like other womenpa je ljubav N , kao uvijek slijepa N so love, blind as alwaysfzbog nje G razne A prelazila pruge A crossed various tracks because of herThe third verse literally has ‘like always blind’. The fourth verse has razne prugevarious tracks split by the verb! This is not common in speech, but notungrammatical; it’s here for rhythmic reasons. You know the adjective refers to thenoun since they match in gender (feminine), number (plural) and case (A). The word
Page 1 and 2:
Easy Croatian© Daniel N. 2009-2019
Page 3 and 4:
ContentsIntroduction 601 Alphabet a
Page 5 and 6:
84 Western Urban Speech 46785 Small
Page 7 and 8:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Introducon
Page 9 and 10:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 01 Alphabe
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
Page 17 and 18:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
Page 19 and 20:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 03 Objects
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
Page 27 and 28:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
Page 29 and 30:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 05 Accusav
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 06 Desnaon
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs w
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
Page 51 and 52:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
Page 53 and 54:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
Page 55 and 56:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
Page 57 and 58:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 10 Gender
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 11 Colors,
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 12 Simple
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 13 She Lov
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 14 My and
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 15 Locaons
Page 91 and 92: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 15 Locaons
Page 93 and 94: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 15 Locaons
Page 95 and 96: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 16 Giving
Page 101 and 102: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
Page 103 and 104: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
Page 105 and 106: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 18 This an
Page 111 and 112: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 19 Your, A
Page 117 and 118: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
Page 119 and 120: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
Page 121 and 122: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 21 Origins
Page 127 and 128: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 22 Here I
Page 133 and 134: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 23 I’m C
Page 139 and 140: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Te
Page 141: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Te
Page 145 and 146: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 25 Plural
Page 153 and 154: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
Page 155 and 156: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
Page 157 and 158: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 27 Body 15
Page 163 and 164: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 28 Asking
Page 175 and 176: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
Page 177 and 178: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
Page 179 and 180: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 31 First,
Page 185 and 186: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
Page 187 and 188: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
Page 189 and 190: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
Page 191 and 192: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
Page 193 and 194:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
Page 195 and 196:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
Page 197 and 198:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 34 Stresse
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 35 Tools a
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
Page 211 and 212:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
Page 213 and 214:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
Page 231 and 232:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
Page 233 and 234:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 40 Future
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
Page 241 and 242:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
Page 243 and 244:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 43 And, Or
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 44 Genive
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 45 Quanes
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
Page 271 and 272:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
Page 273 and 274:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 47 Of Flow
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 48 Wholes,
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 49 For 7 H
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
Page 293 and 294:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
Page 295 and 296:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
Page 297 and 298:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
Page 299 and 300:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 52 Stand,
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 53 Giving
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 54 When, W
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
Page 323 and 324:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
Page 325 and 326:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 56 Desires
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
Page 333 and 334:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
Page 335 and 336:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 58 Colloqu
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 59 Knowing
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 60 More Us
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
Page 359 and 360:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
Page 361 and 362:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 62 The Fri
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 63 Bigger
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 64 The Doo
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 65 Carry,
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 66 Smoking
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 67 Only, E
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 68 Three M
Page 399 and 400:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 69 Memorie
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
Page 407 and 408:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
Page 409 and 410:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 71 Suggeso
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
Page 417 and 418:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
Page 419 and 420:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 73 Learnin
Page 421 and 422:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
Page 423 and 424:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
Page 425 and 426:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
Page 427 and 428:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
Page 429 and 430:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 76 Inner,
Page 431 and 432:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 77 As If:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 78 Dijete
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 79 You’r
Page 447 and 448:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 79 You’r
Page 449 and 450:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
Page 451 and 452:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
Page 453 and 454:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 81 Sneeze
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
Page 461 and 462:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
Page 463 and 464:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
Page 465 and 466:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
Page 467 and 468:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 84 Western
Page 469 and 470:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
Page 471 and 472:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
Page 473 and 474:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
Page 475 and 476:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
Page 477 and 478:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 87 Player,
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
Page 487 and 488:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
Page 489 and 490:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 89 Customs
Page 491 and 492:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
Page 493 and 494:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
Page 495 and 496:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 91 Taboo W
Page 497 and 498:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
Page 499 and 500:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
Page 501 and 502:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
Page 503 and 504:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
Page 505 and 506:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A3 Verbs 5
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
Page 519 and 520:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
Page 521 and 522:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
Page 523 and 524:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
Page 525 and 526:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A8 Dialect
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A9 Bosnian
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L1 Common
Page 547 and 548:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
Page 549 and 550:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
Page 551 and 552:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
Page 553 and 554:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
Page 555 and 556:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Core Dicon
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
Page 589 and 590:
Page 591 and 592:
Page 593 and 594:
Page 595 and 596:
Page 597 and 598:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Index 597
Page 599 and 600:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Keys to Ex
show all

EasyCroatian_r47.an

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?