chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

BRowNE played this ending against rhe @mPuter
which defended so scll that nenher Pl.yer.ould
*in wirbin 50 moves at tbeir fi61 atlenpl whcn
delending most playeB keep lhe king and rook
close rogether to avoid losingrhe rook by meansol
a 6RK. Using i1s powcr of rapid calculation to
deremine whether a fork was po$ible thecomputer
*ould sometnncs movelhe root away from the
liog, and ilwas on these occasions thar lhe hunan
playctr vasted moves seeking non-existent forks.
CoNDITIoNAI- PROIILEM. an orthodox DrREo
MATE pRonr..Mwith tbe addedsdpulaiionthat male
is to be given by a certain piece or on . certain
square. Until .bout 1850 players olTercd such
eNDrcAPs, and thenuseinProblemssas a natural
developmcnr. There are olher kinds ol problen.
probablyollaterorigin- in which ihe moves ol the
orthodox nen are rcstricled in sone qayl thcsc.
orten .alled conditional- are rhe forcrunner oI
All these kjnds 6st appear in
manuscriprsolthe Lare l3thccrtury.whenir would
seem rhey qere ahcady Nell esl ablishe d - and thc,rl
renainedpopularunlil1he 184lls. Scc aho MrDtE!-
AI, PROBLEMS ANd EDATED,
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A problen tron the loNus soous Ms, l;le 13lh
enturl. Thesdpulationsare that neitber root na!
leale thc lile on sbich ir nands: however, eich
rook retains its nght lo@nrol squarcs on other
6les, thus diflenng fton the fany piece knorn as a
1Nc1Kd4 2 Nc5 Kd5 :r Ne6 Kd6 4 Nc7 (d7 5 Nc3
Kd3 6Ne7Kd7 7Re6Kd3 3Rc5Kd7 9Rc6Kd3 1l)
Nh5 Kd7 11N16+ Kd3 ll Rcs
CONDITIONS. scc snPUL^tror_s.
CONGRESS, ongirally a gathcring of the meD
be6 ot a chess body. It becane increasingly
conmon to hold a loumamenr concuire.lty, a.d
nowthe name is ofien used forancventcomprising
sithour a busines
meeting. AFIDEcongressisslillprinaril! tosede
thc aftans oI lhai body
CONJUGATE SQUARES, usnally a pai oI
squarcs ocopied by kings in a pa{nending shen
the posirion is a zuGzBNc. On rarc o.casions a
CON,IUGATE SQUARES 75
duel is lought between oppositc .olourcd pieces
othcr than kingswhile thc remaining men lie idle,
and if a zugzNang occurs the duelins ocopy
conjusat squares. The oprcsrroN shows conju
gale squarcs torminc a rccLlar pattcrn. and it h
qhcn an nregular patlern occurs thal ihe term
conjusare squarcs or nresular oPPosinon n used.
A sinple exanple n fte nrBucnn, io which thc
kings sland a knight\ move apart. Whenlhere are
scvcral pans ol conjugate squaresin a pasn endinS
ihe nregular patlem rhe! Ioin is specific lo thar
pawniornalion. Theselaryingpatte.ns areharder
10 dis.crn than ihc rcmr.ing patlemoitbe regular
opposition. conjugale squares are also called
conp.dion, co ordiilte. rclalcd. o.sistersqua.es.
Inberenl to ihis posnion are six co.jugale pai6.
Thesc ma, be expressedas cquationJ deiining the
kings positions, that ofthe Nhile kingheing give.
fiBl: a4=b6: b3or d3:dr d=a4ord5: c2=b5.
Zugzsa.gs a.e narked z. Wnite to play dra$s:
I (b3 Kc5z 2 Kc2 Kb5z 3 Kc3 Ka4z 4 Kc4
stalenate. Blactto platloses: i.. Ka6 2Kb3
Kb5 3 Kc2z (c5 (or 3 . . . Kc4 4 b3+, or 3
xa.l 4 Kc3z Kb5 5 Kd4l 4 Kd3z Kd5 5 b3z
Pawn noves always cnange the pairs. in this cas.
to a regul.r opposition Pattern. Positions with
more fian half a dozeo pairs are noi comnon in
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A study (vERS'oN) by the Endnhman cbarles
Deahry L..ock (1862 1946), rritish Che$ Mosazhe.
1892. Eighreen oniugate pans arc indicated
by nalc leue^ (the black king slands on a ,
square). Similar lcttcs indicate the paintr8s. e.8.