EasyCroatian_r47.an

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Tense 138 / 60024 Past TenseThe past tense is completely different than the present tense in Croatian. First, it’salways formed from two words, the past form of the verb and present of the verbbiti (je² +) be. The past form varies according to the gender of the subject andwhether it’s singular or plural.The endings of the past form (also known as past participle, or l-participle) are nottoo complicated:gender past past pl.fem. -la -leneut. -lo -lamasc. -o ® -liFor example, here are the past forms the verb čitati read:gender past past pl.fem. čitala čitaleneut. čitalo čitalamasc. čitao ® čitali(I have dropped the underline on the first vowel, since it’s only important for thepresent tense anyway.)Again, there’s no difference between the two masculine genders. Even better, thepast forms are simply created by adding their endings to a verb after the -ti isremoved. It works for many verbs with ‘irregular’ presents as well – their past isperfectly regular. It holds even for the verb biti (je² +) be:verb past-f past-mbiti (je² +) be bila biopisati (piše) write pisala pisaopiti (pije) drink pila pioplesati (pleše) dance plesala plesaoslati (šalje) send slala slaotrčati (trči) run trčala trčaoAlso, for almost all verbs, past forms are stressed on the same syllable as theinfinitive, e.g. izgledati → izgleda-la.Past forms are similar to adjectives, and for few verbs, they can be used as true
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Tense 139 / 600adjectives: then they get case endings, etc.How to use it? Well, you take the right past form and the right form of the presentof biti (je² +) be (keeping in mind that it should go to the second position):Ana N je plesala. Ana was dancing.Ivan N je čitao knjigu A . Ivan was reading a book.You can use personal pronouns as subjects, but it’s common not to use them:Spavali smo u hotelu DL . We were sleeping in a hotel.There’s nothing special about the verb biti (je² +) be in the past – its past is formedas for any other verb:Ana N je bila gladna N . Ana was hungry.Even if you are talking in the 1st or 2nd person, you must respect the gender of thesubject (as with adjectives, the principle is identical):Spavala sam. I was sleeping. (I = female)Spavao sam. I was sleeping. (I = male)Bila sam umorna N . I was tired. (I = female)Bio sam umoran N . I was tired. (I = male)Bili smo umorni N . We were tired. (we = males/mixed)Since the past form indicates gender of the subject, even if pronouns are omitted inthe 3rd person, we know the subject gender:Spavala je. She was sleeping.Spavao je. He was sleeping.If there are personal pronouns in A, G or DL that require the second position, ofcourse they somehow clash with forms of the verb biti (je² +) be that require thesame position. The rule is that present forms of the verb biti come first, except inthe 3rd person, where je² comes last in the chain of second-position contenders:Čekao sam ga A . I was waiting for him. (I = male)3m/nČekala si ga A . You were waiting for him. (you = female)3m/nČekala ga A je. She was waiting for him.3m/nIf there’s a particle se², it behaves like other pronouns in A (me², ga², etc.). There’s aspecial rule: if je² (pres-3 of biti) would come after se², it’s almost always left out:Bojao sam se. I was afraid.Goran N se je bojao. Goran was afraid.Goran N se bojao. (this form is usually used)The verb je² – when used to form the past tense – is sometimes left out innewspaper headlines, on billboards, etc.Don’t think about the past tense as čuo sam and like. Think about it as čuo +
Page 1 and 2:
Easy Croatian© Daniel N. 2009-2019
Page 3 and 4:
ContentsIntroduction 601 Alphabet a
Page 5 and 6:
84 Western Urban Speech 46785 Small
Page 7 and 8:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Introducon
Page 9 and 10:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 01 Alphabe
Page 11 and 12:
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
Page 17 and 18:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 02 Simples
Page 19 and 20:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 03 Objects
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
Page 27 and 28:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 04 No, Oen
Page 29 and 30:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 05 Accusav
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 06 Desnaon
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 07 Verbs w
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
Page 51 and 52:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 08 Weather
Page 53 and 54:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
Page 55 and 56:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 09 Numbers
Page 57 and 58:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 10 Gender
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 11 Colors,
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 12 Simple
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 13 She Lov
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 14 My and
Page 85 and 86:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 14 My and
Page 87 and 88: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 14 My and
Page 89 and 90: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 15 Locaons
Page 95 and 96: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 16 Giving
Page 101 and 102: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
Page 103 and 104: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 17 Adjecve
Page 105 and 106: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 18 This an
Page 111 and 112: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 19 Your, A
Page 117 and 118: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
Page 119 and 120: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 20 At My F
Page 121 and 122: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 21 Origins
Page 127 and 128: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 22 Here I
Page 133 and 134: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 23 I’m C
Page 135 and 136: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 23 I’m C
Page 137: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 23 I’m C
Page 141 and 142: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Te
Page 143 and 144: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 24 Past Te
Page 145 and 146: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 25 Plural
Page 153 and 154: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
Page 155 and 156: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 26 Yes or
Page 157 and 158: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 27 Body 15
Page 163 and 164: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 28 Asking
Page 175 and 176: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
Page 177 and 178: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 30 Three B
Page 179 and 180: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 31 First,
Page 185 and 186: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
Page 187 and 188: Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 32 Love an
Page 189 and 190:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 33 School
