chess-The Oxford Companion to Chess - First Edition by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld

COMPANION SQUARES,
COMPDNSATION, adlanlages Nhich batance
those held by an adrcrsary. Fo. exanple, one
plal€r might lose material but Eain posilional
advanlaee as compensadon.
COMPDTITION in chess conskk al o.c lcvcl of
natches. at anolher level oI
cxhibilion. simultaneous, blindfold. or consulu
tion games, a.d ar a tbird leveloflriendlycontesrs
All nay be plryed ov.R-rrr-uoARD; somc by
s. For problens and
studics thcrc are composing tourneys and solling
COMPLETE BLOCK PROBLEM! see DLocK
COMPLEIe CEESS. see GREAT csrss.
COMPOSnION, a posirion olhcrlhan one whi.h
oeu6 in a gamc. usually but not necessarily
composedlorsolving. The accomPrnyinglexrmay
provide inlomarion loi the sludcnt. stipulations
for lhe solvcr. or a statement of the conposer's
achievement. Compositions nay be clasified
under six headings as lollows:
(1) puz?r.s, rhcsc are as ancient as chcss iisell
and manydo not requne knowledee olthe game.
The kNrcHr'srouR.Ior exanple, is a mathenalical
(2) DrDAcrc posnoNs: (3) sroDr.si (a) pRoBr.vs.
From ai lcasl as lar back as lhe 9th cenlury
Gee riANsaD^) unlil lhe early 19th century $ese
were grouped .s iI olooe kind; and it som.rimcs
seems.s il thn were thc casc
/e '/r.
"'e
A problem by the Enghh conposer Horatio
Bohon (r793-1871), Ches Plaler's Chrohi.l..
1841 1b7+Kbs 2Bf4+ Rc7 3Kg6h5 4Be5
h,l 5(h795+ 6Kg8h3 7Ki8h2 8Bxb2g4 I
Be5 e3 l0Ke8g2 1lKd8g1=O 12 Uxc7. This
position could havc bccn scl as a study (whirc ro
plal and Nin) o r as a didactic posilion: the solu lion
In llj.16 ar..xANDRF Fblhhcd a collcction of
2020 posilions conshting ol l217 o.thodox prcblens,
136 nudies and didactic posilions, and 66,
COMPUTERS AND CHESS 73
conditional problens and fairy problemsa how
c!er. the authordid not makethhclassiicatio. bul
miaed them all rogether. In the late 1830s a penod
oI specialization began and belore long eacb oI
th.se threc kinds ol composition Caincd dhtincl
(5) coNsnumoN rAsK: (6) R
sn The lirsld.teslron la4g thesecondfiom the
1850s, but .cith.r was developed to y greal
extcnt until lhe 20rh centnry.
In 1961 rhe FIDE Pernanenl Connission for
Chess Cohposnions began publicarion ol tne FDr
ALBUMS. These conlain a seleclion ol all kinds oI
composiiio. except didactic positions.
COMPROMISED DEFENCE, 47,1 in the El^Ns
caMBrr, a graphic and co.recl descriprion ot a iine
analysed by
in Stlachzerung,1851,
^NDERSSEN
COMPUTERS AND CIIESS. Under the delusion
thal skill at chess is evidence of hish inteligene
thc public has long been fascinaled by the idea ot
chess-playinsmachines. (seeAWMArcN.) In 1864
Charles Babbage considered thc Lse of a computer
loi this purpose, but suitable equipment was dor
available befo.e the elecironic age. The n61 simple
conpurer Prosrad lor chess was specined around
1947 by the English mathemalician Alan Turing.
ard in 1949 Claude Shanno" prese.led a seninal
paper in the USA rhat became the basis for nosr
strbsequent research on $e subject. Makng a
compurer play a legal game. no{evcr bad, is
appare.lly simdc but there are dif6 llies su.h
captures, .^suNc, threelold
,Nd LhC FIM MOVF IAW
The nefisrage is toensure thallhc progr.m avoids
lcaving licccs .N pR'sE. lakes favounble exchanCcs.
t.ies to conrrol lhe enlre, develops the
pieces,andsoon Deliningp.iondesisle$easy.ls
itbeuerroexchange aLnighr forabishof ortotakc
conrol al an importani diagonal?
The aademic reasoB for investigating chess on
cotupules are rhar it seNes as a model oI f,any
abslrao decision-making proccrscs and h a means
of developing machine inteligence. When a naster
gives reaens ior a move lhese are olten bded on
r.tionaMadon ailer play has ended, Annotating a
Same aeainst rARuscr jn tnc Haslings 1922
tournamcnt book aLEXHTNE said he was snrpdsed
by his opponenlt iourlh nove. h hn colection of
besr sames snlren ile yea6 laler Alethine said he
made his lourth nove confidcnt of Tarrasch's reply
in ord€r lo tesl lhe vanadon. By neans oI
compuler chess scientisrs hope to isolate decision
oitena that a cMxDMAsnR nscs inluitivcly.
Aller a nachine has been progranned sith the
b6i. abilityto make legalnoves iI nust be given
skill. The three ways in which thh can be donc arc
to some ertent mnpienenlary. The firsl is 'brute
fore-i this foliovs a proedure faniliar ro all
playctr, 'Il I Co here and be goes there . . . , and
ideally each lineshoDld be pursucdto aconclusionl
bulsucbisrheinexhaustibilityolchesslhatif every