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 34 Stresse
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 35 Tools a
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
Page 211 and 212:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 36 Dave/Lo
Page 213 and 214:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 37 Complet
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 38 Needs,
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
Page 231 and 232:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 39 Would,
Page 233 and 234:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 40 Future
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
Page 241 and 242:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 41 Somewhe
Page 243 and 244:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 42 Come In
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 43 And, Or
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 44 Genive
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 45 Quanes
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
Page 271 and 272:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 46 More th
Page 273 and 274:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 47 Of Flow
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 48 Wholes,
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 49 For 7 H
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
Page 293 and 294:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 50 Because
Page 295 and 296:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
Page 297 and 298:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 51 For Day
Page 299 and 300:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 52 Stand,
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 53 Giving
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 54 When, W
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
Page 323 and 324:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 55 More Pr
Page 325 and 326:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 56 Desires
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
Page 333 and 334:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 57 Whose,
Page 335 and 336:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 58 Colloqu
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 59 Knowing
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 60 More Us
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
Page 359 and 360:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 61 Cake is
Page 361 and 362:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 62 The Fri
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 63 Bigger
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 64 The Doo
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 65 Carry,
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 66 Smoking
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 67 Only, E
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 68 Three M
Page 399 and 400:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 69 Memorie
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
Page 407 and 408:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 70 If I We
Page 409 and 410:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 71 Suggeso
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
Page 417 and 418:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 72 Address
Page 419 and 420:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 73 Learnin
Page 421 and 422:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
Page 423 and 424:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 74 It Just
Page 425 and 426:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
Page 427 and 428:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 75 Friends
Page 429 and 430:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 76 Inner,
Page 431 and 432:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 77 As If:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 78 Dijete
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 79 You’r
Page 447 and 448:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 79 You’r
Page 449 and 450:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
Page 451 and 452:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 80 Present
Page 453 and 454:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 81 Sneeze
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
Page 461 and 462:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 82 Visible
Page 463 and 464:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
Page 465 and 466:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 83 Depth a
Page 467 and 468:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 84 Western
Page 469 and 470:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
Page 471 and 472:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 85 Small a
Page 473 and 474:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
Page 475 and 476:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 86 More Ve
Page 477 and 478:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 87 Player,
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
Page 487 and 488:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 88 Weird W
Page 489 and 490:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 89 Customs
Page 491 and 492:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
Page 493 and 494:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 90 Number-
Page 495 and 496:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 91 Taboo W
Page 497 and 498:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
Page 499 and 500:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / 99 Aorist
Page 501 and 502:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
Page 503 and 504:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A1 Nouns a
Page 505 and 506:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A3 Verbs 5
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
Page 519 and 520:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A5 Word Or
Page 521 and 522:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
Page 523 and 524:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A7 Stress
Page 525 and 526:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A8 Dialect
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / A9 Bosnian
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L1 Common
Page 547 and 548:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
Page 549 and 550:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L2 Countri
Page 551 and 552:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
Page 553 and 554:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / L3 Cies an
Page 555 and 556:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Core Dicon
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
Page 589 and 590:
Page 591 and 592:
Page 593 and 594:
Page 595 and 596:
Page 597 and 598:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Index 597
Page 599 and 600:
Easy Croaan (rev. 47b) / Keys to Ex
show all

EasyCroatian_r47.an

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?